Type of Buildings
Buildings
Residential Public / Commercial
Private
Hospital
Villas
Apartments Schools / Colleges
Row Canteens/
houses Shopping Complex
Banks and Office
Bungalows
Buildings
Classification of Buildings
• Based on Occupancy
• Based on Use
• Based on Structure
Construction –Stages in Construction
Construction – Role of Different Agencies
Load Bearing Structure
Load Bearing Structure
Framed Structure
Framed Structure
Components of a Building
Components of a Building
Components of a Building
Components of a Building
2. Plinth
Plinth level or Plinth is the offset created between ground level and ground floor level.
Its main function is to prevent the entry of moisture from the ground surface to the
building superstructure.
Components of a Building
Plinth
• Minimum Plinth Hight = 45 cm
•The level of Ground Floor of a building is called plinth level
Components of Plinth
•DPC (5 – 10 cm thick), Flooring (5-10 cm thick)
•Earth filling or compacted murrom (20-25 cm)
Components of a Building
3. Damp Proof Course (DPC)
DPC is a layer of waterproofing material such as asphalt or waterproof cement at the
plinth level. The superstructure walls are constructed above the DPC layer so that no
dampness rises from the ground surface into the walls..
Components of a Building
4. Flooring
Flooring is an important component of the home. It is one that provided an attractive
and pleasant look to the house. Flooring is made by laying tile on it.
Timber Flooring, Laminate Flooring, Vinyl Flooring, Ceramic Tile Flooring, Natural Stone
Flooring, (Marble, Granite, etc.)
Components of a Building
5. Walls
Walls are the vertical component of any structure. It can be constructed using stones,
bricks, concrete blocks, etc. The different types of bonds are used for constructing
walls.
Bricks walls are essential to enclose the inside area and protect against wind,
sunshine, rain, etc. Doors and Windows are provided in the walls for ventilation and
access to the building.
Components of a Building
6. RCC Column
Columns are vertical members constructed to support any structural frame. Load Coming from
the Slab, Beam transferred to column and column transfer load to the footing safely. Building
structures may have two types of columns.
Architectural columns and structural columns. Architectural columns primly used to increase the
aesthetic appearance of a building while a structural column takes the load coming from the slab
above and transfers it safely to the foundation.
Components of a Building
7. Sill Level
It is the base point of any window in the house or it is a level where windows are placed. The Sill
level is very important to ensure evenness in all window levels.
A sill is a height which is ensuring that the proper amount of light enters the house. It also
provides easy habitat to look outside through the window without any discomfort. It provides a
solid base for window installment.
Standard Dimensions:
The sill level of any house should be around 3 ft or 900 mm.
Components of a Building
9. Lintel
Lintels are constructed from reinforced cement concrete. It is provided above the wall
openings like doors, windows, etc. The Lintel actually takes the load coming on
window and door openings. Thickness = 15 cm
In Sort, lintel safeguards the door and window from excess load coming from above.
In residential buildings, lintel can be constructed from concrete or brick masonry.
Components of a Building
10. Weather Sheds
Chhajjas is also called Weather shed. This is a structure that is constructed above
the window projected outside from the window face.
The main function of the weather shed is to restrict the direct entry of rainwater and
sunlight. Chhajjas are constructed from reinforced cement concrete.
Components of a Building
11. Beams
RCC Beam is an important component in any frame structure. The beam is a
horizontal member which connects columns on both sides.
Its main function is to take the load from the upper structure and transfer it to the
column.
Components of a Building
12. Roof or Slab
The roof is an essential structural component of a building for any structure, which
provides protection again environmental factors like sun, wind, and rain.
Generally, All roof rests on sidewalls and required anchoring so that wind and
another mechanical impact cannot destroy them.
Roofs may have different shapes, but flat and sloped roofs are more popular.
Typically most roofs are constructed from RCC, stone slabs, tiles, etc.
Components of a Building
Components of a Building
Components of a Building
Elements of a Residential
1. Sleeping Area – Bedrooms
2. Living Area – Living Dining
3. Service Area – Kitchen, Dining, Bath, WC
4. Other Area – Verandah, Gallery, Corridor, Staircase, etc.
Elements of a Residential
Site Selection of Residential Building
Different Drawings
Line sketch
Plan, section &elevation
Site plan
Service plan
Line Sketch
• The first sketch
drawn
• Line representation
of building
• Free hand drawing
• Drawn in presence
of clients
Plan, Section & Elevation
Site plan
A site plan is a top view, bird’s eye view of a
property that is drawn to scale.
A site plan can show
Property lines
Outline of existing and proposed buildings and structures
Distance between buildings
Distance between buildings and property lines (setbacks)
Parking lots, indicating parking spaces
Driveways & access
Surrounding streets & widths
Landscaped areas
Ground sign location
Utilities
Plan, Section & Elevation
Plan
Sectional View
HATCHINGS
Reinforced Cement Concrete
Plain Cement Concrete
Brick Masonry
Earth Fill
elevation
• Perfect frontside view??
PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING PLANNING
• Architect prepares design of a building with the help
of the following principles of planning.
– Aspect
– Prospect
– Privacy
– Roominess
– Grouping
– Circulation
– Furniture requirement
– Flexibility
– Sanitation
– Elegance
– Economy
1. ASPECT
1. ASPECT
Disposition of doors and windows in the external walls – occupants
can enjoy the gifts of the nature viz; sun-shine, breeze, view of
landscape etc.
KITCHEN
SUN RAYS ADMITTED
INTO KITCHEN
ASPECT – EAST SIDE
EAST SIDE
WINDOW AT
HIGHER LEVEL
2. PROSPECT
OUTSIDE VIEW SEEN FROM
INSIDE OF THE ROOM
OUTSIDE GREENEARY CANNOT
BE SEEN FROM INSIDE, HENCE
NO PROSPECT
FLOWER BED
PROSPECT CONTD…
WINDOW TAKEN TO
OUTSIDE GOOD LOWER LEVEL
SCENES, GREENARY
CAN BE SEEN BY
SITTING INSIDE THE
ROOM, HENCE GOOD
PROSPECT
FLOWER BED
3. PRIVACY
Exposure of the interior space / room to the visitors vision
Types of privacy:
(1) External Privacy of all parts of building with reference to
surrounding buildings, roads etc.
This type of privacy can be achieved by--
– Growing plants, trees etc
– Providing high windows with respect to roads, grounds
etc.
(2) Internal privacy of one room from another room:
This type of privacy can be achieved by—
– Carefully positioning of doors & windows
Privacy depends on placement of doors
/window openings
OBSERVER
OBSERVER
OBSERVER
MODERATE MAX PRIVACY
NO PRIVACY
PRIVACY
4. ROOMINESS
4. ROOMINESS
1. Getting maximum benefit from minimum dimensions or space of
room
2. Rectangular shaped room gives feeling of more space than square
shaped room for the same area
MORE AREA
LESS AREA AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE
5. GROUPING
5. GROUPING
Arrangement of various rooms in relation with their functions
GOOD GROUPING
IMPROPER GROUPING
BED
KIT DIN S.
B.
DIN
KIT BED S.
LIVING STAIR B.
LIVING STAIR
6. CIRCULATION
6. CIRCULATION
1. Horizontal circulation – passages, corridors, verandahs etc.
2. Vertical circulation – stairs, lifts, escalators etc.
DOOR
DOOR
DOOR DOOR
BAD CIRCULATION GOOD CIRCULATION
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
6. CIRCULATION CONTD…
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
STUDY KIT
STUDY KIT
LIV
LIV
BED VER
BED VER
GOOD CIRCULATION WITH BAD CIRCULATION WITH
STAIR INSIDE OUTSIDE STAIR
7. FURNITURE REQUIREMENT
• Function of the Room decides the Furniture
requirement of that room
– Living hall – sofa set, teapoy, tv case, showcase, etc.
– Bed – single, double beds, dressing table, almirah etc.
– Dining – dinning table, chairs, cupboards etc.
• Knowing type of furniture the dimensions of the room
can be arrived at.
8. FLEXIBILITY
8. FLEXIBILITY
To facilitate accommodation of changes in the plan of the
building in future if necessary
ROOM 1 BIG HALL ROOM 2
9. SANITATION
• LIGHTING
– NATURAL LIGHTING
– ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• VENTILATION
– NATURAL VENTILATION
– ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
• CLEANLINESS
• SANITARY PROVISIONS
– BATHS-ROOMS
– WATER CLOSETS
– LATRINES
10. ELEGENCE
• ELEGANCE MEANS THE AESHTETIC VIEW OF THE
BUILDING OR THE BEAUTY OF THE BUILDING
• ELEGANCE OF THE BUILDING CAN BE ACHIEVED
BY
– INCREASING THE PLINTH HEIGHT OF
BUILDINGS
– TREATMENT OF EXTERIOR OF BUILDING –
SLOPING ROOF, PROJECTIONS ETC.
11. ECONOMY
• MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF THE ROOM,
DOORS, WINDOWS,
• SIMPLE DESIGN OF WINDOWS,
• PROVIDING MINIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDING
• AVOIDING PORCHES, LOBBIES ETC
