International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch
Vol. 4, No. 03; 2019
ISSN: 2456-8643
POWDERY FORMULATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR THE CONTROL OF RICE
WEEVIL SITOPHILUS ORYZAE L. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
TAMGNO1*, Béranger Raoul; NGAMO TINKEU2, Léonard Simon; DJIETO-LORDON3, Champlain and
NGASSOUM4, Martin Benoit
1
Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, the University of Douala, P.0.Box 7236; Douala, Cameroon.
2
Faculty of Science, the University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
3
Faculty of Science, the University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
4
National Higher Advanced School of Agro-industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 455,
Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.
4
ABSTRACT
In spite of the effectiveness of the essentials oils and flour of leguminous seeds against insect
attacks, they are less attractive to producers that continue to use chemicals that have potential
adverse effects on consumers and the ecosystems through pollution. The present research was
carried out to evaluate insecticidal properties of powdery formulations of essential oils of 3
plants: leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae), dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal)
A. Richard (Annonaceae) and the roots of Echinops giganteus var. lelyi C.D Adams (Asteraceae)
with seeds of black bean on Sitophilus oryzae. The toxicity by contact-inhalation of essential
oils, alone or in combination, in different concentrations is evaluated against young adults of S.
oryzae with two weeks old after 24 hours. For powdery formulation, the test of contact-ingestion
and inhalation is evaluated in different doses each week during 7 weeks. The research carried out
reveals that X. aethiopica is the most active on S. oryzae with the lethal doses 50 and 90
respectively 37.1 and 57 ppm. In combination, E. giganteus which alone is not insecticidal,
enhance significantly the insecticidal efficiency of the 2 other essential oils. The most
insecticidal powdery formulation is that of E. citriodora with 100% of mortality two weeks after
the application. The present work gives evidence of the insecticidal efficiency of a powdery
formulation in the protection of stored cereals from weevil attacks. This method potentially has
no adverse effect on consumers and on the environment at the doses used and could be
developed and popularized.
Keywords: Cereals; Essentials Oils; Black Bean; Powdery Formulation; Sitophilus oryzae.
1. INTRODUCTION
Many pests of stored products are Coleopterans and the most destructive tropical species for
cereals belong to the genus Sitophilus and Tribolium (Tamgno, 2016, Tamgno and Ngamo
Tinkeu, 2013; Nukenine et al, 2011, Ngamo Tinkeu and Hance; 2007). Damage due to Sitophilus
on cereals and others cereal processed products, are mostly impurities and stains which would be
able of poisoning consumers (Tamgno and Ngamo Tinkeu, 2013). The control of pests in stored
cereal grains, by the application of chemicals which is a common strategy for post-harvest loss
avoidance (Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2016; Tamgno, 2016), had led to the occurrence of many
problems like the pollution of environment, toxicity to human being, emergence of resistant pests
strains and many others damages (Idrissi et al, 2010, Regnault-Roger et al, 2008, Glitho et al,
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2008). The liberalization of this sector of chemicals has permitted the circulation of the illicit and
obsolete synthetic insecticides (Tamgno, 2016, Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2016). These synthetic
pesticides are expensive for the small-scale farmers and pose potential risks due to the lack of
technical knowledge on their safe use.
Due to the hazardous effects of chemicals on the environment, human health and useful
organisms, the Montreal Protocol recommended their withdrawal from the market in 2010.
About 10 years after, few alternative products are proposed in post-harvest grain protection by
science to ensure this withdrawal. Recent researches have been undertaken in order to minimize
the agro-environmental pollution and health hazards caused by them and to replace them with
other methods (Tamgno et Ngamo Tinkeu, 2018, Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2016, Mebarkia et al,
2012, Folefack et al, 2013, Nguemtchouin Mbouga, 2012, Nukenine et al, 2011, Karimi et al,
2010, Goudoum et al, 2010, Faye, 2010). Hence, there is need to explore new effective
biological pests control methods like insecticides based on aromatic plants by essential oils and
entomotoxic proteins obtained from legumes which can confer protection to plants against insect
pests (Tamgno and Ngamo Tinkeu, 2018, Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2016, Tamgno, 2016,
Nguemtchouin Mbouga, 2012, Goudoum, 2010, Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2007).
The most efficient crop protection method nowadays must be one which employs a consumer-
and environmentally-friendly approach.
The use of protecting materials which are edible by human and other animals may be a good
alternative in pest control. The bio assays on the insecticidal efficacy of crude essential oils of
aromatic plants have been explored; but these insecticides are less attractive for producers
because of their high volatilization and low persistence (Nguemtchouin Mbouga, 2012, Kouninki
et al, 2007, Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2007). For these reasons, there is therefore a need to formulate
them as an easy handling chemical with better persistence. The use of flour of legume seeds that
their insecticidal efficacy has been established like support of essential oils can ameliorate their
persistence (Tamgno, 2016, Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2016, Tamgno and Ngamo Tinkeu, 2014,
Mebarkia et al, 2012, Fatimé, 2007).
The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae
adults to the insecticidal properties of crude essential oils of Eucalyptus citriodora (Myrtaceae),
Echipnos giganteus (Asteraceae) and Xylopia aethiopica Dunal A. Rich (Annonaceae) in
formulation with the flour of Phaseolus vulgaris by contact –inhalation and contact-ingestion.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Insect used and its rearing
The millet weevil Sitophilus oryzae was used at adult stage. They were obtained from the Unity
of Entomological Researches (UER) of the University of Ngaoundéré (Adamaoua-Cameroon)
where a permanent rearing is kept in the dark in incubators at 27 ±2.1 °C. The millet weevil
belonged to the strain collected in November 2003 in the granary of a peasant at Beka Hosséré
(Ngaoundéré). For the experiments, adults of S. oryzae used were two weeks old. Before being
tested, these insects were starved for a 24 hours period.
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2.2. Origin and preparation of the flour of seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris
The seeds of little black bean Phaseolus vulgaris coming from Bandjoun in West Region of
Cameroon were reduced to flour in the UER. 500 g have been ground using a mill, type
WARRING BLENDOR to obtain the flour. Flours obtained were sifted using a sieve, type
RETSCH GmbH & Co D-42781, of mesh-size lower than 0.5 mm: the big particles were
eliminated. The flour obtained was weighed using a SARTORIUS balance, type 126400 with
precision of 0.01g. One part of flours was used directly for biological assays and the rest kept for
the preparation with essential oils.
2.3. Aromatic plants collection and hydro distillation
Three parts of three aromatic plants were used for this study: leaves of Eucalyptus citriodora
(Myrtaceae), dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Richard (Annonaceae) and the roots
of Echinops giganteus var. lelyi C.D Adams (Asteraceae). Leaves of E. citriodora were collected
in Onaref quarter in Ngaoudéré near the point referenced 14°24.145’E longitude, 07°39.214’N
latitude Nord and the altitude 1375 m. Roots of E. giganteus were harvested in the guinean
savannah of Bini-Dang, Ngaoundéré referenced by 13°32.272’E longitude, 07°24.330’N latitude
and 1293 m altitude. The dried fruits of X. aethiopica were bought in Mbitom market
(Adamaoua-Cameroon). These data were collected with a GPS Garmin Geko 301.
In laboratory before hydro distillation, the leaves were dried at shadow far from sunlight in the
laboratory conditions during three days; the roots were washed and cut as fruits in pieces; each
part was weighed. The extraction of essential oils of each aromatic plant was carried out in a
Clevenger-type apparatus during 4 h. The essential oils obtained were put in the flasks and kept
in the refrigerator at 4° C till their use in bioassays.
2.4. Formulation of Xylopia aethiopica and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils with flour of
Phaseolus vulgaris for contact-ingestion toxicity tests
The lethal doses 100 (LD100) essential oils of X. aethiopica (80 µl) or E. citriodora (160 µl) were
formulated as powder using various proportions (1 g, 5 g and 10 g) of black bean (BB) flour (P.
vulgaris) according to a LD100 of black bean (BB) flour (10 g) on S. oryzae (Tamgno, 2016,
Tamgno and Ngamo Tinkeu, 2018). Six treatments were made: BB01X, BB05X and BB10X for
X. aethiopica and BB01E, BB05E and BB10E for E. citriodora. After homogenizing with
spatula, two aromatized flours were obtained: one with X. aethiopica and the other one with E.
citriodora, and directly used for bioassays.
2.5. Biological tests
2.5.1. Evaluation of insecticidal efficiency of crude essential oils
The evaluation was done by contact-inhalation. A micropipette was used to remove 50 µl, 100
µl, 150 µl, 200 µl and 250 µl of each essential oil and diluted it in 2.5 ml acetone to formulate
insecticides. For each preparation, 0.5 ml was pumped and flowed regularly on a disk of filter
paper (Wathmann n°1) of 9 cm diameter placed in a Petri dish. The dish was finally covered; a
control with acetone alone, without essential oil was done. This permit to obtain the following
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concentrations: 125 ppm, 250 ppm, 375 ppm, 500 ppm and 625 ppm by dish. After this, 20
insects were introduced in each dish 4 min later. The dish was finally covered; a control with
acetone alone, without essential oil was done. For each preparation, 4 replications were carried
out. The amount of death insects was counted 24 h after the application.
2.5.2. Determination of lethal doses 50 and 90 (LD50 and LD90) of essential oils of Xylopia
aethiopica and Eucalyptus citriodora
These experiments aimed to establish the lethal doses 50 and 90 (LD50 and LD90) of essential oils
of X. aethiopica and E. citriodora. With a micropipette (Rainin Magnetic-assist), 8 volumes of E.
citriodora 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 µl and 4 volumes of X. aethiopica 20, 40, 60
and 80 µl were pumped and each volume was diluted into 2.5 ml of acetone. For each
preparation, 0.5 ml was pumped and flowed regularly on a disk of filter paper (Wathmann n°1)
of 9 cm diameter placed in a Petri dish. After this, 20 insects were introduced in each dish 4 min
later. The dish was finally covered; a control with acetone alone, without essential oil was done.
For each preparation, 4 replications were carried out. The amount of death insects was counted
24 h after the application.
2.5.3. Toxicity of powdery formulation with the essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica,
Eucalyptus citriodora and flour of Phaseolus vulgaris
In the pots in glass of 1800 ml of capacity containing 99, 95 and 90 g of sorghum grains, 1, 5 and
10 g of each aromatized flours were added respectively in sort that each pot had 100 g of content.
The content of each pot was homogenized by stirring it 20 times using a spatula. Six treatments
without control were made. The pots that contain only the sorghum grains constitute the control.
20 young adults of S. oryzae were introduced in theses pots for rearing. After each week on 7
weeks, all the pots were checked; the amounts of dead adults were evaluated. For each
preparation, 5 replications were made.
2.6. Statistical analysis
Data on mortalities of this insect considered were subjected to one-way variant analysis
(ANOVA I) in the aim to determine the most insecticidal formulations of essential oils and black
beans’ flour. To complete this analysis, the Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was used to
group together the mean values that are not significantly different.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Insecticidal efficacy of essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica, Eucalyptus citriodora and
Echinops giganteus on Sitophilus oryzae alone and in equal combinations
In the control (0 ppm), no mortality is observed. Similarly, for all the concentrations tested, the
essential oil of E. giganteus does not induce any mortality; this essential oil therefore has no
insecticidal property on S. oryzae for the doses tested. On the other hand, the essential oils of X.
aethiopica and E. citriodora taken alone, show, to varying levels, insecticidal properties on S.
oryzae (Table 1).
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Table 1. Insecticidal activity of the three essential oils Xylopia aethiopica, Eucalyptus
citriodora and Echinops giganteus and their combinations towards Sitophilus oryzae
Essential oils X. a E. c E. g X. a+ E. c X. a+ E. g E. c+ E.g
Doses (ppm)
0 0±0f 0±0f 0±0f 0±0f 0±0f 0±0f
125 55±12.2c 52.5±10,4c 0±0f 0±0f 40±10.4de 31.25±4.8e
250 100±0a 83.75±17.0ab 0±0f 53.75±4.8c 76.25±6.3b 76.25±7.5b
375 100±0a 98.75±2.5a 0±0f 88.75a 90±3ab 78.75±4.8ab
500 100±0a 100±0a 0±0f 100±0a 100±0a 80±0ab
625 100±0a 100±0a 0±0f 100±0a 100±0a 100±0a
F(108;35) 236.384***
The mortality values followed by the same letter do not different significantly, p≤ 0.001;
Legends : X. a : Xylopia aethiopica ; E. c: Eucalyptus citriodora et E. g: Echinops giganteus
It appears that the effectiveness of insecticidal properties of essential oils varies depending on the
plant species, the dose used and the combinations made. The results confirm the toxicity of the
essential oils of E. citriodora and X. aethiopica alone, and that of the combination of X.
aethiopica+ E. giganteus, E. citriodora + X. aethiopica and E. citriodora + E. giganteus on S.
oryzae; but this toxicity varies according to the essential oils and their combinations.
At the 125 ppm dose, the ANOVA I shows there is a very highly significant difference between
the mortalities induced by the essential oils of E. citriodora + X. aethiopica and X. aethiopica +
E. giganteus on the one hand , and between the ones of X. aethiopica + E. giganteus and E.
citriodora + E. giganteus on the other hand. Except this dose, a comparison by ANOVA I shows
no significant difference between the different balanced combinations (Table 1). Although the
mortalities induced by the 250 ppm to 625 ppm doses of the essential oils separately are high
than those of the mixtures, the ANOVA I does not indicate any difference. As the control
treatment, the mixture E. citriodora + X. aethiopica does not induce mortality at 125 ppm. The
mixture X. aethiopica + E. giganteus is more effective than the mixture E. citriodora+ X.
aethiopica which is also more insecticidal than E. citriodora + E. giganteus.
For all combinations made, it appears a negative interaction between the constituents of the
essential oils put together. The phenomenon of synergy is not observed for X. aethiopica + E.
giganteus and E. citriodora + E. giganteus mixtures; this suggests that the essential oils of X.
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aethiopica and E. citriodora would be very rich in antagonistic compounds. At doses 125 and
250 ppm, the essential oil of X. aethiopica induces respectively 55% and 100% of mortality
whereas that of E. citriodora induces a mortality of 52% and 83.75%, the mortality of 100% is
being obtained only from concentrations of 500 ppm. Although the Duncan test does not show a
significant difference at 1 ‰ for the doses used between these two products; these results show
that the essential oil of X. aethiopica has a stronger insecticidal potential than that of E.
citriodora (Table 1).
3.2. Expression of the insecticidal efficiency of the two essential oils towards Sitophilus
oryzae by the estimation of their LD50 and LD90
The essential oil of X. aethiopica is more effective with LD50 and LD90 respectively equal to 37.1
and 53 ppm than that of E. citriodora with LD50 and LD90 respectively of 57.4 and 112.8 (Table
2).
Table 2. Expression of the insecticidal efficiency of the essential oils of Eucalyptus citriodora
and Xylopia aethiopica towards Sitophilus oryzae by the estimation of their LD50 and LD90
LD50 (ppm) LD90 (ppm) Equation of Regression correlation df
E. citriodora 57.4a 112.8a y=0.0231x +3.6732 0.9*** 7
X. aethiopica 37.1b 53b y=0.0804x +2.02 0.98*** 3
In the same colon, the letter affected by the same letter do not different significantly (p≤
0.001).
Moreover, the statistical analysis between the different LD 50 and LD90 shows a very highly
significant difference between the two essential oils. The origin of these variations of efficiency
between the essential oils can be explained by the difference in the chemical composition of the
different plant species. For these essential oils of X. aethiopica and E. giganteus, the correlation
is strong and positive between the induced mortalities and the doses of essential oils (r=0,9***).
3.3. Effects of Xylopia aethiopica and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils formulated with
flour of black beans on Sitophilus oryzae
The different treatments have insecticidal properties, and the toxicity of the different
formulations on S. oryzae varies according to the proportions of black bean meal, the essential
oil and the duration of exposure. BB01E treatment induces almost 100% of mortality compared
to 73% of mortality induced by BB01X treatment at the end of the same first week of exposure
(Figures 1, 2).
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100
90
80
Mortality (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5
Weeks after exposition
BB10 BB10X BB05X BB01X
Legends: BB10: Black bean at 10 g, BB10X, BB05X and BB01X: Black bean at 10, 5 and 1 g
formulated with the essential oil of X. aethiopica
Figure 1. Mortalities of Sitophilus oryzae by contact -inhalation and ingestion of aromatized
flours with Xylopia aethiopica
100
90
80
Mortality (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5
Weeks after esposition
BB10 BB10E BB05E BB01E
Legends: BB10: Black bean at 10 g, BB10E, BB05E and BB01E: Black bean at 10, 5 and 1 g
formulated with the essential oil of E. citriodora
Figure 2. Mortalities of Sitophilus oryzae by contact -inhalation and ingestion of aromatized
flours with Eucalyptus citriodora
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The comparison of the results obtained with the different formulations shows that those based on
the essential oil of E. citriodora are more toxic than those based on X. aethiopica. Indeed, the χ²
test shows that there is a statistically significant difference (p≤0.05) between the mortalities
induced by these 2 groups of formulation 2 weeks after infestation for treatments BB10X and
BB10E, BB05X and BB05E of a part and 3 weeks after infestation for treatments BB01X and
BB01E (Table 3).
It should also be noted that treatments BB10E, BB05E and BB01E induce 100% mortality 2
weeks after infestation, whereas this rate is reached with BB10X and BB05X only after four
weeks (Figures 1, 2). At this time, treatment BB01X induces 96% mortality. In acute toxicity
tests, the essential oil of X. aethiopica was found to be more toxic than that of E. citriodora
(Tables 1, 2). After the first week, the χ² value shows there is no difference between mortality
rates induced by the treatments BB10E and BB10X (χ²=5ns); on contrary, the difference is very
highly significant between (χ²= 94***) the other treatments except BB05E and BB05X (χ²=17*)
(Table 3).
Table 3. Comparative values of square Khi on the mortalities rate according to weeks
BB05 - BB05- BB05E- BB10- BB10- BB10E-
Weeks BB05E BB05X BB05X BB10E BB10X BB10X
1st 94*** 77*** 17* 83*** 78*** 5ns
2nd 81*** 66*** 15* 78*** 61*** 17*
3rd 36** 36** 0ns 26** 26** 0ns
4th 14* 14* 0ns 10ns 10ns 0ns
5th 0ns 0ns 0ns 0ns 0ns 0ns
ns: not significant, * : significant, ** highly significant, ***: very highly significant
At the fifth week, there is no significant difference between all the treatments. After 3 weeks, the
treatments BB05E, BB05X, BB10E and BB10X induce 100% of mortality (Figures 1, 2, Table
3). There is the opposite effect, which suggests that there are synergists in black bean flour.
ANOVA I also reveals that there is a very highly significant difference between essential oil
treatments and control treatments (Table 3). A comparison between the different treatments of
the same group of formulation using the Chi squared test shows that there is no statistically
significant difference, that is to say that BB01E = BB05E = BB10E or else BB01X = BB05X =
BB10X.
4. DISCUSSIONS
The use of chemicals poses to human health and their environment problems of persistence and
undesirable effects on non-target organism and the insect pest the phenomenon of resistance.
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Nowadays, many researches demonstrate the value of utilization of natural products as the safe
alternatives to control storage pest. The bioassays made in this study were principally
experimental and are focused on S. oryzae, major insect pests of cereals in Cameroon. The
utilization of flours of black beans’ as support of essential oils for the protection of stored cereals
and their persistence is important as an alternative to chemicals.
The differences observed in the insecticidal efficiency of these essential oils (Table 1) are linked
to their chemical composition that the amount and the diversity of the active molecules are not
the same (Kanko et al, 2018, Nguemtchouin Mbouga, 2012, Regnault-Roger et al, 2008). The
absence of mortality induced by the essential oil of E. giganteus can explain by the fact that this
oil is exclusively rich in sesquiterpenoids (Menut et al, 1996); or the composition of essential oils
with a strong insecticidal power are monoterpenoids (Isman, 2000, Prates et al, 1998). For all
combinations made, it appears a negative interaction between the constituents of the essential
oils put together. Despite of the presence of the lignans mentioned in the essential oil of E.
giganteus which are generally inactive alone, but brought into contact with other molecules
whose biological effect is known and established, significantly increase their toxicity (Regnault-
Roger et al, 2008, Tene et al, 2004). The phenomenon of synergy is not observed for X.
aethiopica + E. giganteus and E. citriodora + E. giganteus mixtures; this suggests that the
essential oils of X. aethiopica and E. citriodora would be very rich in antagonistic compounds.
The mixture E. citriodora + X. aethiopica gives a tangible evidence of this antagonistic effect,
because the mortalities observed for this mixture are much lower than those expected precisely at
the 125 ppm and 250 ppm doses. The mixture of essential oils permits the formation of new
compounds or molecules by interaction (Ngassoum et al, 2007). In fact, similar results were
obtained with the combination of the essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum and L. rugosa on
Sitophilus zeamais (Aoudou, 2006). These results contrary those revealed for the balanced
combinations of Vepris heterophylla with Ocimum canum or Hyptis spicigera toward S. oryzae
where the phenomena of synergy were observed (Ngamo Tinkeu et al, 2007). The synergy
between O. canum and H. spicigera has increased their repellent effects (Ngassoum et al, 2007).
The difference of the LD50 and LD90 of the essential oils of X. aethiopica and E. citriodora
towards S. oryzae (Table 2) would be explained by a difference in the concentration of the
compounds responsible for the insecticidal effect in the two essential oils. Indeed, the chemical
composition of these two essential oils is different; X. aethiopica contains 38.2 % of sabinene
and ß-pinène and E. citriodora contains 85% of citronellal and 4.5% of citronellol (Kanko et al,
2018, Nguemtchouin Mbouga, 2012). In general, the toxicity of essential oils varies not only
according to the concentrations used, but also according to the plant and animal species used
(Tamgno, 2016, Lee et al, 2004, Kim et al, 2003, Taponjou et al, 2002, Pamo et al, 2002, Shaaya
et al, 1997). The variability of the LD50 of several essential oils on many stored grain pests was
showed (Fatimé, 2007, Aoudou, 2006).
The analysis of mortalities induced by X. aethiopica and E. citriodora essential oils formulated
with flour of black beans and the control on Sitophilus oryzae (Figures 1, 2, table 3) suggests
different origins. Indeed, mortalities induced by the BB10 treatment would be the result of a food
poisoning whereas those of formulations that of a respiratory and digestive poison; that essential
oils generally have low to very low oral toxicity (Bruneton, 1999). The advantage of these
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formulations is related to the fact that in addition to the insecticidal powers of the essential oils,
the survivors of bios tests would be affected in their development cycle. In fact, some essential
oils affect the life cycle by acting on female spawning, or obviously by reducing the emergence
rate of the F1 generation (Kouninki et al., 2007, Belmain et al., 2001, Regnault-Roger and
Hamaraoui, 1995).
Very few studies exist of the possibility of increasing the efficacy of use of essential oils in real
conditions in the protection of stored products during storage. The essential oil of O. gratissimum
losses their efficacy after 8 days on maize, but when this essential oil passes to 45 and 107 days
after fixation according to the treated fractions of clay (Nguemtchouin Mbouga, 2012). In the
same way, the powder of X. aethipica mixed with the essential oils of the same plant has the
potential to give longer-term protection of grains against Callosobruchus maculatus (Kouninki et
al, 2007). Lipids or others compounds present in the flour of black beans that can absorb on
terpenoids and slow down increases probably the persistence of the insecticidal activity of
combination of flour and essential oils on the insect pests. Another advantage of these
formulations is that once the insecticidal activity of the essential oils has faded, the single flour
continues the protection because it itself has entomotoxic properties.
5. CONCLUSION
It emerges from this present work that the essential oils of X. aethiopica and E. citridora have
insecticidal properties on S. oryzae and that of E. giganteus does not have one. From
combinations of essential oils, the most toxic is that between of X. aethiopica with E. giganteus.
The powdery formulations with E. citriodora are more toxic than those of X. aethiopica. In view
of all these results, black bean can be used both as an insecticide and as a support for essential oil
in the protection of cereals. The antagonistic effect observed in the combinations of substances
shows that the traditional practice of combining plants in granaries is not always beneficial. At
the end of this work, powdery formulation based on the essential oils of X. aethiopica or E.
citriodora and black bean flour could contribute to the subsequent protection of post-harvest
cereals against insect pest attacks.
6. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
All the authors contribute to define the main lines of the study. LSNT, DCL and MBN have
supplied the materials of study. BRT has done a realization of the study, he makes all the
bioassays.
7. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are grateful to the Laboratories of Applied Zoology and Research of Environment
Chemistry and Lipochemistry of the University of Ngaoundéré.
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International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch
Vol. 4, No. 03; 2019
ISSN: 2456-8643
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