Chapter 4 - Software and Operating Systems Overview
1. Classification of Software
Software can be classified into several categories:
- System Software: Essential for running and managing the computer hardware. Examples include
operating systems, drivers, and utilities.
- Application Software: Designed to perform specific user-oriented tasks such as word processing,
spreadsheet calculations, or media playing.
- Development Software: Tools that help in creating other software, including compilers, debuggers,
and Integrated Development Environments (IDEs).
2. Difference between System and Application Software
- System Software: Operates and manages the core functions of the computer hardware. It serves
as a bridge between hardware and user applications. Examples include operating systems and
drivers.
- Application Software: Software developed to perform specific tasks that benefit the user, such as
word processing, browsing, or editing.
3. Types of Operating Systems
Different types of operating systems include:
- Single-user OS: Designed for one user at a time (e.g., Windows 10).
- Multi-user OS: Allows multiple users to access the computer simultaneously (e.g., Unix, Linux).
- Real-time OS: Provides real-time processing for tasks (e.g., used in embedded systems, robotics).
- Distributed OS: Manages a group of separate computers as if they are a single system (e.g., some
Linux distributions in server farms).
- Embedded OS: Specialized OS designed for embedded systems (e.g., OS in a microwave or car
navigation system).
4. Functions of Operating System
An operating system provides key functions such as:
- Process Management: Manages processes running on the system.
- Memory Management: Allocates and manages the system's memory.
- File System Management: Manages file storage, organization, and access.
- Device Management: Controls input/output devices and peripherals.
- Security and Access Control: Provides security for user data and system integrity.
- User Interface: Offers a user interface for interaction (CLI or GUI).
5. Function of Utility Program
Utility programs perform maintenance tasks that help optimize and manage computer performance.
Examples include:
- Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files to free up space.
- Disk Defragmenter: Organizes fragmented files to improve system speed.
- Antivirus Software: Scans and removes malware.
- Backup Software: Creates data backups for safety.
6. Common Features of Application Software
Application software typically includes:
- User-friendly Interface: Provides an intuitive design for easy use.
- Customization Options: Allows users to tailor features.
- Compatibility: Works with multiple operating systems or platforms.
- Productivity Tools: Often includes editing, formatting, and file-saving options.
- Security Features: Some applications include encryption and access controls.
7. PIM, PDA Meaning and Functions
- PIM (Personal Information Manager): A type of software for organizing personal data such as
contacts, schedules, and tasks. Examples include Microsoft Outlook.
- PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): A handheld device used for managing personal information, like
calendars and contacts. Though mostly replaced by smartphones, they were popular in the early
2000s.
8. Multitasking, Multiprocessing OS
- Multitasking OS: Allows multiple programs to run concurrently by sharing CPU time (e.g.,
Windows, macOS).
- Multiprocessing OS: Uses multiple processors to execute multiple processes simultaneously,
enhancing performance (e.g., high-performance Linux and Windows servers).
