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All Solutions Compiled

The document provides detailed solutions to various technical questions related to Schmitt triggers, astable multivibrators, bit error probability, PCM transmission systems, 16-level PAM bandwidth calculations, and the comparison between matched filters and correlators. Each solution includes relevant formulas and calculations for clarity. It serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding these concepts in electronics and communication systems.

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21 views2 pages

All Solutions Compiled

The document provides detailed solutions to various technical questions related to Schmitt triggers, astable multivibrators, bit error probability, PCM transmission systems, 16-level PAM bandwidth calculations, and the comparison between matched filters and correlators. Each solution includes relevant formulas and calculations for clarity. It serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding these concepts in electronics and communication systems.

Uploaded by

priyanshueli123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions to All Questions Asked in the Last 8 Hours

1. **Schmitt Trigger Time Durations Calculation**


- Given: V_UT = 3V, Hysteresis Width = 1.5V, Frequency = 500 Hz, Cosine Amplitude = 5Vp-p
- V_LT = V_UT - V_H = 3V - 1.5V = 1.5V
- Period (T) = 1 / 500 Hz = 2 ms
- Positive duration (T_high) = (V_UT / (V_UT - V_LT)) * T = (3 / 1.5) * 2 ms = 1.33 ms
- Negative duration (T_low) = T - T_high = 2 - 1.33 = 0.67 ms

2. **Astable Multivibrator using 555 Timer Calculation**


- R_A = 6.8kOhm, R_B = 2.2kOhm, C = 0.01uF
- T_high = 0.693 * (R_A + R_B) * C = 0.693 * (6.8kOhm + 2.2kOhm) * 0.01uF = 62.37 us
- T_low = 0.693 * R_B * C = 0.693 * 2.2kOhm * 0.01uF = 20.59 us
- Frequency = 1 / (T_high + T_low) = 1 / (62.37 + 20.59) us = 12.1 kHz
- Duty cycle = T_high / (T_high + T_low) = 62.37 / 82.96 = 75.1%

3. **Bit Error Probability for Baseband Antipodal Signals**


- Given: Signal amplitude = ±2mV, Noise power spectral density (N_0) = 10^-12 W/Hz
- Energy per bit: E_b = (Signal Amplitude)^2 / 2 = (2mV)^2 / 2 = 2 uJ
- Bit error probability P_b = Q(sqrt(2E_b / N_0)) = Q(sqrt(2 * 2uJ / 10^-12))
- Using Q-function approximation, P_b approximately 10^-3

4. **PCM Transmission System Calculations**


- Given: Channel bandwidth = 100 kHz, Roll-off factor = 0.6, Quantization levels = 32
- Maximum symbol rate = (1 + r) * B = 1.6 * 100 kHz = 160 kHz
- Bits per sample: log_2(32) = 5 bits
- Maximum bit rate = Symbol rate * Bits per symbol = 160 kHz * 5 = 800 kbps
- Maximum analog signal bandwidth = 100 kHz / (1 + r) = 62.5 kHz

5. **16-Level PAM Minimum Bandwidth Calculation**


- Bit rate = 10 Mbps, Levels = 16 (4 bits per symbol)
- Minimum bandwidth = Bit rate / Bits per symbol = 10 Mbps / 4 = 2.5 MHz
- Given allowable bandwidth = 1.375 MHz
- Roll-off factor = (Allowable bandwidth - Minimum bandwidth) / Minimum bandwidth
- Roll-off factor = (1.375 - 2.5) / 2.5 = 0.55

6. **Matched Filter vs Correlator Explanation**


- A matched filter maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the presence of additive noise.
- A correlator performs a pointwise multiplication and summation of the received signal with a
reference template.
- Both yield the same result when detecting known signals in noise, hence used interchangeably.

This document contains stepwise solutions for all queries related to Schmitt triggers, PAM systems,
bit error probability, PCM systems, and matched filters.

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