M.
NDERE PROPERTIES
PHYSICS ASSINGMENT
DON’T TRUST THEM 100%
1. Breaking Contact in Metals
The metals X and Y expand at different rates when heated. If X expands more than Y, the
contact at point P is broken as X bends away.
2. Pinhole Camera Effects
i. Image becomes blurred.
ii. Image becomes larger.
iii. Image becomes larger and dimmer.
3. Magnetism
a. P is the North Pole.
b. By induction.
c.i. A is North, B is South.
ii. Field lines added in drawing.
d.i. OA: Magnetic strength increases with current.
AB: Saturation, further increase in current has no effect.
ii. Hard magnetic material has a similar graph but rises slowly and reaches saturation later.
4. Battery Rating
‘50 Ah’ means the battery can supply 50 amperes for 1 hour or 2 amperes for 25 hours.
5. Density Calculation
Density = Mass/Volume.
Let x = mass of empty container.
Volume of liquid = 80 - x
Mass of liquid = 70 - x
Density = (70 - x)/(80 - x) = 0.8
Solving gives x = 40 g.
6. Ice Layers
Layer B forms slower as water is a poor conductor of heat and heat escapes slowly from
lower layers.
7. Stronger Magnet
Magnet Y is stronger as its field lines are denser.
8. Heat vs Temperature
a. Heat is energy; temperature is the measure of heat intensity.
b. Thermometer A is in steam; B is in water. Steam is hotter.
9. Car Battery
a. To replace lost water from electrolysis.
b. To avoid impurities.
c. Hydrogen gas is explosive.
d. Alkaline batteries are lighter and maintenance-free.
10. Equilibrium Cones
11. Concave Mirror Ray Diagram
Ray diagram shows rays passing through the focus and reflecting parallel to the principal
axis to form an image.
12. Rotating Coil in Magnetic Field
a. X is North, Y is South.
b. Increase number of turns, current, magnetic field, or coil area.
c. It is the direction a North pole would move.
13. Micrometer Screw Gauge
Correct reading = Measured value - 0.04 mm.
14. Mercury vs Alcohol
Mercury expands uniformly, visible, doesn't wet glass, has wide temperature range.
15. Optics Terms
a. Paraxial rays: Close to the axis.
b. Principal axis: Line through center and focus.
c. Focal length: Distance from mirror to focus.
d. Centre of curvature: Center of the sphere.
16. Moments
a. Moment = Force × Perpendicular distance.
b. Application: Opening lids.
d. W = Pressure × Area = 2×10⁵ × 4×10⁻⁴ = 80 N
e. Longer handles give more turning moment.
f. Using moments: 1.26×(40–32) = 0.9×(x–40); x = 48 cm
g. COG lies at balance point.
h. Hang from 2 points and intersect plumb lines.
i. COG rises, stability reduces.
ii. Neutral equilibrium.
iii. Buses are lowered and widened.
17. Image Formation Data & Graph
a. Real images are formed on screens; virtual are not.
b. Table completed and graph plotted.
U (cm) V (cm) 1/U (cm⁻¹) 1/V (cm⁻¹)
20 60.0 0.050 0.017
25 37.5 0.040 0.027
30 30.0 0.033 0.033
35 26.3 0.029 0.038
40 24.0 0.025 0.042
45 22.5 0.022 0.044
Focal length f = 1 / intercept ≈ 10 cm.
18. Pinhole vs Mirror Images
Pinhole: Real, inverted, temporary.
Mirror: Virtual, upright, permanent.
19. Beam and Spring
Torque by spring = (5×10)×0.25 = 12.5 Nm
Load torque = (2×10)×0.75 = 15 Nm
To balance: Tension force = 15 N.
20. Paint Brush Bristles
Surface tension pulls bristles together; when removed, tension causes bristles to stick.
