Biomolecules
BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydates
Classification of Carbohydrates:
A Monosaccharides: A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give simpler unit of
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone.
Examples: Glucose, fructose, arabinose etc.
8. Oligosaccharides: These carbohydrates yield two to ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.
They are further classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides etc, depending upon the no.of
monosaccharides, they provide cn hydrolysis.
C. Polysaccharides: They yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.
Example :Starch, Cellulose etc.
Monosaccharides :
) Ifamonosaccharide contains an aldehyde qroup, it is known as an aldose and if it contains a
keto group, it is called ketose
aldehyde
(a) Glucose: It is an aldohexose CHO
H-oH
Structure of glueose (C,H,,0) HO-H
H--OH
open chain structure
H-oH of giucose
CH,OH
D-Glucose
Reaction of Glucose:
) On prolonged heating with Hi, t forms n-hexane, suggesting carbons are linked in straight
chain.
CHO
HI,A
(CHOH), CH,-CB,-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,
(n-hexane)
CH,OH
) Presence of carbonyl group (-CHO) is confirmed by the following reactions.
CN
H
OH CHO CH= N-oH
HCN NH,OH
(HOH), (CHOH),
CH,OH CH,0H CH,OH
Cyanohydride Oxime of giucose
Carbonyl group present, is an aldehyde and it is confirmed by the given reaction
CHO COOH
(HOH), (HOH),
CH,OH Mild OA CH,OH
(Quconic acid)
Acetylation of glucose gives glucose perntaacetate which confirms presence of five OH groups
CHO CHO 0
Acztic
(CHOH) (CHOCH), acid/acid derivatives +alcoko!
anhydride
CHOH Ester
DAOAOE Acidis oxidised to saccharic acid by nitric acid This indicates presence of
primary -OH group
COOH
Okidation
KHDH) (CHOH)A (CHOH),
COOH CH,OH
Saccharic acid Gluconic acid
Cyclic Structure of Glucose
3 The given observations could not explain chain structure of glucose
(() It doES not react withiHSO, or SchilPs reajent
" It does not give 2, 4-DNP test aid it does not react with Griqnard Reaqent.
(ü) Pentaacetate of glucose does not reat with NH, OH.
(üü) Glucose exist in two different crystalline forms, i.e. a and B forms.
CH,OH
(Same side)
OOH
VH
NOH H OH H
HO H
HOY VOH
H OH OH
-D+)-Glucopyranose B-D-()-Glucopyranose
a and Bforms of glucose are called anomers as they only differ ut C1 position. Six membered
cyclic structure of glucose is8PrGNOSe stictare
Biomolecules
(b) Fructose
Fructose is a ketohexose
.6C
Following structure have been assigned to this molecule (C,H,,0.) Fructose &
glucose are
functional
isomers of
HOH AH Ho eGch other
H H OH) H
HOH
OH H
CH,OH OH H Furanose ring
D-{-) fructose a-D-(-) Fructofuranose B-D{-) Fructofuranose
Tests of Glucose and Fructose
Both glucose and fructose reduce Tollen's reagent and Fehling's solution They are also called
reducing sugars.
Disaccharides
() Sucrose -D-Glucose + B-D-Fructose
HOH,C
4\oH 2 5
12glycosidic linkage
HO
H OH
ayeosidie
linkage OH H
cther linkage
a-D-glucose B-D-fructose
It is dextrorotatory
) t is non reducing sugar
(ü) Maltose a-D-Glucose O-D-Glucose
*CH,OH CH,OH
H 5
H
OH OH H
Lactos -B-DGal -DGl
HO OH
1-4 glycosidic
OH linkage H OH
a-D-glucose a-D-glucose
It is dextrorotatory
It is reducing sugar
It gives positive test with Tollen's reageent and Fehling's solution
188
Download
(im) LESESBRD yalactose HB-D Gucose
CH,OH CH,OH
QH
H
OH HH 1-4
OH
glycosidic linkage 2
OH (reaucing sugar) OH
B-D-Galactose B-D-glucose
Polysaccharides
() Starch: t is Polywmer of a-D Glucose. It consists of two cOmponents. Amylose and Amylopectin.
Amylopectin (30-85% of starch)
Amglose (4s-20% of starck) . Water insoluble componcnt
"Water soluble component Branched chains which is formed
"Unbranched chain which is
by C1-C4 glycosidic linkages
formed by C1-C4 glycosidic whereas branching occurs by C1
linkage of a-D Glucose unit Co glycosidic linkages
(ü) Cellulose
It is a attäight chain polysactharide
" It is cowmposed of B-D-glucose units
(ii) Glgeogen
" It is called animal starch
. Its structure is similar to anylopectin and is rather move highiy branched.
Proteins
All proteins are polymers of a-amino acid
Structure of some commonly occurring amiro acids along with their 3-letter and 1 letter
symbols are given in the following tabie.
The amino acids which can be synthesised in the body, are known as non-eSential amino acids.
Name of the Characteristic feature of Three letter
S.No. One letter code
amino acids side chain, R symbol
1 Glycine Gly G
2, Alanine CH, Ala A
Valine (H,C),CH Va
4. Leucine (H,0),CHCH, Leu
Isoleucine
5
H,c-cH-CH
CH,
1
Arginineti HA C-NHCH,), Arg R
NH,
Biomolecules 189
Lys K
7 Lysine H,N-(CH,)e
Glutamic acid Glu
HOOC-(CH,),
Aspartic acid HOOC-CH, Asp
Glutamine Gln
10.
H,N--CH,-CH,
Asn N
11. Asparagine
H_N--CH,
12. Threonine H,C-CHOH Thr T
13. Serine HO-CH, Ser
14. CysteineHS-CH, Cys C
Met M
15. Methionine H,C-S-CH,-CH,
Phe F
16. Phenylalanine CaH,-CH,
(p)HO-CH,-CH, Tyr Y
27. Tyrosine
18. Tryptophan CH, Trp BEK W
His H
19. Histidine H,C
-NH
COOH Pro.
20. Proline
HN H
*essential amino acid
The amino acids which cninot be suynthesised in the body and must be obtained tirough'dlet
are known as essential awino acids.
ln aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and amino group can accept aboth
contains
proton, giving rise to a dipolar ion known as zwittek ion This is neutral but
positive and negative charges.
(Zwitee ion)
NH, NH
Structure of Proteins
(a) Fibrous proteins :
† The polypeptide chains run paralel and held together by nydrogen and
disulphide bonds shows
fibre like structure
etc.
They are insoluble in water eg. keratin (present in hair, wool, silk), myosin (present in muscles)
290 Organic Chemistry
(b)pröteiäs
in this case polypeptide chains coil around to give a spherical shape
3 They are usually soluble in water eg. insulin, globu!lin
Vitamins
(i) Fat"sSblüble vitamins: Vitamins are soluble in fat and oils. These are vitamins A, D, E and K.
(i)E AtEtOlü Vitabins : Bgroup vitamins and vitamin Care water soluble vitamins.
Name of Vitamin Deficiency Diseases
1. Vitamin A Xerophthal1wia
2 Vitamin B, (Thiamine) Beri beri
3 Vitámin B. (Riboflavin) Cheilosis
4 Vitamin B,2 Pemicious anaemia
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Scurvy
Vitamin D Rickets (in children) osteomalacia (ir adults)
7. Vitamin K Increased blood clotting time
Biomolecules 191)
