MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018

Ordinance, which established a National

Social & Some Important Commission on Human Rights on September 27,
Legislation: 1993, owinc to pressure from foreign countries as
well as from the domestic front. Thereafter, a Bill on
Human Rights was passed in the Lok Sabha on
The Protection of Human Dlxember 18, 1993 to replace the ordinance
promulgated by the President The Bill became an
Rights Act, 1993 Act, having received the assent of the President, or
January 8, 1994 (Act 10 of 1994) and was published
The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 in the Gazette of lndia.
The United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) mooted the idea
01 the creation of an impartial institution for the
protection of human rigfits in the States as early as
1946. In pursuance of the resolution of the General National Human Rights Commission (N.H.R.C.)
Assembly adopted in 1966,' the Economic and
Social Council requested the Human Rights Chapter II of the Act deals with the constitution of
Commission of the United Nations to consider the the National Human Rights Commission
question of creating a National Commission of (N.H.R.C.). Section 3 of the Act lays down that the
Human Rights to perform certain functions related Central Government shall constitute a body known
to the observance of the International Covenants on as the National Human Rights Commission.
Human Rights. The question was taken up by the N.H.R.C. is an eight-member body. The
Commission in 1970 and it recommended that the Commission consists of:
question of establishment of National Commission
of Human Rights in each Member State of the  A Chairperson who has been a Chief Justice
United Nations ought to be decided by each of the Supreme Court
Government of the Member State keeping in view
the traditions and institutions of each country. The
Commission in 1978 again emphasized the need for
the creation of a National Institution. But all these
attempts, however, were fruitless.

Realising the importance of such an institution or

commission, the World Conference on Human
Rights in 1993 urged Governments to strengthen
national structures ,and institutions of society, which
play a role in promoting and safeguarding human
rights. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of  One Member who is, or has been a judge of
Action adopted by the World Conference prompted the Supreme Court 100
a number of States to establish such institutions.  One Member who is, or has been, the Chief
Justice of a High Court
The Human Rights Commission Bill introduced in  Two Members to be appointed from amongst
the Lok Sabha on May 14, 1992 was referred to the persons having knowledge of, or practical
Standing Committee on Home Affairs of the experience in, matters relating to human
Parliament. The President of lndia promulgated an rights.

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
Procedure for Dealing with Complaints knowledge of or practical experience in matten;
relating to human rights. The Governor shall appoint
Regulation 8 of the National Human Rights the Chairperson and other members of the
Commission (Procedure) Regulations, 1994 lays Commission.
down the following procedure for dealing with
complaints of alleged violation of ‘human rights': The State Commission is empowered to perform all
those functions, which have been entrusted to the
 All complaints in whatever form received by National Human Rights Commission. However,
the Commission shall be registered and paragraph C of Section 29 excludes the study of
assigred a number and placed for admission treaties and other lnternational Instruments on
before a bench of two niembers constituted human rights from the purview of S.H.R.C. The
for the purpose not later than two weeks of study of such treaties and the eligibility to make
receipt thereof. recommendations for their effective implementation
 No fee is chargeable on complaints. are the exclusive domain of the N.H.R.C. The state
 Every attempt should be made to disclose a Commission may inquire into violations of human
complete picture of the matter leading to the rights only in respect of matters related to any of the
complaint and the same may be made in entries enumerated in List II and Ill in the Seventh
English or Hindi to enable the Commission Schedule of the constitution.' Section 36(1) of the
to take immediate action. To facilitate the Act, states that the State Human Rights Commission
,;iling of the complaints, the Commission shall not enquire into any matter which is pending
shall, however, entertain complaints in any before a National Commission or any other statutory
language included in the Eighth Schedule of Commission duly constituted under any law in
the Constitution. It shall be open to the force.
Commission to ask for further information
and affidavits to be filed in support of
allegations whenever considered necessary.
 The Commission may, in its discretion, Protection to Women Women
accept telegraphic complaints and
complainl:~ conveyed through fax.
Under Indian Constitution &
 The Commission shall lave the power to Criminal Law (Under Indian
dismiss a complaint in limine.
 Upon admission of a coniplaint, the Constitution Law and Criminal
ChairpersonlCommission shall direct
whether the matter could be set down for Procedure Code)
inquiry by it or should be investigated into.
Protection to Women Under Indian Constitution
State Human Rights Commissions (S.H.R.C's) & Criminal Law (Under Indian Constitution
Law and Criminal Procedure Code)
The Protection of Human Rights Act under Chapter
V also provides for the setting up of State Human Violence against women is present in every country,
Rights commission in States consisting of a cutting across boundaries of culture, class,
Chairperson whois or has been a Chief Justice of a education, income, ethnicity and age. Since time
High Court, one member who is, or has been, a immemorial India is · particularly a male dominated
Judge of a High Court, one member who is, or has society and prevalence of illiteracy among women
been a District Judge in that State and two members has resulted in wide spread violence against women.
to be appointed from amongst persons having Therefore, Indian women like women world over

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have suffered from domestic violence like purdah Article 16 of the Constitution
system, satipratha, Female feoticide, Female
infanticide, different kinds of physical, emotional
and mental abuse, dowry death, cruelty, polygamy
etc. In India, family is considered to be a sacred
institution and it acts as a source of furtherance of
mental, social and spiritual well being of its
members. Family creates bonds and a sense of
belonging and stability of relation among its
members which is now weakening because today
domestic violence has been identified as a major
cause of injuries to women in India.

Constitutional provisions

The Articles under Part III of the constitution of

India relating to the Fundamental rights which try to
uplift the status of women and provide equal 130
opportunities for women irrespective of sex are
stated below :

Article 14 of the Constitution

All persons including women are equal in the eyes

of the law and they are also entitled to enjoy equal All citizens including women will enjoy equality of
protection of laws within the territorial jurisdiction opportunity in matters of public employment
of India It signifies that all persons irrespective of irrespective of their sex, races, castes, religions etc.
sex should be treated equally in similar
circumstances. In other words, the State should not To prevent immoral traffic in Women and
make any discrimination between one person and Girlchild Article 23 of the Constitution – It
another, and amongst equals the law should be prohibits the traffic in human-being and forced
administered equally. labour. In pursuance of this Article, Parliament has
passed the Suppression of Immoral Traffic in
Article 15 of the Constitution women and Girls Act, 1956 which is now renamed
as "The immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956" for
It deals with prohibition against discrimination. It punishing the actions which result in traffic in
prohibits the state to make any discrimination human beings.
against any citizen including women on grounds of
race, caste, sex, religion, place of birth etc. It states According to Article 39 of the Constitution of India,
that all citizens irrespective of race, caste, sex etc. the State shall direct its policy towards securing - (a)
are entitled to enjoy equal rights in regard to access that the citizen, ·men and women shall equally have
to shops, hotels, bathing ghats etc. But the state has the right to an adequate means of livelihood, and (b)
the right to make any special provisions for women that there is equal pay for equal work for both men
and children and also for the scheduled castes and and women.
the scheduled tribes.

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Article 42 of the Constitution of India states that, the Homicide for Dowry, Dowry Deaths or their
State shall make provision ·for securing just and attempts (Sec. 302/304-B IPC)
human conditions of work and for maternity relief.
Torture, both mental and physical (Sec. 498-A IPC)
Criminal laws related to domestic violence
Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC) Sexual Harassment
The incidents of domestic violence against women (Sec. 509 IPC)
have been increasing over the years. Women are
subjected to violences like cruelty by husband and Importation of girls (up to 21 years of age)
his relatives, · dowrydeath, grievous hurt, murder,
marital rape by husband etc. There aie some Provisions under code of criminal procedure (
criminal laws in India dealing with domestic Crpc)
violence cases which are stated below :
Right to Privacy while recording statement-
Indian penal code Under section 164 of CrPC, a woman who has been
raped can record her statement before District
The criminal law in India is contained primarily in Magistrate when the case is under trial and no one
the Indian penal code, 1860 (I.P.C). The I.P,C is else needs to be present. Alternatively, she can
supplemented by special laws, which define and record the statement with only one police officer
punish specific offences. There are some sections in and woman constable in a convenient place that is
Indian penal code, 1860 which deals with different no crowded and does not provide any possibility of
domestic violences. the statement being overheard by the third person.

In the case of domestiC violence, Culpable Police can’t say no- A rape victim can register her
homicide amounts to murder, ' . unless it is complaint from any police station under Zero FIR
committed without premeditation in a sudden fight ruling by the Supreme Court. Sometimes, the police
or in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and station under which the incident occurs refuses to
without the offenders having taken undue advantage register the victim’s complaint in order to keep clear
or acted in a cruel or unusual manner. of responsibility and tries sending the victim to
another police station. In such cases, she has the
Therefore, culpable homicide is murder, if any act of right to lodge an FIR at any police station under the
the husband by which the death of a victim woman provision of Zero FIR. Search by another Women
is caused is done with the intention of causing death, only- Under section 51(2) of CrPC, when an
or, if it is done with the intention of causing such accused is a woman another woman should make
bodily injury as the husband of the victim woman search with strict regard to decency.
knows that it might cause death of his wife. As for
example - If any husband shoots his wife with the Opportunity to come out of the house- Section
intention of killing her and the woman dies in 47(2) CrPC says, if the accused hides in the house of
consequence. Then the husband of that woman a female who according to custom does not appear
commits murder. Some other ipc provisions are as in public, the police cannot enter the house or break
follows: the house open unless notice is given to such female
to withdraw and give her reasonable facility to
Rape (Sec. 376 IPC) withdraw herself.

Kidnapping & Abduction for different purposes ( Medical Examination by a female practitioner-
Sec. 363-373) Under section 53(2) CrPC, when a person to be

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examined medically is female, then the examination specifically legislated Domestic Violence Act in
shall be made only by or under the supervision of 2005 to reduce the violence against women but the
female registered medical practitioner. same has bore mixed result as of now.

Attendance cannot be required at any other

place- Section 160 CrPC protects women saying
that no woman shall be required to attend any place
other than a place in which she resides. Hence, a
police officer cannot require the attendance of a
woman, but on the contrary, he has to go to the
place where she resides for making an investigation
and can interrogate in the presence of a woman
constable and family members or friends.

No arrests after sunset- Because to concerns of

Domestic Violence: The term domestic violence
violation of the rights of women, section 46(4)
includes elaborately all forms of actual abuse or
provides that forbids the arrest of women after
threat of abuse of physical, sexual, verbal, emotional
sunset and before sunrise, except in exceptional
and economic nature that can harm, cause injury to,
circumstances, in which case the arrest can be done
endanger the health, safety, life, limb or well-being,
by a woman police officer after making a written
either mental or physical of the aggrieved person.
report and obtaining a prior permission from the
The definition is wide enough to cover child sexual
concerned Judicial Magistrate of First class.
abuse, harassment caused to a woman or her
relatives by unlawful dowry demands, and marital
rape.

Protection of Women From Domestic violence can be physical, emotional,

psychological, financial, or sexual. Being victimized
Domestic Violence Act-2005 by a situation of domestic violence can create
feelings of helplessness and even self-doubt.
Violence against women is a manifestation of
historically unequal power relations between men Physical abuse includes:
and women, which have led to domination over and
discrimination against women by men and to the ? pushing, throwing, kicking
prevention of the full advancement of women. The
United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of ? slapping, grabbing, hitting, punching, beating,
Violence against Women, General Assembly tripping, battering, bruising, choking, shaking
Resolution, December 1993.
? pinching, biting
Domestic violence is one of the most common
crimes against women which is inextricably linked ? holding, restraining, confinement
to the perpetuation of patriarchy. Domestic violence
refers to violence against women not only in ? breaking bones
matrimonial homes but also in live-in relationship.
Domestic violence is recognized as the significant ? assault with a weapon such as a knife or gun
barrier in the path of women empowerment and also
skews the democratic set up of the polity. India has
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? burning ? making the victim remain on the premises after a
fight, or leaving them somewhere else after a fight,
? murder just to ?teach them a lesson?

Verbal or nonverbal abuse of a spouse or intimate ? making the victim feel that there is no way out of
partner may include: the relationship

? threatening or intimidating to gain compliance Sexual abuse includes:

? destruction of the victim‘s personal property and ? sexual assault: forcing someone to participate in
possessions, or threats to do so unwanted, unsafe, or degrading sexual activity

? violence to an object (such as a wall or piece of ? sexual harassment: ridiculing another person to try
furniture) or pet, in the presence of the intended to limit their sexuality or reproductive choices
victim, as sexual exploitation (such as forcing someone to look
at pornography, or forcing someone to participate in
? a way of instilling fear of further violence pornographic film-making)

? yelling or screaming Basic Features of the Domestic Violence Act, 2005

? name-calling 1. Apart from the victim herself, the complaint

regarding an act or act of domestic violence
? constant harassment can also be lodged by any person who has a
reason to believe that‘ such an act was
? embarrassing, making fun of, or mocking the committed or is being committed. This
victim, either alone within the household, in public, means that neighbors, social workers,
or in front of family or friends relatives can also take initiative. And the
provisions of the Domestic Violence Act
? criticizing or diminishing the victim‘s make sure that no criminal, civil or any other
accomplishments or goals liability‘ lies on the informer, if the
complaint is lodged in good faith.
? not trusting the victim‘s decision-making
2. The magistrate has been given powers to
? telling the victim that they are worthless on their permit the aggrieved women to stay in her
own, without the abuser place of adobe and she can not be evicted by
her male relatives in the retaliation.
? excessive possessiveness, isolation from friends 3. The respondent can be prohibited from
and family dispossessing the aggrieved person or in any
other manner disturbing her possessions,
? excessive checking-up on the victim to make sure entering the aggrieved person‘s place of
they are at home or where they said they would be work, if the aggrieved person is a child, the
saying hurtful things while under the influence of school. Also magistrate can bar the
drugs or alcohol, and using the substance as an respondent to communicate with aggrieved
excuse to say the hurtful things person by ?personal, oral, written, electronic
or telephonic contact.
? blaming the victim for how the abuser acts or feels

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4. The magistrate can impose monthly “varna” (colour) to denote caste seems to indicate
payments of maintenance. The respondent that the caste system began as a result of racial
can also be ordered to meet the expenses differences between people. On the other, the
incurred and losses suffered by the aggrieved characteristic feature of the caste system is also its
person and any child of aggrieved person as categorisation of the pure and the impure based on
a result of domestic violence. It can also religious beliefs and division of labour. While many
cover loss of earnings, medical expenses, authors argue that the concept of an untouchable
loss or damage to property. Under Sec 22 caste did not exist in the initial stages of the caste
magistrate can make the respondent pay system, at some point in history, the concept of
compensation and damages for injuries untouchability did become “a historical cohort of the
including mental torture and emotional caste system, but not its essence.”
distress caused by act(s) of domestic
violence.
5. Penalty up to one-year and/or a fine up to
Rs. 20,000/- can be imposed under under the
act. The offence is also considered
cognizable and non-bailable while Sec 32 (2)
goes even says that under the sole testimony
of the aggrieved person, the court may
conclude that an offence has been committed
by the accused?.
6. The act ensures speedy justice as the court
has to start proceedings and have the first
Numerous policies and laws have been made over
hearing within 3 days of the complaint being
the years to tackle the issue of untouchability. This
filed in the court and every case must be
Study attempts at studying one legislative attempt in
disposed off within a period of sixty days of
this regard, viz., the Protection of Civil Rights Act,
the first hearing.
1955 (PCRA). The basic difficulties of studying and
7. The act makes provisions for state to provide
improving the use of law as a tool of directed social
for protection officers and status of service
change results from the fact that law by itself is the
providers‘ and ?medical facility‘.
only component of a large set of policy instruments
8. Chapter 4 Sec 16 allows the magistrate to
and usually cannot and is not used by itself. This
hold proceedings in camera if either party to
caveat should be kept in mind while dealing with the
the proceedings so desires.
problem of untouchability. The recommendations
and suggestions made in this Study are solely in
light of the problems faced in the provisions and
implementation of the PCRA. These
The Protection of Civil Rights recommendations will have little effect if
implemented in isolation, and without the backing
Act, 1955 of other policy measures.

The Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (No. 22 The following Acts are punishable under Protection
of 1955) of Civil Rights Act, 1955:

The practice of untouchability in Indian society is an

attribute of the hierarchical stratification of society
into castes. On the one hand, the Vedic use the term
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Disability to practice Religion: Anyone who stops following places: Hospital, Educational Institution,
any person on ground of Untouchability in any of Hostel or any other public places.
the following ways:
Such person Shall be punished with the
 To enter into the place of worship where any imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but
other person of the same religion is allowed not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of
 To worship, to offer prayers or to perform atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
any religious ceremony or offer any religious
service or bath at worship place or to use Refusing to sell goods or render service: Whoever
water from the sacred tank, spring well or on the ground of Untouchability refuses or
from any other source, in the same manner discriminates a person in selling goods or in
as any other person of same religion is rendering services with the same terms and
allowed to do. conditions in which they rendered to the general
public in the ordinary course of business.
Such person shall be punished with the
imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but Such person Shall be punished with the
not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but
atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500. not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of
atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
Social Disabilities: Whoever discriminates any
person on the ground of Untouchability in any way Compulsory Labour : Whoever compels any
such as: person to Sweep, scavenge, or to remove any
carcass or to flay any animal or to remove the
 Access to shop, hotel, restaurant, place of umbilical cord or to do any other job of a similar
public entertainment ; nature.
 Use of utensil which are provided in the
hotels, dharamshala or any other public place Such person shall be deemed to have practice
for the use of general public or for a specific “Untouchability” and shall be punished with the
class of people; imprisonment for the term of atleast three months
 To practice any profession or carry out any but not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of
of the occupation, business or trade; atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.
 The use of water from spring well, tank,
river, stream, water taps or any water place, Other Offences : Such person shall be punishable
or stops using bathing ghat, sanitary under law who does any of the following:
convenience, burial or cremation ground,
road, passage or other thing meant for  Prevents any person from acquiring rights
general public. provided under Art 17 of the Constitution of
India; or,
Such person shall be punished with the  Molests, insults, boycotts30 or create an
imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but obstruction in exercising the right; or
not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of  Molests, insults, boycotts any person who
atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500. has exercised his rights; or
 By any manner, spoken or written
Refusing Admission: Whoever on the ground of encourages or incites31 any person to
Untouchability denies a person admission or practice “Untouchability”; or
discriminates the person after admission in the

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 Insults or attempts to insult any person on and socio-economic, political, and cultural rights.
the ground of “Untouchability”

Such person shall be punished with the

imprisonment for the term of atleast one month but
not exceeding 6 months along with the fine of
atleast 100 Rs. but not more than Rs. 500.

Offences done by Company: If any person who on

the behalf of the Company has practiced
“Untouchability”; or ii. If the Director, Manager,
Secretary or any other official of the Company
would have practiced “Untouchability”. This is to free Indian society from blind and
irrational adherence to traditional beliefs and to
Such person may be Director, Manager, Secretary or establish a bias free society. For that, Untouchability
any other Official of the Company shall be deemed (Offences) Act 1955 was enacted. However, lacunae
to be guilty on behalf of the Company and shall be and loopholes impelled the government to project a
prosecuted for the offence. major overhaul of this legal instrument. From 1976
onwards the Act was revamped as the Protection of
Civil Rights Act. Despite various measures adopted
to improve the socio-economic conditions of the
The Scheduled Castes and the SCs and STs they remain vulnerable and are subject
to various offences, indignities and humiliations and
Scheduled Tribes (Prevention harassment. When they assert their rights and
against the practice of Untouchability against them
of Atrocities) Act, 1989 the vested interest try to cow them down and
terrorize them. Atrocities against the SCs and STs,
Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribe still continued.

Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Thus objectives of the Act clearly emphasize the
Atrocities) 1989 (No.33 of 1989) intention of the Government to deliver justice to
these communities through proactive efforts to
The Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of enable them to live in society with dignity and self-
Atrocities) Act, 1989 is an Act of the Parliament of esteem and without fear or violence or suppression
India enacted to prevent atrocities against scheduled from the dominant castes. The practice of
castes and scheduled tribes. The Act is popularly untouchability, in its overt and covert form was
known as POA, the SC/ST Act, the Prevention of made a cognizable and non compoundable offence,
Atrocities Act, or simply the Atrocities Act. and strict punishment is provided for any such
offence.
Article 17 of Indian Constitution seeks to abolish
'untouchability' and to forbid all such practices. It is The SCs and STs (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,
basically a "statement of principle" that needs to be 1989 with stringent provisions (which extends to
made operational with the ostensible objective to whole of India except the State of Jammu &
remove humiliation and multifaceted harassments Kasmhir) was enacted on 9 September 1989.
meted to the Dalits and to ensure their fundamental Section 23(1) of the Act authorises the Central
Government to frame rules for carrying out the

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purpose of the Act. Drawing power from this dignity and self-esteem and without fear, violence or
section, the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled suppression from the dominant castes.
Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Rules of 1995 were
framed. The rules for the Act were notified on 31
March 1995.

Objectives
Salient features
The basic objective and purpose of this more
comprehensive and more punitive piece of Creation of new types of offences not in the Indian
legislation was sharply enunciated when the Bill Penal Code (IPC) or in the Protection of Civil
was introduced in the Lok Sabha: Rights Act 1955 (PCRA).

“Despite various measures to improve the socio-  Commission of offences only by specified
economic conditions of the SCs and STs, they persons (atrocities can be committed only by
remain vulnerable… They have, in several brutal non-SCs and non-STs on members of the SC
incidents, been deprived of their life and property… or ST communities. Crimes among SCs and
Because of the awareness created… through spread STs or between STs and SCs do not come
of education, etc., when they assert their rights and under the purview of this Act).
resist practices of untouchability against them or  Defines various types of atrocities against
demand statutory minimum wages or refuse to do SCs/STs (Section 3(1)i to xv and 3(2)i to
any bonded and forced labour, the vested interests vii).
try to cow them down and terrorise them. When the  Prescribes stringent punishment for such
SCs and STs try to preserve their self-respect or atrocities (Section 3(1)i to xv and 3(2)i to
honour of their women, they become irritants for the vii).
dominant and the mighty… Under the  Enhanced punishment for some offences
circumstances, the existing laws like the Protection (Section 3(2)i to vii, 5).
of Civil Rights Act 1955 and the normal provisions  Enhanced minimum punishment for public
of the Indian Penal Code have been found to be servants (Section 3(2)vii).
inadequate to check and deter crimes against them  Punishment for neglect of duties by a public
committed by non-SCs and non-STs… It is servant(Section 4). Attachment and
considered necessary that not only the term forfeiture of property (Section 7).
'atrocity' should be defined, but also stringent  Externment of potential offenders (Section
measures should be introduced to provide for higher 10(1), 10(3), 10(3)).
punishment for committing such atrocities. It is also  Creation of Special Courts (Section 14).
proposed to enjoin on the States and Union  Appointment of Special Public Prosecutors
Territories to take specific preventive and punitive (Section 15).
measures to protect SCs and STs from being  Empowers the government to impose
victimized and, where atrocities are committed, to collective fines (Section 16).
provide adequate relief and assistance to  Cancellation of arms licences in the areas
rehabilitate them.” identified where an atrocity may take place
or has taken place (Rule 3iii) and seize all
The objectives of the Act, therefore, very clearly illegal fire arms (Rule 3iv).
emphasise the intention of the Indian state to deliver  Grant arms licences to SCs and STs (Rule
justice to SC/ST communities through affirmative 3v).
action in order to enable them to live in society with  Denial of anticipatory bail (Section 18).

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 Denial of probation to convict (Section 19). conviction rate of cases of atrocities against the
 Provides compensation, relief and SC/STs is less than 30% against the average of 42%
rehabilitation for victims of atrocities or their for all cognisable offences under the Indian Penal
legal heirs (Section 17(3), 21(2)iii, Rule 11, Code. And in rape cases the conviction rate is just
12(4)). 2%.
 Identification of atrocity prone areas
(Section 17(1), 21(2)vii, Rule 3(1)). Karnataka has only 8 Special courts, though 15 of
30 districts are declared 'atrocity prone'. Overall
conviction rates remain at or below 5%. Even the
few special courts seem to be biased. In 2010, of the
101 cases disposed of in the Tumkur special court,
not one was convicted. Gulbarga, another atrocity
Special Courts prone district had a conviction rate of just 2%. 7
districts had a conviction rate of 0% in 2010.
For speedy trial, Section 14 of the Act provides for a
Court of Session to be a Special Court to try
offences under this Act in each district. Rule 13(i)
mandates that the judge in a special court be
Right to Information Act, 2005
sensitive with right aptitude and understanding of
the problems of the SCs and STs. Right to information is a fundamental right of any
citizen of India to know what is happening with the
However, that is seldom the case. Most states have government. Every individual has the freedom to
declared a court as a 'special court'. The hitch is that seek any government related information through
they are designated courts (as opposed to exclusive this RTI act 2005. The Right to Information Act
special courts) and so have to hear many other cases (2005) is one of the key legislation enacted by the
too. Consequently, at any time about 80% of the Parliament which guarantees the right and freedom
cases are pending, defeating the very purpose of of every citizen of India to get the information
having special courts in the first place. related to our government dealings, both at centre
and the states.
Special Court Justice Ramaswamy observed in the
case of State of Karnataka v. Ingale that more than
seventy-five percent of the cases brought under the
SC/ST Act end in acquittal at all levels. The Right to Information Act 2005 mandates timely
situation has not improved much since 1992 response to citizen requests for government
according to the figures given by the 2002 Annual information. Right to Information empowers every
Report dealing with SC/ST Act (of the Ministry of citizen to seek any information from the
Social Justice and Empowerment) Of the total cases Government, inspect any Government documents
filed in 2002 only 21.72% were disposed of, and, of and seek certified photocopies thereof. Right to
those, a mere 2.31% ended in conviction. The Information also empower citizens to official
number of acquittals is 6 times more than the inspect any Government work or to take sample of
number of convictions and more than 70 percent of material used in any work.
the cases are still pending.
Right to Information is a part of fundamental rights
Inaugurating a two-day annual conference of State under Article 19(1) of the Constitution. Article 19
Ministers of Welfare/Social Justice, 8 Sept 2009, (1) says that every citizen has freedom of speech
Prime Minister Singh expressed 'shock' that the and expression.

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This act was passed in the Indian Parliament on 15th
June 2005 and was brought into force on 12 October
2005.

Applicability: This Right to Information act is

applicable to all the states and Union territories of
India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir which
has its own Right to Information act 2009. Every
citizen of India has the right to seek information
through this act. Only an Individual can use this RTI Time Frame: The time frame to obtain any
facility. A group or company cannot request for any information is 30 days from the date of application.
information. If the application was submitted through APIO, then
the time frame is 35 days. In the case of information
relating to life and death warranting very urgent
information, the information to be provided within
Covered Govt Offices: The citizen of India has all 48 hours from the time of application.
the right to seek information related to the Indian
constitutional authorities, viz; the executive, the
legislative, judiciary, any other institution or body
constituted by the act of parliament or state Restriction of Information: There is a restriction in
legislature. Any private institution financed and seeking information according to the official secret
supported by the constitutional authorities. act 1923 and such information will not be revealed
or provided to the citizen of India in the interest of
the country's security. No information pertaining to
offices and section dealing with security of the
Who is responsible: Every government office will nation which will endanger the national security,
have its own PIO(Public Information Officer) who security to personnel,. Like the defence, CB CID,
is responsible to accept the request from the public BSF,Police etc; However, any issues relating to
and provide the information within 30 days of their malfunction or corruption in the department are
request. A minimum fee is charged from the public. excluded , and can be sought through this RTI act.
People from BPL(Below PovertyLine) are exempted
from paying any fee to seek any information. Also
there are APIOs(Assistant Public Information
Officers) available in the post offices located in Appeals: An appeal can be made to the appellate
main cities and towns. authority. If the first appeal is not replied, then the
second appeal can be made to the Information
Commission.

Information type: This act facilitates the citizen of

India to obtain government documents, to inspect
government documents, to inspect government Actions on delay information: The officer is
works and to get the samples. (Government charged Rs. 250 per day as penalty for the delay. He
document means anything big to small including the is likely to be charged Rs. 25000 for providing
Ration card, Election ID card). wrong information or for denial of information, and

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
disciplinary action will be initiated against the environmental protection, regulation of the
officer who fails to provide information and if his discharge of environmental pollutants, handling of
explanation is not duly justified. hazardous substances, etc. The Act provided an
opportunity to extend legal protection to non-forest
habitats (‘Ecologically Sensitive Areas’) such as
grasslands, wetlands and coastal [Link]
Word limit: There is no word limitation when the Environment (Protection) Act was enacted in 1986
act was brought into force. Now the government is with the objective of providing for the protection
thinking to impose restriction on the word limit to and improvement of the environment. It empowers
500 words per application. the Central Government to establish authorities
charged with the mandate of preventing
environmental pollution in all its forms and to tackle
specific environmental problems that are peculiar to
Right to information act helps the citizen to exercise different parts of the country.
their fundamental right to get information without
any denial from the authorities. It helps the people
to get the information pertaining to self relating to
the government. It also helps to find out the corrupt
functioning of the government and its officials. It
keeps a check on government to conduct its business
in a very fair manner. This act creates a fear in the
minds of government servants to think and work
that they are the servants of the people of this
nation. Many government scandals have been
brought out
The Environment Protection Act is an umbrella
to light with the help of this good act.
legislation that consolidated the provisions of the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of
1974 and the Air (Prevention and Control of
This Right to Information act has been conceived
Pollution) Act of 1981. Within this framework of
and delivered in a better shape that will lead India to
the legislations, the government established
move forward by reducing corruption in government
Pollution Control Boards (PCBs) in order to
departments. With this a government servant
prevent, control, and abate environmental pollution.
recognizes and respects the citizen of India and the
government fears its people for wrong doings.
Under the EPA, Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) Notification was introduced in 1994, it was
modified in 2006 and the latest amendment was in
Environment (Protection) 2009. Under the EIA it has become mandatory to
seek environmental clearance for several activities
Act, 1986 and industries with the involvement of the public as
per procedure.
The Environment Protection Act is an important
legislation that provides for coordination of Main Features of The Environment Protection Act
activities of the various regulatory agencies, creation are:-
of authorities with adequate powers for

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
i) Co-ordination of actions by the State xi) Establishment or recognition of environmental
Governments, officers and other authorities laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions
entrusted to such environmental laboratories and
ii) Planning and execution of a nation-wide institutes under this Act.
programme for the prevention, control and
abatement of environmental pollution. xii) Collection and dissemination of information in
respect of matters relating to environmental
iii) Laying down standards for the quantity of pollution.
environment in its various aspects.
xiii) Preparation of manuals, codes or guides
iv) Laying down standards for emission or discharge relating to the prevention, control and abatement of
of environmental pollutants from various sources environmental pollution.
whatsoever. Provided that different standards for
emission or discharge may be laid down under this
clause from different sources having regard to the
The Consumer Protection
quality or composition of the emission lr discharge Act, 1986
of environmental pollutants from such sources.

v) Restriction of areas in which any industries,

operations or processes or class of industries, The Consumer Protection Act is an Act to provide
operations or processes shall not be carried out or for better protection of the interests of consumers
shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards. and for that purpose to make provision for the
establishment of consumer councils and other
vi) Laying down procedures and safeguards for the authorities for the settlement of consumers' disputes
prevention of accidents which may cause and for matters connected therewith .A number of
environmental pollution and remedial measures for laws have been enacted in India to safeguard the
such accidents. interest of consumers and protect them from
unscrupulous and unethical practices of the
vii) Laying down procedures and safeguards for the businessmen. Some of these Acts are as follows:
handling of hazardous substances.
(i) Drug Control Act, 1950
viii) Examination of such manufacturing processes, (ii) Agricultural Products (Grading and Marketing)
materials and substances as are likely to cause Act, 1937
environmental pollution. (iii) Industries (Development and Regulation) Act,
1951
ix) Carrying out and sponsoring investigations and (iv) Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954
research relating to problems of environmental (v) Essential Commodities Act, 1955
pollution. (vi) The Standards of Weights and Measures Act,
1956
x) Inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, (vii) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices
machinery, manufacturing or other processes, Act, 1969
materials or substances and giving, by order, of such (viii) Prevention of Black-marketing and
directions to such authorities, officers or persons as Maintenance of Essential Supplies Act, 1980
it may consider necessary to take steps for the (ix) Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986
prevention, control and abatement of environmental
pollution.

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
The main objectives of the Consumer Protection Act trade practices under the Consumer Protection
are to provide better and all-round protection to Act.
consumers and effective safeguards against different
types of exploitation such as defective goods, Consumer should insist on getting all the
deficient services and unfair trade practices. It also information about the product or service before
makes provisions for a simple, speedy and making a choice or a decision. This will enable him
inexpensive machinery for redressal of consumers’ to act wisely and responsibly and also enable him to
grievances. desist from falling prey to high pressure selling

Important Features of the Consumer Protection

Act

1. The Act applies to all goods and services unless

specifically exempted by the Central Government.
2. It covers all the sectors – private, public and
cooperative. techniques.
3. The provisions of the Act are compensatory in Right to Choose
nature. Means right to be assured, wherever possible of
4. It provides adjudicatory authorities, which are access to variety of goods and services at
simple, speedy and less expensive. competitive price. In case of monopolies, it means
5. It also provides for Consumer Protection Councils right to be assured of satisfactory quality and service
at the National, State and District levels. at a fair price. It also includes right to basic goods
6. The provisions of this Act are in addition to and and services. This is because unrestricted right of
not in derogation of the provisions of any other law the minority to choose can mean a denial for the
for the time being in force. majority of its fair share. This right can be better
exercised in a competitive market where a variety of
Consumer Rights under the the Consumer goods are available at competitive prices
Protection Act Right to be Heard
Means that consumer's interests will receive due
Right to Safety consideration at appropriate forums. It also includes
Means right to be protected against the marketing of right to be represented in various forums formed to
goods and services, which are hazardous to life and consider the consumer's welfare.
property. The purchased goods and services availed
of should not only meet their immediate needs, but The Consumers should form non-political and non-
also fulfil long term interests. commercial consumer organizations which can be
given representation in various committees formed
Before purchasing, consumers should insist on the by the Government and other bodies in matters
quality of the products as well as on the guarantee of relating to consumers.
the products and services. They should preferably Right to Seek redressal
purchase quality marked products such as Means right to seek redressal against unfair trade
ISI,AGMARK, etc practices or unscrupulous exploitation of consumers.
Right to be Informed It also includes right to fair settlement of the
Means right to be informed about the quality, genuine grievances of the consumer.
quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of
goods so as to protect the consumer against unfair

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
Consumers must make complaint for their genuine The set-up of consumer forum is geared to provide
[Link] a times their complaint may be of relief to both parties, and discourage long litigation.
small value but its impact on the society as a whole In a process called 'informal adjudication', forum
may be very large. They can also take the help of officials mediate between the two parties and urge
consumer organisations in seeking redressal of their compromise.
grievances.
Right to Consumer Education
Means the right to acquire the knowledge and skill
to be an informed consumer throughout The Act applies to all goods and services unless
[Link] of consumers, particularly of rural specifically exempted by the Central Government. It
consumers, is mainly responsible for their covers all the sectors whether private, public or
exploitation. They should know their rights and cooperative.
must exercise them. Only then real consumer
protection can be achieved with success.

This Act has provided machinery whereby

consumers can file their complaints which will be
Consumer protection is a group of laws and heard by the consumer forums with special powers
organizations designed to ensure so that action can be taken against erring suppliers
the rights of consumers, as well as fair trade, and the possible compensation may be awarded to
competition, and accurate information in consumer for the hardships he has undergone.
the marketplace. The laws are designed to prevent
the businesses that engage in fraud or specified
unfair practices from gaining an advantage over
competitors. They may also provide additional The consumer under this law is not required to
protection for those most vulnerable in society. deposit huge court fees, which earlier used to deter
Consumer protection laws are a form of consumers from approaching the courts. The rigours
government regulation that aim to protect the rights of court procedures have been replaced with simple
of consumers. procedures as compared to the normal courts, which
helps in quicker redressal of grievances. The
provisions of the Act are compensatory in nature.

Consumer Protection Act, 1986

consumer courts provide redress only in cases of

products or services for personal use, defects in
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was enacted to products used for commercial purposes are not
provide a simpler and quicker access to redress of entertained.
consumer grievances. The Act seeks to promote and
protects the interest of consumers against
deficiencies and defects in goods or services. It also
seeks to secure the rights of a consumer against Basic rights of consumers include:
unfair trade practices, which may be practiced by
manufacturers and traders.

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
 Right to be protected against marketing of Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission in New
goods and services which are hazardous to Delhi.
life and property.

A written complaint to the company is taken as

 Right to be informed about the quality, proof that the company has been informed. The
quantity, standard and price of goods or complaint must be backed by copies of bills,
services so as to protect the consumer prescriptions and other relevant documents, and
against unfair trade practices. should set a deadline for the company to respond.
Consumers can also complain through a consumer
organisation.

 Right to be assured, wherever possible,

access to variety of goods and services at
competitive prices.  Claims of less than Rs. 20 lakh should be
filed with district forum,

 Right to be heard and to be assured that

consumers interests will receive due  Claims of Rs.20 lakh - Rs. 1 crore directly
consideration at appropriate forums. with the state commission,

 Right to seek redressal against unfair trade

practices.
 Claims of more than Rs. 1 crore with the
National Commission.

 Right to consumer education.

To file the complaint:

Consumer redressal forum  Complaint is to be filed within two years of

buying the product or using the service.

Under the Consumer Protection Act, every district

has at least one consumer redressal forum also  Complaint needs to be in writing. Letters
called a consumer court. Here, consumers can get should be sent by registered post, hand-
their grievances heard. Above the district forums are delivered, by email or fax. Don't forget to
the state commissions. At the top is the National take an acknowledgment.

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
vast powers to enforce their orders. If a defaulter
does not appear in court despite notices and
 The complaint should mention the name and reminders, the court may decide the matter in his
address of the person who is complaining absence. The forum can sentence the defaulter to a
and against whom the complaint is being maximum of three years' imprisonment and impose
filed. Copies of relevant documents must be a fine of Rs. 10,000. Forums can issue warrants to
enclosed. produce defaulters in court. They can use the police
and revenue departments to enforce orders.

Appeal is a legal instrumentality whereby a person

Information Technology Act,
not satisfied with the findings of a court has an
option to go to a higher court to present his case and
2000
seek justice. In the context of consumer forums:
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY LAW
INCLUDING CYBER LAWS (CONCEPTS,
PURPOSE, PROSPECTS)
 An appeal can be made with the state
In India, cyber laws are contained in the Information
commission against the order of the district
Technology Act, 2000 ("IT Act") which came into
forum within 30 days of the order which is
force on October 17, 2000. The main purpose of the
extendable for further 15 days. (Section 15)
Act is to provide legal recognition to electronic
commerce and to facilitate filing of electronic
records with the Government.
 An appeal can be made with the National
Cyber Crime is not defined in Information
Commission against the order of the state
Technology Act 2000 nor in the I.T. Amendment
commission within 30 days of the order or
Act 2008 nor in any other legislation in India.
within such time as the National
Commission allows. (Section 19)
The Information Technology Act, 2000 essentially
deals with the following issues:

? Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents

 An appeal can be made with the Supreme
Court against the order of the National
? Legal Recognition of Digital Signatures
Commission within 30 days of the order or
within such time as the Supreme Court
? Offenses and Contraventions
allows. (Section 23)
? Justice Dispensation Systems for cyber crimes.

Main Provisions of IT Act 2000

Penalties
Digital signature and Electronic signature:-Digital
Signatures provide a viable solution for creating
legally enforceable electronic records, closing the
The consumer courts (district court, state
gap in going fully paperless by completely
commission and National Commission) are given

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
eliminating the need to print documents for signing. ? Cyber-stalking.
Digital signatures enable the replacement of slow
and expensive paper-based approval processes with ? Dissemination of obscene material on the Internet.
fast, low-cost, and fully digital ones. The purpose of
a digital signature is the same as that of a ? Defamation.
handwritten signature. Instead of using pen and
paper, a digital signature uses digital keys (public- ? Hacking/cracking
key cryptography).Digital signature provides
Authentication, Integrity and Non Repudiation. ? Indecent exposure.

E-Governance: Chapter III discusses Electronic ? Computer vandalism.

governance issues and procedures and the legal
recognition to electronic records is dealt with in ? Transmitting virus.
detail in Section 4 followed by description of
procedures on electronic records, storage and ? Internet intrusion.
maintenance and according recognition to the
validity of contracts formed through electronic ? Unauthorized control over computer system.
means.

Section 66A :-Sending offensive messages thro

communication service, causing annoyance etc
through an electronic communication or sending an
email to mislead or deceive the recipient about the
origin of such messages (commonly known as IP or
email spoofing) are all covered here. Punishment for
these acts is imprisonment upto three years or fine.

According to Sec.1(2) of Information Technology

Act, 2000, the Act extends to the whole of India and
also applies to any offence or contravention
committed outside India by any person. Further, ? Hacking /cracking.
Sec.75 of the IT Act, 2000 also mentions about the
applicability of the Act for any offence or Against Government, Private Firm, Company,
contravention committed outside India. According Group of Individuals: -
to this section, the Act will apply to an offence or
contravention committed outside India by any ? Hacking & Cracking.
person, if the act or conduct constituting the offence
or contravention involves a computer, computer ? Possession of unauthorized information.
system or computer network located in India.
? Cyber terrorism against the government
Common types of Cyber Crimes may be broadly organization.
classified in the following groups:- Against
Individuals: - ? Distribution of pirated software etc.
? Harassment through e-mail

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
report, the much amount of Indian black money
deposited in Tax Heaven Foreign banks, if which is
The Prevention of Corruption come out in India. Then the annual budget of India
can be made without tax lies to next 30 years. It is
Act, 1988 surmisal that the is how much widespread in present
India after independence probably that high profile
Corruption is widespread in India. India has been scandal was the jeep scam in 1948, when jeeps were
ranked 79th out of 176 countries in Transparency required for the army operation in Kashmir. Other
International's 2012 corruption perception index notable scandals includes the Mudgal case (1951),
(CPI). Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive Mundra case (1957 – 58), Malviya – Sirajuddin
aspect of Indian Politics and Bureaucracy. The Scandal (1963).
economy of India was under socialist. Inspired
policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until The governing climate in those days can be gauged
the 1980s. The economy was shackled by extensive from the many observations . A.D. Gorwala
regulation protectionism and public ownership, committee, set up to suggest ways to improve the
leading to pervasive corruption and slow growth. system of governance. The Santhanam committee
Since 1991, economic liberalization in India has (1962) examine the problem of corruption observed
reduced red type and bureaucracy, supported the in 1964 that “there is widespread impression that
transition towards a market economy and failure of integrity is not uncommon among
transformed the economy with high growth rate. ministers and that some ministers, who have held
However, although the Indian economy has become office during the last sixteen years have enriched
the 4th largest in the world, the growth has been themselves illegitimately, obtained good jobs for
uneven across social and economic groups and their sons and relations through nepotism and have
poverty is still on issue. Endemic and deep rooted reaped other advantages inconsistent with any
corruption is a major factor for most social and notion of purity in public life.” In later years
political ills. It is a serious threat not just to corruption will be gradually widespread in Indian
sustainable economic growth, but also to the society and no effective measures have yet been
sociopolitical fabric of the country. installed that curb the menace. The lokpal bill could
not be passed in last decades, it speaks for the utter
In Indian civilization, corruption have caused lack of political will in the country.
maximum suffering to the humankind. In ancient
Indian history the great Indian philosopher Kautilya Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (POCA) is
says “just as it is not possible, not to taste honey or India’s principal legislation against corruption. Its
poison put on the surface of the tongue, so it is not main thrust is to prohibit public servants from
possible for the government servant dealing with accepting or soliciting illegal gratification in the
money not to taste it in however small a quantity.” discharge of their official functions. In addition,
On the difficulties of corruption detection Kautilya bribe-givers and intermediaries may be held liable
says “just as a fish moving under water cannot under POCA for bribing public officials. However,
possibly be found out either as drinking or not prosecution under POCA requires prior approval of
drinking water, so government servant employed in high authorities which severely limits its usefulness
the government works cannot be found out taking particularly where there is collusive activity within
money.”

After the independence corruption is widespread in

Indian bureaucratic and political system fill lust
small point to apex. According to an international
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government branches. Corruption is an age old phenomenon and can be
seen everywhere now a days. It is like a cancer in
public life, which has not become to rampant and
perpetuated overnight, but is course of time. The
word corruption means destruction, ruining or
spoiling a society or nation. A corrupt society is
characterized by immorality and lack of fear or
respect for the law. It is the abuse of public power
for private gain. Corruption comes under many
different guises like bribery, extortion, fraud,
embezzlement. misappropriations of public goods,
nepotism (favoring family members for jobs and
contracts) cronyism and influence pending.
Corruption has been defined in many different ways,
each lacking in some aspect. A few years ago, the
In addition to POCA’s prohibitions, various sections question of definition absorbed a large praportion of
of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) provide criminal the time spent on discussion of corruption at
punishment for public servants who disobey conferences and feelings. However like a elephant,
relevant laws or procedures, frame incorrect or even though it may be difficult to describe, it is
improper documents, unlawfully engage in trade, or generally not difficult to recognize when observeed.
abuse their position or discretion. Unfortunately, the behaviour is often difficult to
observe directly because, typically acts of corruption
In order to ensure speedy trial of corruption cases, do no t takes place in broad day light.
the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 made the
following provisions:
a. All cases under the Act are to be tried only by a
Special Judges. In recent years so many major scandals involving
b. The proceedings of the court should be held on a high level public officials have shaken the Indian
day-to-day basis. public services. These scandals suggests corruption
c. No court shall stay the proceedings under the Act has become a pervasive aspect of Indian political
on the grounds of any error or irregularity in the and bureaucratic system. Some of them major scams
sanction granted, unless in the opinion of the court it are following:
has led to failure of justice.
 Coal Allotment Scam (Cost – 186000
The 1988 Act enlarged the scope of the term ‘public Crores)
servant’ and included a large number of employees  2 G Spectrum Scam (Cost – 176000 Crores)
within its ambit. Besides the employees of the  Commonwealth Games (CWG) Scam (Cost
central government and the union territories, the em- – 70000 Crores)
ployees of public undertakings, nationalised banks,  Mega black money laundering Scam (Cost –
office-bearers of cooperative societies of the central 70000 Crores)
and the state government receiving financial aid,
employees of the University Grants Commission Nature of corruption in India
(UGC), vice-chancellors, professors, and scientists
in institutions receiving financial aid from the Under the Indian constitution, the government
central or state governments or even from the local consists of three branches : the legislative, the
authorities have all been declared as public servants. executive and the judiciary with clear mandate for

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
independent functioning of each branch. For the But the report card of the Indian bureaucracy is also
good governance it is compulsory that each of these not very flattering. Bureaucratic corruption in India
units must function with integrity and efficiency. thrives on red tape, complicated procedures and
The legislators are elected representatives of the discretionary power. Governance in India is
peoples and responsible for making laws. The characterized by the lack of transparency in rules.
executive branch consisting of ministers, Complicated procedures and a bureaucracy that
bureaucrats and whole government machinery, enjoys broad discretionary power. According to a
which is responsible for the implementation of laws recent analysis of reports of bribery demands.
made up by legislative assemblies. The judiciary,
acts as an impartial watchdog to see if the people are in India conducted by trace international was
governed as per the law. It lakes the power to frame published in January 2009, 90% demand for bribe
any law, it can only interpret the laws passed by the came from government officials of which over 65%
law makers under the constitutional framework and for avoiding harassment, 50% bribery was for
give its verdicts. But when corruption invades, timely delivery of services to which the individuals
governance begins to degrade implying loss of were already entitled, about 10% were meant to
integrity and efficiency both. Now – a – days provide any advantage. Bureaucratic corruption
corruption is widespread in every segment of Indian pervades the Indian administration system with
government system and politics. widespread practices of bribery, nepotism and
misuse of official positions and resources.
The behaviour of India legislators both at the union
and in the state leaves a lot to be desired. Every time Causes Of Corruption In India
they act motivated by personal gain. Corruption in
the assemblies as seen from this perspective implies  Emergence of a political elite which believes
floor crossing, case for vote taking money or other in interest oriented rather than nation
benefits to ask questions, framing rules under the oriented programmes and policies.
influence of big corporate houses at the cost of  Artificial scarcity created by people with
common people. Criminalization of politics is yet malevolent intention wrecks the fabrics of
another fact of corruption in the current parliament. the economy.
These are over a quarter MPs with criminal records.  Corruption is caused as well as increased
Many with serious charges against them. It also because of the change in the value system
highlights an area where electoral reforms is and ethical qualities of men who administer.
urgently needed so that criminals don't enter in the The old ideals of morality, services and
parliament or state assemblies. honesty are regarded as anachronistic.
 Tolerance of people towards corruption,
In the executive branch, ministers are placed at top complete lack of intense public outcry
of the hierarchy. They are responsible for the against corruption and the absence of a
making policies for the public because the public strong public forum to oppose corruption
trust on them and elected by votes to making allow corruption to reign our people.
government. In recent analysis we seen that the level  Vast size of population coupled with
of corruption in ministers is highest. 2G spectrum widespread illiteracy and the poor economic
scam, coal allotment scam, commonwealth games infrastructure lead to endemic corruption in
scam, fodder scam etc. are the best examples of it. public life.
 In a highly inflationary economy, low
In Indian parliamentary system, the responsibility of salaries of government officials compel them
execution of the policies making by government at to resort to corruption. Graduates from
ground level is taking hand over to the bureaucracy. Indian institutes of management with no

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
experience draw a far handsome salary than returns, denying persons with criminal
what government secretaries draw. records a chance to contest elections, should
 Complex laws and procedures deter common be brought in. Responsiveness,
people from seeking help from the accountability and transparency are a must
government. for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the
 Elution time is a time when corruption is at backbone of good governance, should be
its peak. Big industrialists fund politicians to made more citizen-friendly, accountable,
meet high cost of election and ultimately to ethical and transparent.
seek personal favour. Bribery to politicians  The prosecution of corruption cases should
buys influences and bribery by politicians be conducted by a panel of lawyers prepared
buys votes. In order to get elected, by the Attorney General or the Advocate
politicians bribe poor, illiterate people. General in consultation with Rashtriya
Lokayukta or Lokayukta as the case may be.
Recommandations to fight corruption

 Foolproof laws should be made so that there

is no room for discretion for politicians and
bureaucrats. The role of the politician should
be minimized. Application of the evolved
policies should be left in the hands of an
The Madhya Pradesh Lok
independent commission or authority in each Sewaon ke Pradan ki
area of public interest. The decision of the
commission or authority should be Guarantee Adhiniyam- 2010
challenged only in the courts.
 Cooperation of the people has to be obtained The Madhya Pradesh Lok Sewaon ke Pradan ki
for successfully containing corruption. Guarantee Adhiniyam 2010
People should have a right to recall the
elected representatives if they see them Public Service Guarantee Act also known as Right
becoming indifferent to the electorate. To Service Act (RTS), enacted by some Indian
 Public awareness is must to combat States aims to create a transparent and accountable
corruption in India, for this it should be must public service as a matter of citizens’ right. The Act
to improve our education system because entitles the citizens a time bound service delivery
education is the best mean to understand making it legally binding, entailing imposition of a
fundamental rights and Right – Wrong fine against the erring official concerned. The
conversation. Assembly passed the law on [Link] M.P, 52
 Corruption can be remed if people can services of 16 government departments have been
understand and start to believe the value of placed under the ambit of the Act. The remaining
ethics and morality in their life. states and Union Government are also
 Funding of elections is at the core of contemplating to follow the suit . Madhya Pradesh
political corruption. Electoral reforms are became the first state in India to enact Right to
crucial in this regard. Several reforms like Service Act on 18 August 2010 and Bihar was the
state funding of election expenses for second to enact this bill on 25 July 2011. Several
candidates, strict enforcement of statutory other states like Bihar, Delhi, Punjab, Rajasthan,
requirements like holding in-party elections, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Uttarakhand, Haryana,
making political parties get their accounts Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand have introduced
audited regularly and filing income-tax

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
similar legislation for effectuating the right to Services under Public Service Guarantee Act
service to the citizen.
The Act ensures delivery of time bound services to
The Madhya Pradesh government had introduced the public. If the officer responsible for the service
the Public Service Guarantee Act 2010 to bring fails to provide the service in time he will have to
about transparency in government functioning and pay a fine. The following are the services
make officials accountable for delay in delivery. guaranteed under the Act:
However, the Act, instead of empowering people
has turned out a tool to mobilize revenue for the  Birth Certificate
state coffers. M P Public Service Guarantee Act was  Caste Certificate
introduced in 2010 to make the government officials  Domicile Certificate
accountable and since September 2012, the Lok  Tap water supply connection
Seva Kendra (Public Service Centre) opened by a  Khasra copies
private contractor across the state is charging a fee  Death Certificate
of Rs 30 is for every query.
The Procedure under the Public Service Guarantee
The salient features of the act are: Act:

 The applicant shall receive a receipt when he

or she submits an application to the officer
for desired service. The time begins from the
date of submission which is mentioned the
receipt.
 There is a fixed time for every officer to
keep a file with him. If the officer in charge
fails to provide the service in time the
applicant can approach the first and second
 Enable registration of requests for all appellate officers. They would instruct the
services covered under the act and the officer concerned to provide the service.
subsequent work flow management of the  In case of delay, the officer in charge will
request. have to pay a fine to the tune of Rs. 250 per
 Enable online tracking of the request by the day, maximum of Rs. 5,000.
applicant.  The Appellate officer can also be penalized
 Allow senior officials to monitor the if he fails to ensure the delivery of service.
performance of a officer dispensing a He shall be fined to the tune of Rs. 500 per
service. day, maximum of Rs. 5,000 if he is unable to
 A "Notice Board" which details the list of give any valid reason for non delivery of
services offered by a designated officer services.
along with the documents required to avail
the service and the senior officials who could
be approached to file appeals in case the
service is not delivered in the time limit
specified under the act. District Informatics
Centre, Dhar organized a training session to Process
educate the District Officials on the
Management Information System.

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
If the intended service is not delivered in a
stipulated time by a government department; an
appeal can be made to the First Appellate Authority. Service Improvement
If not redressed, another appeal can further be made
to the Second Appellate Authority. They based on  Speedy and time–bound delivery of service
the merit, can either reject or accept the application resulted in ease of monitoring by the Heads
by serving a written order to the official or of Department.
department concerned asking for the reasons for the  Provision of appealing to the first and second
non delivery duly intimating the same to the appellant authorities infused fear among
applicant. Or else , they can order the concerned erring officials, compelling them do deliver
public servant to render the service to the applicant service speedily
immediately or can impose a penalty at the rate of
Rs 250 per day for causing delay which can range . • As many as 346 Public Service Centers (PSCs),
from Rs. 250 to Rs. [Link] based on the severity which facilitate on line filing and tracking of
may recommend Proceedings against the official as application have been opened across the state for
well. The applicant may be compensated for delay smooth implementation of the Act
out of the penalty imposed on the erring officer.
Common Service Centers are leveraged to make the  Till date, the state has received 1.11 crore
Act wide open for public use. complaints from citizens for non-delivery of
essential services. Of these, 1.10 crore
Cost Reduction complaints have been addressed.

An online tracking of the status of the application by

the applicant and mechanism of its knowledge to the
higher officials increased the chances of disposal not
requiring to make rounds physically. Social Sector - Health,
Education & Empowerment -
Corruption Reduction

 Time bound delivery of service and online Health services, Preventive

tracking of grievance resulted in transparent
administration. and curative health
 It led to elimination of malpractices and
corruption as the officials are duty bound to
programmes in India / M.P.
deliver the service in a time frame with an emphasis on children
 Till July 2012 in the state of M.P, as many as
1.25 crore applications were received under and women's health. Issues
this Act, out of which 99 per cent were
disposed. Since availability of online mode
related to availability of
of application receiving from August 7, 2011 curative health to all
in M.P, as many as 24 lakh applications were
received, out of which 99 per cent were Government of India is committed to the goal of
disposed off. ‘Health for All’ The obligation of the Government
to ensure the highest possible health status of India's
population and access to quality health care has
been recognized by a number of key policy

[Link] Page 25
 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
[Link] care system supplement in Under Universal access to basic health facilities
improving the health of individuals, particularly consisting of health card, medical examination
those belonging to socially and economically following programs / facilities have been initiated
disadvantaged groups,which is a key objective of by Central and State Government in Uttarakhand:-
the Indian government and a major consequence of a
Constitution.  National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
 Under the programme, following activities
Recognizing the importance of Health in the process are carried out:
of economic and social development and improving (i)Preventive measures,
the quality of life of our citizens, the Government of (ii) Targeted Intervention among High Risk
India has resolved to launch the National Rural Groups,
Health Mission to carry out necessary architectural (iii) Information, education and
correction in the basic health care delivery system. communication activities in States and UTs,
(iv) Treatment of sexually transmitted
Mission of Madhya Pradesh aims at providing the infections, (v) Blood safety and quality
necessary knowledge and skills to keep all rural assurance,
people living in the state of Madhya Pradesh to (vi)Integrated Counselling & Testing
ensure equitable, accountable and effective primary facilities including prevention of Parent to
health care especially to the poor women and Child Transmission,
children and to promote the quality of their lives. (vii) Rural outreach through Link Worker
And to enable them to lead a healthy productive SchemeUnder the mission activities, it is
life. Thus, there are two main components of the aimed to provide AYUSH services at health
Programs: To provide the knowledge needed to keep centres and promotion of farming of
the first people healthy and empower the people medicinal plants
living in the state, secondly, Madhya Pradesh has  Supply of condoms to consumers free of
adopted the vision adopted by the National Health cost; Condom Social Marketing and
Mission, Government of India. In order to keep the publicity campaign.
people healthy, the necessary skills and knowledge  Grant support to NGOs/ voluntary
are being provided throughout the state and the organisations for service activities such as
villagers of the state Provide effective health medical centres, dispensaries
services for the population to be strengthened to  the capacity of existing health service
poor infrastructure and as worst performing districts. providing institutions are strengthened by
way of stewardship and capacity building
and involvement of Private Partners in
providing health services
 health card is being provided to families for
getting free of cost treatment in selected
hospitals for identified diseases
 Safe Blood Transfusion Services are being
provided through Blood banks
 children of age group 0-6 are immunised
 The specific objectives of the scheme are:
[Link] of gender based sex selection
[Link] survival of girl child
[Link] of the girl child and
[Link] education of the girl child

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
 Cash incentive is provided to mothers  Basic activities under National Nutrition
delivering in hospital. In this scheme, the Mission:
States where there is a low rate of (i)Strengthen and restructure the ICDS
Institutional deliveries is classified as ‘Low scheme,
Performing States (LPS)’ (the States of Uttar (ii) Introduce a multi-sectoral programme to
Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Jharkhand, address maternal and child malnutrition in
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Assam, selected 200 high-burden districts,
Rajasthan, Odisha and Jammu and Kashmir), (iii) Introducing a nation-wide information,
whereas the remaining States are termed as education and communication campaign
High Performing States (HPS). Cash benefits against malnutrition and
to them are as under: (iv) Making nutrition a focus in the
Low Performing State: Mothers’ package programmes and schemes of line Ministries.
(₹1400), ASHA Package (₹ 600) totalling ₹ (v)This scheme is now a sub-scheme under
2000. Integrated Child Development Scheme.
High Performing States: Mothers’ package  Cash assistance directly to pregnant and
(₹ 700), ASHA Package (₹ 600) totalling ₹ lactating women (P & L Women) from the
1300. These costs are applicable to rural end of 2nd trimester of pregnancy up to 6
areas only months after delivery.
 The scheme has special focus on adolescent  ₹ 6000 provided to the pregnant and
girls of the age group, 11 to 18 years. The lactating women in response to fulfilling
scheme has two major components namely, specific conditions related to health and
nutrition and non-nutrition component. nutrition of mother and child. The scheme
Nutrition is being given in the form of Take would address short-term income support
Home Ration or Hot Cooked Meal to out-of- objectives with long-term objective of
school girls of age group 11-14 years and to behaviour and attitudinal change. The
all adolescent girls of age group 14-18. scheme attempts to partly compensate for
In the non-nutrition component, the out-of- wage loss to pregnant and lactating women
school adolescent girls of age group 11 to 18 both prior to and after delivery of the child.
years are being provided IFA  Food Security Risk fund is provided to SHG/
supplementation, Health check-up and volunteer organisations, cluster level SHG
Referral services, Nutrition and Health federation. In addition, activities such as IEC
Education, Counselling and guidance on on education and nutrition are conducted in
family welfare, Adolescent Reproductive VO / SHG meetings
Sexual Health (ARSH), child care practices,  They provide professional training courses
Life Skill Education and vocational training. with a view to developing trained manpower
 Following services are sponsored under in the disability sector and also providing
ICDS: various other rehabilitation services
[Link] of 0-6 age group children  Grants-in-aid to various implementing
2. Supplementary nutrition to children, agencies to assist the needy disabled persons
pregnant women and lactating mothers in procuring durable, sophisticated and
[Link] check-up of children, pregnant scientifically manufactured, modern,
women and lactating mothers standard aids and appliances that can
[Link] services promote their physical, social and
[Link]-school non-formal education to psychological rehabilitation. PWDs can get
children [Link] and Health information the aids and appliances
to women.

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
 Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities trouble adapting to cooking healthy meals
and restoration of their dignity by way of for themselves, as might younger students
manufacturing and supplying durable, leaving home for the first time
sophisticated, scientifically manufactured  living alone and being socially isolated
modern and ISI standard quality assistive  having reduced mobility and lack of
aids. The aids are supplied to PWDs transport
 abusing drugs
 abusing alcohol

According to the 1996 World Food Summit, food

Malnutrition,its causes and security exists "when every person has physical and
economic access at all times to healthy and
effects and Govt. nutritious food in sufficient quantity to cover the
needs of their daily ration and food preferences, in
programmes for order to live a healthy and active life." The
supplementary Nutrition nutritional dimension is an integral part of the food
security. Nutritionists argue that the energy intake is
WHO Defines Malnutrition as "Malnutrition refers a poor measure of nutritional status, which depends
to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a
person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term
malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:
undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-
for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and
underweight (low weight-for-age); micronutrient-
related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient
not only
deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and
on the nutrient intake but also on non-nutrient food
minerals) or micronutrient excess; and overweight,
attributes, privately and publicly provided inputs
obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases
and health status.
(such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some
cancers)."
Nutrition Security implies physical, economic and
social access to balanced diet, clean drinking water,
Social factors that can contribute to malnutrition
safe environment, and health care (preventive and
include:
curative) for every individual. Education and
awareness are needed to utilise these services.

India has malnutrition levels almost the levels

double those of many countries in Africa. This
problem needs a multi-disciplinary approach
covering diet diversification including micro-
nutrients, women’s empowerment, education,
health, safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene.
 a low income
 limited knowledge about nutrition India has government programmes such as TPDS
 limited knowledge about cooking - older including AAY, nutrition programmes like mid-day
men who become widowed may have

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meals, and ICDS to improve food and nutrition It “provides for and asserts the physical, economic
security. and social right of all citizens to have access to safe
and nutritious food, consistent with an adequate diet
They are explained in the following post necessary to lead an active and healthy life with
dignity”.
The state-level mismatch between food intake and
nutritional status could be attributed to the The Union Cabinet has approved the Draft National
differences in education, health, availability of safe Food Security Bill. It seeks to provide subsidized
drinking water, environmental sanitation and food grains to over half of India’s 1.2 billion
personal hygiene which intervene between the food population. The bill was presented to parliament and
intake and nutritional [Link] Integrated Child has been referred to standing committee.
Development Scheme (ICDS), which among other
things focuses on increasing the nutritional and Highlights of the Bill:
health status of children has been in operation for
over three decades. 1. The food security bill promises 75 percent of
rural population and 50 percent of urban
There is a inter state-level variation between food households, the right to 7 kg food grains per
intake and nutritional status , which could be person, at Rs.3 per kg for rice, Rs.2 per kg
attributed to the differences in education, health, for wheat and Rs.1 per kg for coarse grains
availability of safe drinking water, environmental to the priority beneficiaries.
sanitation and personal hygiene which intervene 2. The general category will be provided at
between the food intake and nutritional status. A least three kilograms of food grains per
better environment would reduce food wastage due person per month at half the minimum
to infections and diseases. The better nutritional selling price.
status at a comparatively lower level of food 3. The bill will also provide rations or cooked
consumption in Kerala and Tamil Nadu could be meals to children under 14 years of age,
due to the better health care and nutritional destitute including women and persons on
interventions the margins of society.
4. The bill provides for cost-sharing to pacify
After the rural job guarantee programme, the the states, which will implement the law.
government is now focusing on an ambitious The states have also objected over the
National Food Security Act aimed at drawing more authority to decide on the criteria to identify
people into the food security net. It has made a the beneficiaries.
strong pitch for providing 35 kg of cereal at Rs 3 per 5. A three-tier grievance redressal mechanism
kg every month to the poor of this country. at district, state and national level is also part
of the legislation.
The government is earnest to fulfill the party’s poll 6. The Bill provides for women above 18 years
promise of enacting such a law, and has even to be considered the head of the beneficiary
provided the broad outlines of the proposed household for purpose of issue of ration
legislation. The rural job scheme and the cards. There shall be social audit of the
information Act were conceived and piloted by the functioning of ration shops.
National Advisory Council (NAC).The Draft Right 7. The entitlements would cost the government
to Food (Guarantee of Safety and Security) Act about Rs. 94,973 crore per annum, as against
enshrines freedom from hunger and malnutrition as the existing food subsidy bill estimated at
a fundamental right. Rs. 67,310 crore. The food grains required to
be procured to meet the obligations under the

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Bill is estimated at about 65 million tonnes, estimates are that the food subsidy bill this year will
up from the average 50 to 55 million tonnes be around Rs. 63,000 crore, the new law would
at present. require more food grains and a lot more money to
implement.
The Government had expressed concern that food
subsidy, currently at Rs.63, 000 crore ($12 billion), Fears have been expressed that the new Bill, as and
may go up to Rs.1.2 lakh crore ($ 23 billion) if the when enacted, will fuel both shortages and inflation.
bill is implemented. Rising fertilizer prices and the The fears are not misplaced because in August this
Minimum Support Price (MSP) of the grains was year, the food grain stock with the government was
another concern. 61.27 million tons, short of what will be required to
implement the scheme.
Managing the finances would not be a problem but
procurement would have to be improved. It is The annual procurement of food grains by the
estimated that against the current procurement levels government stands at 54 million tonnes and will
of 54 millions tons, the requirement may go up to 62 have to be raised to at least 62 million tons, if the
million tons. scheme is to be implemented.

Benefit for Women and Children: Implementation:

About 2.25 crore pregnant women and lactating The draft law explains ways to implement the
mothers are expected to benefit from the legislation scheme and prescribes penalties for flawed delivery.
that proposes to give Rs. 1,000 per month for six While the state has to ensure uninterrupted supply of
months as maternity benefit. Maternity benefits that food-grain through the Public Distribution System
are available only in 52 districts will be extended (PDS), vigil on distribution will be through
across the country. All this is commendable but quarterly meetings between shop owners and
there is need for caution since the economy is representatives of local bodies who will be involved
showing signs of sluggishness. in the selection of the shop owner.

The budget deficit will need to be watched. Finding States will have to fully computerise their PDS
the money to fund the ambitious scheme would also within two years of the law and they “shall provide
be no mean task. With procurement of food grains a toll-free number and a website where consumers
required to rise from the current 54 million tons to can register their complaints. All complaints shall be
62 million tons, the Union government would be up addressed within 39 days of receipt and records of
against a major challenge especially in years of the same shall be made available in the public
drought. domain, including the Internet,” says the draft.

Aiming to empower women, the Bill also proposes A commissioner will be appointed in each state to
that the ration card will be issued to the eldest monitor the scheme, suggest changes in it,
female member of the family. The proposed Bill investigate scarcities, and award penalties to public
also holds great promises for children. Children in servants for failures. The penalties could be a fine of
the lower and upper primary classes would be gross salary of one month up to five years for
entitled to mid-day meals as per the prescribed negligence, or imprisonment of six months to five
nutritional norms. years in case of “deaths or serious morbidity”.

The union budget for 2011-12 had provided for Rs The Manmohan Singh government is to earmark
55,586 crore for food subsidy. But while revised over Rs 50,000 crore for the right to food

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programme. Though details of the programme’s A seamless marriage of current realities and
rollout are yet to be firmed up, the government does provisions in the proposed legislation would also
not foresee any major hurdles in implementing the mean smoothing out existing wrinkles in food-grain
scheme. Government sources say the Bill could availability and accessibility.
come up during the winter session of Parliament.
Key Issues:
Keeping in mind substantial layoffs in select sectors,
in the wake of the global economic crisis, the There are three essential components of this
government is expected to expand the scope of the proposal that need to be fleshed out. And these
programme to include sectors such as textiles as revolve around the issues of what and how much to
well as large sections of agricultural labour give, at what prices and to whom.
impacted by volatilities in the food sector.
1. There is less ambiguity on the first issue of
Under the public distribution system, the BPL what and how much. The present entitlement
category excludes large sections of the poor, for the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is
including 52% of agricultural labour households. At 35kg of food-grains per poor household. The
present, food stocks with the government are Congress party manifesto, however,
upward of 50 million tonnes, more than twice the promises only 25kg per month, way below
storage capacity of the Food Corporation of India, the minimum nutritional norms. Secondly,
on the back of high rice procurement (30.65 million the present BPL (below poverty line) or
tonnes) and a record wheat buy (over 24.7 million AAY entitlements are only for food-grains
tonnes). (rice and wheat) and do not provide for any
other nutritional requirements such as pulses,
The need for subsidised food-grain for a wider an essential source of protein. For a
section of people is also reflected in increased off- nutritionally secure strategy, it is imperative
take. While the off-take in the Antyodaya system is that a minimum 5kg of pulses be added to
around 90%, showing people’s desperate need for the basket.
cheap food-grain, the off-take for BPL families 2. The second key issue is at what price. While
increased from 7.367 million tonnes to 22.845 the manifesto of the Congress party promises
million tonnes in 2005-06, out of an allocation of rice or wheat at Rs3 per kg, this is no better
27.32 million tonnes. than the existing entitlement of the AAY. It
is, in fact, higher than existing price of food-
As far as above the poverty line (APL) families is grains available to the BPL population in as
concerned, the off-take is much lower, not because many as eight major states of the country-
people do not need the grain but because for several Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
years there was not much difference in the APL Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and
price and the market price. West Bengal. These states account for 35%
of the rural population. With Madhya
For the first time, the onus of identification and, Pradesh promising to follow suit, at least
more crucially, delivery of grain to consumers could 40% of the rural population already enjoys
be pinned on panchayats in rural areas and local food at Rs 3 per kg or less.
governments in urban areas, entailing never-before 3. However, the third issue is the most crucial,
accountability on records of allocation and off-take which it is the number of beneficiaries that
of grain. will be covered by the proposed food
security Act. The promise made by the
Congress party in its manifesto limits the

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entitlement to only BPL families. It is here Providing subsidized grains is only one aspect of a
that there is a lack of consensus between the food security Act. Such an Act should also address
states and the Union government. Going by other issues such as malnutrition, especially among
the present methodology, the government children and women, and social vulnerabilities due
estimates that 65 million households are to barriers of age, caste, gender and disability.
BPL households and makes the food-grain
allocations to states based on this. This Existing schemes such as the Mid-Day Meal
number may go down to less than 60 million Scheme or the Anganwadi programme for children
if the 2004-05 estimates from the Planning under six, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating
Commission are taken as the basis instead of mothers should also be brought into the ambit of the
the 1993-94 poverty figures that form the Act with strengthened universal entitlements. Such
basis of the current estimates. an Act has the potential to ensure that no person in
the country sleeps hungry, and this must be realized.
Against this, the total number of households that
have been issued either a BPL or AAY card by state Other View:
governments is 106.7 million. The state
governments are currently doing this by providing The proposed law aims to benefit 65 per cent of the
additional subsidies from their own budgets. population, which makes little sense unless the
United Progressive Alliance (UPA) Government, by
In Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, for implication, is admitting that the vast majority, or
instance, it is almost universal, with around 80% of two-thirds of the people of India, cannot survive
the population covered under the subsidized food without heavily subsidized food.
scheme. Any attempt to restrict the number of
beneficiaries to the present official poverty estimates Since that is not the case, it remains inexplicable as
(which are known to be flawed) will, therefore, lead to why such a large number of beneficiaries are
to a reduction in the number of beneficiaries to being targeted. While it makes sense to protect the
almost half the existing number. Further, an Act poorest of the poor from hunger and malnutrition, it
should at least guarantee as much as is already being is absurd to extend the same benefit to those who
given. can do without heavily subsidized food.

While the estimate of poverty is one issue of Moreover, there are three related aspects, apart from
contention, how to identify the beneficiaries for enhanced and ill-affordable subsidy, which merit
effective targeting is also unresolved. The problems comment. First, the demand for food grains will
with both these are well known and have been result in a shift in agricultural patterns across the
officially acknowledged with two expert committees country with farmers focusing entirely on rice and
working on resolving these. wheat. This is bound to cause a shortfall in pulses
and cash crops.
The first committee headed by Suresh Tendulkar has
been set up to examine the issue of estimation of To meet that shortage, Government will have to
poverty used by the Planning Commission and the resort to imports which, in turn, will fuel prices.
second led by N.C. Saxena has been set up by the Second, a scheme of this nature can be implemented
ministry of rural development to identify a suitable only if there is a flawless storage and distribution
procedure for identification of BPL households. system since neither exists, implementation is bound
Both these committees are due to submit their to suffer.
report.

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Third, the main problem with the NAC- conceived The growth story has a flip side as well. The present
cockamamie schemes is that they are premised on level of malnutrition results in 2 to 3 per cent
the one-size-fits-all logic. There may be States decline in GDP. It delays education, triggers
which would rather spend the money on projects learning disabilities and affects the overall physical
that can fetch long-term benefits and sustainable and cognitive development of children right from
economic security for the poor. the conception stage.

Growth in Hunger: Every year, we lose 1.3 million children who do not
celebrate their fifth birthday and die of under-
At the same time, it is most important to answer the nutrition and lack of healthcare. Now as the
questions being raised by those opposing NFSB. developed world, which has enjoyed the highest
Today, development is only understood in the level of affluence, is being devastated by a
narrow terrain of economic growth and Indian debilitating economic crisis and citizens their protest
policy makers seem to be infatuated by GDP the prevalent economic policies, it is time for India
numbers and their growth. to decide whether peoples’ well-being should be its
priority, or just creating a tiny island of opulence for
They have not stepped beyond their narrow, familiar a handful of people.
paradigm and taken an interest in improving general
living standards. How can Indian polity accept such It is believed that the Bill, in its present form, is not
a growth trend wherein 70 per cent of the total GDP adequately endowed with a vision to address the
is directly under the control of 8 per cent of India’s very structural causes of food and nutritional
elite? insecurity in the country. Three basic issues are at
hand.
Growth is important, because it helps create a
conducive environment for the welfare of people. First, NFSB dwells on targeting beneficiaries, as
We cannot, however, accept a growth trajectory that against providing universal access, and re-invoking
curtails opportunities for the common people and the contentious below poverty line (BPL)-above
allows grabbing of common resources for short-term poverty line (APL) battle-lines by seeking to
gains. classify the population into “priority” and “non-
priority” households.
While India’s economy has been growing at a pace
of 6 to 9 per cent in the past 12 years, under-- The intended benefits will be given to people based
nutrition among children has decreased by a trifling on these categories. It is a well-known fact that
1 per cent between 1998-99 and 2006. Should we successive governments have failed to identify the
accept a ‘mere token 0.1 per cent decline in poor, and as a result, the majority of our population
childhood hunger per year? continues to live with hunger.

We also need to be honest in accepting the fact that Two, the Bill provides for a supply of 7 kg per
the under-fed cannot contribute to the country, even month subsidised food grains per person in
if provided with opportunities because of lack of “priority” households, whereas the monthly
capabilities. We will have to build an environment requirement of a person is 14 kg. Third, the
of empowerment with nutritional security. proposed entitlements do not deal with the problem
Otherwise, how can one expect that the hungry of nutritional insecurity.
would go to the industries, set up with huge public
resources and subsidies, and start working as labour In India, people have suffered undernourishment
or engineer? mostly due to protein and fat deficiency. Hence, to

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cope with the problem, the government should have due to various reasons it does not reach a large
added pulses to compensate for protein and edible number of our hungry people. If this continues, the
oil to replenish fat; the preamble of the Bill also argument of productivity will not hold any weight.
mentions: “… the Supreme Court of India has Yes, it is true that we still have one of the lowest per
recognized the right to food and nutrition as integral hectare productivity, but this is also the time to think
to the right to life”. on the adverse impact of technologies on
agriculture.
The National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau figures
show that 76.8 per cent of the population does not Strengthen PDS:
receive the prescribed nutrition. We need a strong
political commitment; otherwise “growth in hunger” A part of this discussion is linked to public
will be our leitmotif. procurement and minimum support price (MSP) for
farm produce. If the government stops subsidising
Increase in Food Subsidy: agriculture, profit makers will benefit and
consumers will have to pay high prices. Just take the
Already, we are spending Rs. 67,310 crore on food example of pulses.
subsidy, and there will be a tiny increase of another
Rs. 30,000 crore if NFSB is enacted, which is a We pay Rs 36 per kg as MSP to the farmer for tuar
trifle 4 per cent of the taxes being usurped by the dal, but its market price was Rs. 110 some time ago.
corporate- economists-government nexus. But There is an urgent requirement to ensure maximum
consider the positive impact of this humane public procurement, which can only be done and
expenditure. applied through the Public Distribution System
(PDS).
It will preserve human values and feed the 770
million people going hungry at present. The Indian The other aspect deals with policy perspective. For
government will only be giving a subsidy of Rs. the past 20 years, the per capita food production in
1,188 per person per year or Rs. 3.25 a day. The India is stagnant at around 460 grams per person per
welfare politics has become very imperative in the day; pulses are the key source of protein, but the
past one decade or so. availability has dipped from 70 g per day in the
1960s to 42 g in recent times.
The government has been running the Integrated
Child Development Services, having a plan to spend We adopted new technologies: hybrid seeds,
Rs. 80,000 crore in the next five years; the Mid Day chemical fertilizers and pesticides in order to
Meal scheme is already in place. We have 170 increase agriculture production. Punjab sacrificed its
million children under the age of six, 45 per cent of community techniques and blindly used large
them are undernourished but we barely spend Rs. quantities of chemicals, which has resulted in low
1.62 per child per day on their growth and nutrition. soil fertility. Overall, the present draft of the Bill is
just a modest beginning. We have to think and
There is an argument that it is better for the decide what our priority is.
government to focus on productivity enhancement
rather than focusing on doling out subsidies at the
expense of tax-payers. But these two things are not
mutually exclusive; they are complementary.

Let us understand one thing: India is not a food

deficit country; we produce surplus food grains, but

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This decision will help in the smooth
implementation of the NFSA and will benefit the
people.

Central assistance to States/Union Territories (UTs) The assistance will be available to States/UT where
under National Food Security Act for meeting implementation of NFSA has started. The estimated
expenditure on intra-State movement & handling of financial assistance likely to flow to States/UTs
foodgrains and Fair Price Shop (FPS) dealers’ annually, when the Act is fully implemented in all
margin States/UTs, is Rs. 4,341 crore.

Accepting the recommendations of the 14th Finance

Commission the Government had hiked the share of
States in Central taxes, from 32 percent to 42
percent, increasing availability of funds at their end.
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs, Inspite of the reduced share of Govt. of India, the
chaired by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, GOI has agreed to this additional burden in the cost
has approved the norms of the expenditure and of transportation of foodgrains and margins to fair
pattern of central sharing on Central assistance to price shops to ensure that the beneficiaries will
States/Union Territories (UTs) under the National continue to get foodgrain at subsidised prices.
Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA). This assistance is
used for meeting expenditure on intra-state Implementation of NFSA has so far started only in
movement and handling of foodgrains and FPS 11 States/UTs. The period for identification of
dealers’ margin. beneficiaries and implementation of the Act had to
be extended twice, upto 04.04.2015 as its
The norms of expenditure and pattern of Central implementation is yet to start in the remaining 25
sharing will be as follows: States/UTs. It has again been extended upto
30.09.2015 and it is expected that this decision on
Norms of Expenditure Central assistance will incentivise the States/UTs for
early roll out of the Act.
(Rate in Rs. Per quintal)
Central
Category of FPS dealers margin
Share(in
States/UTs Intra-State Addl. Margin percentage)
transportation The technological
for sale through
Basic
and handling interventions in the field of
Point of Sale
(PoS) device
General 65 70 Immunology, Immunization
17 50
Special 100 143 17 75
Immunity is disease resistance and is of following
two types:-

1. Natural or Innate Immunity:- It is present

The special category States/UTs are the seven States from birth and is inherited from birth by the
of North East, Sikkim, the Hill States of Himachal offspring from the [Link] this form of
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Uttarakhand and immunity the response from the organism
Island UTs of Andaman & Nicobar Islands and against the pathogen is immediate in the
Lakshadweep.
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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
form of non-specific immune response For example:-The yellow fluid colostrol secreted by
without the need of recognizing the mother during the initial days of lactation has
pathogens. abundant antibodies to protect the infant.
2. Acquired or Adaptive Immunity:- It is
non- Inherited and is acquired as an Examples of antimicrobial resistance
enhanced response to a disease during the
lifetime of an organism. It takes time to 1. Increase number of cases of the hospital
develop and can be more effective in the acquired infection
next encounter with the said [Link] 2. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis
Process of adaptive immunity is the basis of
vaccination. It was launched in India in collaboration with World
Health Organisation to directly observed treatment
short course for the complete services monitoring
diagnosis and provision of the second line anti TB
drugs under the supervision of dedicated health
circles
Vaccination or immunization:-

 Vaccination or immunization is based on the

property of the memory of the immune
system. In vaccination an inactivated on
weaknd pathogen is introduced into the Types of Vaccines:-
body. Vaccine helps in generating
the primary immune response whereby Conventional Vaccines- These vaccines use live
immunological memory is established in the attenuated(Ex SABIN) or killed Pathogen(IPV) in
body. Vaccine generate memory cell that Vaccine
quickly identifies the pathogen
on subsequent exposure and produces a Recombination Vaccines:-They use Antigen,Dna or
robust secondary immunity response quickly Part of genetic material of pathogen as vaccine like
including mass production of antibodies hepatitis B vaccine.
during the actual infection of pathogen.
 Immune memory formation of antibodies
occur on 1st exposure to a specific antigen
and secondary response occur after the
second exposure to the same antigen. It
began very quickly.
Biotechnology
Active immunity :-it is immunity which is
developed by the person own body either in the Biotechnology is defined as the industrial
form of antibodies or memory cells in response to application of living organisms and their biological
exposure to living or dead microorganisms. While processes such as biochemistry, microbiology, and
when preformed antibodies are directly inducted genetic engineering, in order to make best use of the
into the body to obtain temporary immunity is called microorganisms for the benefit of mankind. Modern
passive immunity. biotechnology provides breakthrough products and
technologies to combat debilitating and rare
diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed

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the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have In forensic science : A lot of New techniques have
safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial been developed such as DNA fingerprinting, besides
manufacturing processes. having a number of other applications which have
facilitated the speedy identification of the criminals.
Biotechnology began in the 1970s after the
development of genetic engineering that allowed 2. Environment
scientists to modify the genetic material of living
cells. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of Cleaning up and managing the environment :
DNA molecules to produce modified plants, Cleaning up the environment using living organisms
animals, or other organisms. DNA is the part of a is called bioremediation. Naturally occurring, as
cell that controls the genetic information of an well as genetically modified microorganisms, such
animal or plant. DNA is a double-stranded molecule as bacteria, fungi and enzymes are used to break
that is present in every cell of an organism. The down toxic and hazardous substances present in the
genetic information is contained in individual units environment.
or sections of DNA called genes. The genes that are
passed from parent to offspring determine the traits 3. Agriculture
that the offspring will have.
Biotechnology has also made possible the
Applications of Biotechnology production of crops improved disease resistan;
herbicide-toleran and insecticide-resistan. Plants
1. Health and medicine with improved nutritional value for livestock have
also been obtained through biotechnology.
Fighting infectious diseases : Biotechnology is used
extensively in the study of infectious diseases such Control of pests : One application of biotechnology
as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), and is in the control of insect pests. The genetic make-up
influenza. As a result more effective of the pest is changed by causing some mutations.
pharmaceuticals have been developed. These pests become sterile and do not reproduce
further.
Development of vaccines and antibiotics : Using
technology, microorganisms are used to develop Manufacturing and bio-processing : With the help of
antibiotics and vaccines to cure diseases. For new biological techniques it has become possible to
example, bacteria Bacillus polymysea is used to grow, the plants that produce compounds for use in
produce polymyxin B (antibiotic used to cure
urinary tract infections), fungus Penicillium notatum
is used to produce penicillin (used to cure
pneumonia, and many other bacterial infections.)

Treating genetic disorders : Disease can occur when

genes become defective due to mutations. With
advancements in biotechnology, in the near future it
will be possible to use gene therapy to replace an
abnormal or faulty gene with a normal copy of the
same gene. It may be used to treat ailments such as
heart disease, inherited diseases such as SCID, and
Thalassaemia.

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detergents, paints, lubricants and plastics on large Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well being and not merely absence of disease
or infirmity.

Good health of an individual is important in order to

ensure happiness and our ability to work. There are
many factors which affect our health. Some of these
factors like balanced diet, clean water and clean
environment have a positive impact on health while
others such as disease causing organisms and
unhygienic conditions have a negative effect on our
health.

Balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercise

are very important to maintain good health. Yoga
has been practiced since time immemorial to
achieve physical and mental health. Awareness
scale.
about diseases and their effect on different bodily
functions, vaccination (immunization) against
Food and drinks : Biotechnology, has also made the
infectious diseases, proper disposal of wastes,
processing of foods and their products easier.
control of vectors and maintenance of hygienic food
Preservation and storing of food for consumption
and water resources are necessary for achieving
later has become easy and cheap with the help of
good health.
biotechnology. Seedless grapes and seedless citrus
fruits have been developed using biotechnology.
Disease :Disease is a malfunctioning process related
to a certain part of the whole body in which normal
4. Industry
functions are disturbed or damaged. Disease literally
means not at ease
Biotechnology has been used in the industry to
produce new products for human consumption.
Disease may be the sickness of the body or the
Food additives have been developed which help in
mind. A disease can be as mild as a sore throat,
the preservation of food. Microorganisms are used
common cold, and stomach upset or as serious as
in the mass production of items such as cheese,
cancer. Disease can strike almost any part of the
yoghurt, and alcohol.
body and anybody at some stage or the other. They
can also affect a person‘s mental and emotional
Family health, Communicable health.

and non-communicable Deficiency diseases :The diseases which occur due

to deficiency of one or more nutrients
diseases and remedies (proteins,carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals) in
our diet are called deficiency diseases.
Human health and diseases
The overall ability of the host to fight the disease-
According to the World Health Organisation causing organisms, conferred by the immune system
(WHO), health is defined as: is called immunity. Immunity is of two types: (i)
Innate immunity and (ii) Acquired immunity.

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Innate Immunity :-Innate immunity is non-specific virus, avian influenza, SARS, novel H1N1
type of defence that is present at the time of birth. influenza, hanta virus etc.
This is accomplished by providing different types of  Local or widespread outbreaks of these
barriers to the entry of the foreign agents into our diseases result in high morbidity, mortality
body. and adverse socio-economic impact.

Acquired immunity, on the other hand, is pathogen The most common diseases which are endemic in
specific. It is characterized by memory. This means India are as follows:
that our body when it encounters a pathogen for the
first time produces a response called primary
response which is of low intensity.

Diseases - Communicable diseases, Endemic

diseases

Top 10 Causes of Death (Source: WHO World

Health Statistics 2012)

 Ischemic heart disease 12 %

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 11%
 Stroke 9% Communicable Disease- Malaria:
 Diarrheal disease 6%
 Lower respiratory infections 5%  Malaria is a very common disease in
 Preterm birth complications 4% developing countries. The word malaria is
 Tuberculosis 3% derived from the word ‘mal-aria meaning
 Self-inflicted injuries 3% bad air.
 Falls 3%  Ronald Ross first discovered the
 Road injuries 2% transmission of malaria by mosquitoes,
while he was working in India
Communicable diseases (Secunderabad, AP) in 1897. Malaria is one
of the most widespread diseases in the
 Communicable diseases continue to be a world.
major public health problem in India.  Each year, there are 300 to 500 million
 Many communicable diseases like clinical cases of malaria, 90 percent of them
tuberculosis, leprosy, vector borne diseases in Africa alone.
like malaria, kalaazar, dengue fever,  Among all infectious diseases, malaria
chikungunya, filariasis, Japanese continues to be one of the biggest
encephalitis, water-borne diseases like contributors to disease burden in terms of
cholera, diarrhoeal diseases, viral hepatitis A deaths and suffering.
& E, typhoid fever, leptospirosis, etc and  Malaria kills more than one million children
other viral infections are endemic in the a year in the developing world, accounting
country. for about half of malaria deaths globally.
 In addition to these endemic diseases, there  The risk of getting malaria extends to almost
is always a threat of new emerging and re- the entire population in India (almost 95
emerging infectious diseases like nipah percent).

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 The following states that have the highest  Almost 80 percent of cases and deaths occur
number of malaria cases are Madhya in Asia, and most others in Africa and Latin
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, America. Among Asian countries, India
Rajasthan, Assam, Gujarat and Andhra probably has a large number of these cases.
Pradesh.

Communicable Disease- Typhoid:

 Indian Statistics Typhoid fever is endemic in
 Typhoid fever is an acute, systemic infection India.
presenting as fever with abdominal symp-  Health surveys conducted by the Central
toms, caused by Salmonella typhi and Ministry of Health in the community
paratyphi. development areas indicated a morbidity rate
 Before nineteenth century, typhus and varying from 102 to 2,219 per 1, 00,000
typhoid fever were considered to be the population in different parts of the country.
same. Enteric fever is an alternative name for  A limited study in an urban slum showed 1
typhoid. Salmonella typhi and paratyphi percent of children up to 17 years of age suf-
colonise only humans. fer from typhoid fever every year.
 The organisms are acquired via ingestion of  Carriers of Typhoid Fever Typhoid infection
food or water, contaminated with human is mainly acquired from persons who are
excreta from infected persons. carriers of the disease.
 Direct person-to-person transmission is rare.  Carriers are the people who continue to
Typhoid is a global health problem. It is seen excrete salmonella through their urine and
in children older than the age of one. feces a year after an attack of typhoid. A
 Outbreak of typhoid in developing countries chronic carrier state develops in about 2 to 5
results in high mortality. The recent percent of the cases.
development of antibiotic resistant  The organisms in such cases make the gall
organisms is causing much concern. bladder their habitat.
 Typhoid fever is more common in the
tropics. It tends to occur in places, where the Communicable Disease- Hepatitis:
sanitation standards are poor. A bacterial
organism called salmonella typhi causes  Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver. It can
typhoid fever. be caused by viruses (five different
 Salmonella paratyphi can also cause fever viruses— termed A, B, C, D and E cause
and abdominal symptoms. The disease viral Hepatitis), bacterial infections, or
caused by both these entities is called enteric continuous exposure to alcohol, drugs, or
fever. toxic chemicals, such as those found in
 The disease presents with a typical, aerosol sprays and paint thinners, or as a
continuous fever for about three to four result, of an auto-immune disorder.
weeks, relative bradycardia with abdominal  Hepatitis results in either damage or
pain (due to enlargement of lymph nodes in reduction in the livers ability to perform life-
the abdomen), and constipation. preserving functions, including filtering
 Geographical Distribution Worldwide, harmful, infectious agents from blood,
typhoid fever affects about six million storing blood sugar and converting it into
people with more than 6, 00,000 deaths a usable energy forms, and producing many
year. proteins necessary for life.

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 Symptoms seen in Hepatitis differ according  Some patients become carriers or even
to the cause and the overall health of the remain chronically ill, even though most
infected individual. However, at times, the patients recover in about three to four
symptoms can be very mild. months.
 The commonly seen clinical features are
general weakness and fatigue, loss of Hepatitis C:
appetite, nausea, fever, abdominal pain and
tenderness.  Hepatitis C is a viral disease commonly
 The main feature is the presence of jaundice occurring after transfusion or parenteral drug
(yellowing of skin and eyes that occurs when abuse.
the liver fails to break-down excess yellow-  It frequently progresses to a chronic form
coloured bile pigments in the blood). that is usually asymptomatic, but may
 Depending on the progress and intensity, involve liver cirrhosis.
Hepatitis can be categorized as acute or
chronic. In acute Hepatitis, clinical features Hepatitis D:
often subside without treatment within a few
weeks or months. However, about 5 percent  Hepatitis D or Delta Hepatitis is caused by
of the cases go on to develop into chronic the Hepatitis D virus.
Hepatitis, which may last for years. Chronic  It usually occurs simultaneously with or as a
Hepatitis slowly leads to progressive liver super infection in case of Hepatitis B, thus
damage and cirrhosis. increasing its severity.

Hepatitis A: Hepatitis E:

 Hepatitis A is a self-limiting disease that is  Hepatitis E is transmitted by the oral fecal

found all across the world. route; usually by contaminated water.
 It is usually transmitted through oral  Chronic infection does not occur but acute
ingestion of infected material (mainly infection may be fatal in pregnant women.
water), but sometimes transmitted
parenterally; most cases resemble the Communicable Disease- Jaundice:
symptoms of a mild flu attack and jaundice
is mild too.  Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a
condition, which is characterized by
Hepatitis B: yellowish discolouration of the skin and
whites of eyes. It is a symptom or clinical
 Hepatitis B is an acute vital disease. It sign, not a disease by itself.
primarily spreads parenterally, but  The yellow colouration is caused by an
sometimes orally as well. excess amount of bile pigment known as
 However, the main mode of spread is bilirubin in the body. Normally, bilirubin is
intimate contact and from mother to the new formed by the breakdown of haemoglobin
born. during the destruction of worn-out red blood
 Fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting are the cells.
initial symptoms, and they soon lead to
severe jaundice, urticarial skin lesions, Communicable Disease- Leptospirosis:
arthritis, etc.

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 Leptospirosis is a disease caused by a type of  The term gastroenteritis’ is most frequently
bacteria and is associated with animals. It is used to describe acute diarrhoea. Diarrhoea
more common in the tropical countries. is defined as the passage of loose, liquid or
 The disease is also known as canefield fever; watery stools.
cani- cola fever, field-fever, mud fever,  These liquid stools are usually passed more
seven day fever and swineherd disease. than three times a day. The attack usually
Leptospirosis is caused by different strains lasts for about 3 to 7 days, but may also last
of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. up to 10 to 14 days.
 Of all the varieties that cause disease,  Diarrhoea is a major public health problem
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is the most in developing countries. Diarrhoeal diseases
serious type. cause a heavy economic burden on health
 If not treated properly, it could lead to services.
serious complications. Leptospirosis is a  About 15 percent of all pediatric beds in
disease of animals that can spread to India are occupied by admissions due to
humans. gastroenteritis.
 Rats are the most common carriers. Soil  In India, diarrhoeal diseases are a major
contaminated with urine of infected animals public health problem among children under
can also transmit the disease to persons the age of 5 years. In health institutions, up
exposed to cattle urine, rat urine or to foetal to a third of total pediatric admissions are
fluids from cattle. due to diarrhoeal diseases.
 Sewage workers, agricultural workers,  Diarrhoea related diseases are a significant
butchers, meat inspectors, workers in contact cause of mortality in children less than five
with contaminated waters and veterinarians years of age. Incidence is highest in the age
are generally at risk. group of 6 to 11 months.
 The National Diarrhoeal Disease Control
Programme has made a significant
contribution in averting deaths among
 Person to person transmission is not children less than five years of age.
possible. Leptospirosis can spread due to
contact with urine, blood or tissues from Communicable Disease- Amoebiasis:
infected persons. The organisms enter the
body through the breaks in the skin or  Amoebiasis is an infection caused by a
through mucous membranes. parasite ‘Entamoeba Histolytica. The
 The organisms can also be acquired by intestinal disease varies from mild
drinking contaminated water. Infection is abdominal discomfort and diarrhoea to acute
commonly acquired by bathing in fulminating dysentery.
contaminated water.  Extra intestinal amoebiasis includes
 The organisms multiply in the blood and involvement of the liver (liver abseess),
tissues of the body. Though the organism lungs, brain, spleen, skin, etc.
can affect any organ of the body, the kidney  Amoebiasis is a common infection of the
and liver are commonly involved. The human gastrointestinal tract. It has a
incubation period is usually 10 days. It may worldwide distribution.
vary from 2 to 20 days.  It is a major health problem in the whole of
China south-east and west Asia and Latin
Communicable Disease- Diarrhoeal Diseases: America, especially Mexico. It is generally
agreed that amoebiasis affects about 15

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percent of the Indian population. Amoebiasis  The prevalence of human Brucellosis is
has been reported throughout India. difficult to estimate. Many cases remain
undiagnosed either because they are not
Communicable Disease- Cholera: apparent, or because physicians in many
countries are unfamiliar with the disease.
 Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused
by V. Cholera (classical or El T). It is now Communicable Disease- Hookworm Infection:
commonly due to the El T or biotype.
 The majority of infections are mild or  Hookworm infection is defined as: ‘any
symptomatic. Epidemics of cholera are infection caused by Ancylostoma or
characteristically abrupt and often create an Necator’.
acute public health problem.  They may occur as single or mixed
 They have a high potential to spread fast and infections in the same person through
cause deaths. The epidemic reaches a peak various factors, which have to be prevented.
and subsides gradually as the ‘force of Hookworm infection is widely prevalent in
infection declines. India.
 Often, when time control measures are  Necator americanus is predominant in south
instituted, the epidemic has already reached India, and Ancylostoms duodenal in north
its peak and is waning. India. Recently, another species, A.
ceylanicum has been reported from a village
Communicable Disease- Brucellosis: near Calcutta.
 The heavily infected areas are found in
 Brucellosis is one of the major bacterial Assam (tea gardens).
zoonoses, and in humans is also known as  West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh,
undulent fever, Malta fever or Mediterranean Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra. More
fever. than 200 million people are estimated to be
 It is occasionally transmitted to humans by infected in India.
direct or indirect contact with infected  It is believed that 60 to 80 percent of the
animals. population of certain areas of West Bengal,
 The disease may last for several days, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, and the
months or occasionally, even years. eastern coast of Tamil Nadu and Andhra
 Brucellosis is both a severe human disease Pradesh are infected with hookworms.
and a disease of animals with serious
economic consequences. Brucellosis is a Communicable Disease- Influenza:
recognized public health hazard that is found
the world over.  Influenza is an acute respiratory tract
 It is endemic wherever cattle, pigs, goats and infection caused by influenza virus of which
sheep are raised in large numbers. The there are three types—A, B and C.
important endemic areas for Brucellosis exist  All known pandemics were caused by
in Mediterranean zones, Europe, Central influenza A strains, due to various factors.
Asia, Mexico and South America. Animal Influenza is found all over the world.
Brucellosis has been reported from  It occurs in all countries and affects millions
practically every state in India. of people. Outbreaks of influenza A occur
 However, no statistical information is virtually every year. Major epidemics occur
available about the extent of infection in at intervals of two to three years, and
humans in various parts of the country.

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pandemics at intervals of about 10 to 15 Filarial Problem in India:
years.
 The first pandemic during the present
century occurred in 1918-19, which affected
an estimated 500 million people and killed  Filariasis is a major public health problem in
more than 20 million. India. There are an estimated six million
 In India alone, over six million people died attacks of acute filarial disease per year, and
during this pandemic. This pandemic was at least 45 million persons currently have
caused by what is now known as the swine one or more chronic filarial lesions.
influenza virus.  Heavily infected areas are found in Uttar
 Recent pandemics occurred in 1957-58 Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa,
owing to the influenza A (H2N2) and in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Gujarat.
1968 owing to the influenza A (H3N2).  The infection is acquired from a person who
 Outbreaks of influenza B also occur annually has filariasis. The maximum infectivity is
with epidemics occurring at intervals of407 when the organisms are circulating the
years. Influenza brought on by the type C blood.
virus occurs sporadically as small outbreaks.  The largest number appears in the blood at
 The unique features of influenza epidemics night time, and retreats from the blood
are the suddenness with which they arise, stream during the day. Their usual habitat is
and the speed and ease with which they in the lymph nodes.
spread.  The mosquito feeds on such a person and
 The short incubation period, a large number acquires the filarial parasite. The filarial
of subclinical cases, a high proportion of organism is transmitted when the mosquito
susceptible population, short duration of bites a person. The parasite is deposited near
immunity, and an absence of cross- the site of puncture.
immunity, all contribute to its rapid spread.  It passes through the punctured skin or may
 The fate of the virus during inter-epidemic penetrate the skin on its own and finally
periods is also known. Possible explanations reach the lymphatic system. Filariasis affects
include transmission of virus to extra-human all age groups.
reservoirs (pigs, horses, birds. etc.,) latent
infection or continuous transfer from one Communicable Disease- Tuberculosis:
human to another. This explains the
occurrence of sporadic cases.  Tuberculosis remains a worldwide public
health problem, particularly in the Third
Communicable Disease- Filariasis: World countries. Tuberculosis is India’s
biggest public health problem. An estimated
 It is caused by a parasite, which belongs to that 5, 00,000 deaths annually are reported
the nematode family Filariasis. According to due to this disease, while a similar number of
WHO reports, an estimated 751 million persons get cured.
people are at ‘risk’ for infection, and 120  The population in the Third World countries
million have actually been infected. like India is exposed to tuberculosis. The
 The public health problem of lymphatic disease, however, does not develop in
filariasis is greatest in China, India and everyone who is exposed. Poor nutrition,
Indonesia. These three countries account for overcrowding, low socio-economic status,
about two-thirds of the estimated world total are more likely to develop the disease.
of persons infected.

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 The prevalence of people who are infected is  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is
about 30 percent of the population. The responsible for high rate of mortality and
prevalence of infection is more common in morbidity across the world. In 2010, almost
the younger population. 24 million adults over the age of 40 in India
 The vast majority of cases are to be found in had COPD. It is expected to increase to 32
rural and semi-urban areas, where more than million by 2020.
80 percent of the country’s population lives.  The other conditions which contribute to the
In urban areas, tuberculosis is found more burden of non-communicable diseases are
frequently in slum-dwellers and lower socio- mental health conditions (schizophrenia,
economic groups than in well-off groups depression & bipolar disorder) and
musculoskeletal disorders (Rheumatoid
Current Burden of Non-Communicable Diseases arthritis, osteoarthritis & gout).
in India  The non-communicable diseases are
emerging due to the risk factors associated
 Non communicable diseases are the one with it. The main risk factors which are
which are of long duration and slow in associated with NCDs are tobacco use,
progression. As per World health harmful use of alcohol, lack of physical
organization, NCDs account for total 53% of activity and poor diet.3Table 2&3 shows the
all deaths in India. Most of the burden is risk factors(Behavioral & Metabolic
attributed by cardiovascular diseases (24%), respectively) associated with
followed by respiratory diseases (11%), noncommunicable diseases and their
other NCDs (10%) and Injuries (10%). prevalence.
 According to a report presented by world  In addition to the above said risk factors for
economic forum and Harward School of NCDs; Globalization and urbanization has
public health, the prevalent NCDs in India also contributed to its burden. It has caused
are CVDs, chronic respiratory diseases, the nutritional transition in the country
Diabetes, and cancer. because of the availability of the commercial
 Cancer is one the leading cause of death in food. One another important factor causing
India with 28 lac cases at a point of time and the rise in NCDs is change in demographic
10 lac new cases taking place very year. The profile of the country.
burden of cancer is expected to rise in the  A study conducted by Joy Kumar Chakma
country due to the effects of tobacco, & Sanjay Gupta on“Lifestyle and Non-
demographic transitions and increase in the Communicable Diseases: A double edged
life expectancy. sword for future India” showed that In
 Diabetes is another leading NCD in the India, 53% of the deaths in 2008 were due to
nation. Estimated total number of people NCDs (WHO). The cardiovascular diseases
suffering with diabetes is 40.9 million in (CVDs) alone account for 24 percent of all
India and by 2025 it is expected to increase deaths.
up-to 69.9 million. Diabetes accounts for  The anticipated cumulative loss of national
1.09 lakh deaths in a year. income due to NCDs mortality for India for
 Hypertension is a major risk factor for 2006-2015 will be USD237 billion. By 2030,
cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is this productivity loss is expected to double.
directly responsible for 57% of all stroke These major NCDs can be prevented through
deaths and 24% of all coronary heart disease effective interventions by undertaking the
deaths in India. The cases of CVDs are lifestyle related modifiable risk factors.
expected to rise up to 741 lacs in 2015.

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 Total deaths (in thousands) caused by non- possibly due to an inappropriate perception
communicable diseases as per WHO (2008) of the changing epidemiology of plague in
estimates are 2967.6 and 2273.8 among modern era, when we have powerful
males and females respectively. NCD deaths management and diagnostic tools to contain
under the age of 60 years are 35.0% (Males) the disease.
and 32.1% (Females).  This outbreak occurred in Surat on 1911
September, 1994.
Epidemic diseases  Following the sudden increase in the number
of admitted cases with acute onset of fever,
Complete information on major types of epidemics chest pain, cough, hemoptysis and deaths
in India between 19th and 20th September, 1994 in
different city hospitals, a sense of deep
 India is endemic to many diseases such as concern arose.
Malaria, Kala-azar, Cholera,  As no history of rat fall could be elicited and
Tuberculosis. These erupt in epidemic form typical bubonic cases were not seen, primary
when conditions are favorable for their pneumonic plague outbreak was considered
spread. a possibility.
 Epidemics are disasters by themselves but  The clinical presentation and the course of
these can emerge in the aftermath of other the disease pointed towards the pneumonic
disasters as well. plague.
 In the recent past, two epidemics, viz.,  Though stray cases were reported from other
plague and dengue inflicted the Indian parts of the city, the major concentration of
population very badly at Surat and Delhi, the reported cases came from the two
respectively. However, these occurred by adjacent localities of Ved Road and
themselves and were not the result of any Katargam where the population were by and
other natural disaster. large Maharashtrians, the sanitation was very
poor and the localities were highly congested
The Surat (Gujarat) Plague Epidemic -1994 slums.
 Furthermore, these areas are situated
 Plague is a disease known to mankind from adjacent to river Tapti which was flooded
ancient times. India has undoubtedly a long between 7th and 9th September, 1994 due to
history, which is replete with plague heavy rains.
epidemics and havoc caused by them. This  About five lakh cusecs of water was released
recent outbreak of plague generated a from the Ukai reservoir which led to the
tremendous concern in and outside the heavy water logging of the area.
country.  When the flood water started receding on
 No other disease so amenable to prevention 14th and 1511 September, 1994, the people
and control has generated such serious of the localities started cleaning the areas
concern in contemporary times. If its present and perhaps many of them handled dead
epidemiological picture is appropriately wild rodents and animals.
examined, it does not deserve the attention it  The Ganapati festival was observed with
received. pomp and grandeur on 18fl1 September,
 The reason for its larger than life size 1994, when a large procession passed
attention in the media in the country and through the area and thereby getting infected
outside, and the reason for the controversies probably.
which plagued this plague outbreak are

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 While the first patients were hospitalized on ever in India's history. The virus, viz., Type
September 19, the panic was so great that by II Dengue was identified as the causative
September 29, about 2 lakh persons (one- agent in a number of clinical sanipies.
third of the population) had fled the city.  There were in all about 10,000 cases with
During the period of the outbreak, 52 deaths nearly 400 deaths as reported from all parts
were recorded from Surat city of which of the city.
majority occurred before 25th September,  The following reasons were identified for the
1994. dramatic emergence in India of Dengue/DHF
 A total of 1088 cases were suspected, about as a major public health problem:
146 were presumptive cases and 52 deaths
due to plague took place during the period 1. Ineffective Mosquito Control Programmes
from 19th September, 1994 giving an overall 2. Major demographic and social changes, the
case fatality rate of 4.8%. most important being uncontrolled
 A study was carried out in Surat city during urbanization, excessive population growth
8-19 November, 1994. Several identifiable and urban decay characterised by
risk factors were studied like occupation of substandard housing and inadequate water
the people, their visits outside Surat during and waste disposal systems; and
the incubation period, exposure to a case, 3. Inadequate medical and health services.
participation in the Ganapati procession
festival, participation in cleaning operation,  Dengue fever is caused by the bite of a
any associated illness, consumption of mosquito known as Aedes Aegypti which
antibiotic, which could be accountable for profusely breeds in coolers, storage tanks,
the sporadic spread of the epidemic. earthen pots and other receptacles with
 The surprising thing was that the National rainwater or stored clean water.
Capital Delhi was also hit by the plague soon  There are a large number of other possible
thereafter, although located faraway at about breeding places of Aedes Aegypti, viz.,
1000 km. from Surat. flower vases, neglected cups of jugs,
household collection of water, neglected
Control Measures features of buildings, uncovered cisterns,
wells, roof gutters, cracks in the masonry,
 Apart from identifying the patients and traps of drains, flush tanks, ant traps, water
providing them proper medical treatment and receptacles of various kinds, rain filled
care, a massive cleaning and sanitizing empty cans or food tins, leaking water
operation was conducted by the Municipal supply, water meters, sluice water chambers,
Corporation of Surat under the inspiring water for birds, broken bottles, garden tanks,
guidance of its Chief Executive whose tree chambers, tree holes, fountains, troughs,
efforts at cleaning up the city and thereby a variety of dumps for engineering goods,
protecting it from epidemics were lauded trees, scraps and many more.
nationally and internationally.
Control Measures
Dengue Epidemic in Delhi - 1996
 Following the report of six deaths due to
 Dengue epidemic struck the Capital from dengue at the All India Institute of Medical
mid-August to end-November, 1996, with Sciences in The Times of India on
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and September 13th 1996, the Municipal
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS), the worst Corporation of Delhi (MCD) deputed two

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senior officers from the Antimalaria 2. The decaying material including dead
Department to collect the details. animals in the unsanitary conditions that
 Containment measures were immediately usually prevails after the occurrence of
taken in the localities from where these cases destructive natural disaster situations such as
were reported. earthquakes result in the spread of diseases/
 By September 14, 1996, the total number of epidemics as was seen in the case of the
cases admitted as DHF in Delhi was II. Latur earthquake of 1993.
 The MCD and the New Delhi Municipal 3. People living in poor sanitary conditions,
Committee (NDMC) took the following congested slums and overcrowded localities
measures: are more prone to communicable diseases
like plague.
1. House to house survey for detection of 4. Migratory population and people
vector breeding sources participating in crowded functions during
2. Intensification of anti-larval operation festivals and processions create conditions
3. Focal spray with pyrethrum extract conducive for the spread of such diseases.
4. Intensification of health education Activities 5. Surveillance and monitoring programme for
the diseases like plague are lacking at
 Public notice by way of newspapers to present. For want of required
educate the people regarding dengue and to data/information on various causative
control the domestic breeding of mosquitoes factors, these epidemics cannot be forecast,
was done. thus further deterring timely preventive
 Likewise equipment like spray pumps, measures.
fogging machines were put in operation in 6. Public needs to be educated about the signs
large numbers. and symptoms of likely diseases so as to
 Control room for monitoring the situation enable the early detection and preventive
and distribution of pyrethum solution to the measures of such diseases.
NGOs was also taken-up.
 In the year 2001, dengue again seemed to Local health authorities have to keep a constant vigil
appear in Delhi and a few cases were on the epidemic prone areas.
reported in October.
 Timely campaign against breeding of Dengue Fever
mosquitoes by public education and public
health measures ensured that the disease did 1. The outbreaks of dengue including dengue
not attain epidemic status. hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/dengue shock
syndrome (DSS) can be anticipated through
LESSONS LEARNT a system of surveillance and monitoring of
Vector densities.
Plague 2. A check on the spread of epidemics by
means of adequate control and monitoring
1. The diseases of the past can make their measures before and after the occurrence of
resurgence if favorable environment epidemics has to be ensured.
conditions are present. Efforts to prevent the 3. Breeding conditions and the vector around
resurgence of such deadly diseases have to Delhi and in other parts of the country pose a
be made by way of good sanitary conditions, constant threat of dengue in India. Desert
hygiene and cleanliness. coolers, water storage tanks and utensils,
leaking water supplies, wells and fountains,

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rain water collections and water bodies, tyre 5. Rift Valley fever
dumps, junk cans, rain-soaked and uncleared 6. Yellow fever
garbage dumps, etc. provide excellent places 7. Zika
for Aedes breeding. 8. Anopheles
4. DHF has become endemic and would 9. Malaria
surface periodically because of the very high 10. Lymphatic filariasis
vector breeding. The only practical approach 11. Culex
to avoid future epidemics lies in preventive 12. Japanese encephalitis
vector control with main reliance on source 13. Lymphatic filariasis
reduction and sanitation. 14. West Nile fever
5. Extensive training programme to update
their knowledge and skills in this area is Sandflies
essential for health workers.
6. We must accept and face the reality that 1. Leishmaniasis
dengue can surface again and to prevent 2. Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever)
future outbreaks, especially in the absence of
any specific antiviral treatment or vaccine, Ticks
sustained preventive community measures is
the only key to success. Public education in 1. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
this regard is very essential. 2. Lyme disease
3. Relapsing fever (borreliosis)
Vector borne diseases 4. Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q
fever)
Main vectors and diseases they transmit 5. Tick-borne encephalitis
6. Tularaemia
 Vectors are living organisms that can
transmit infectious diseases between humans Triatomine bugs
or from animals to humans.
 Many of these vectors are bloodsucking 1. Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
insects, which ingest disease-producing
microorganisms during a blood meal from an Tsetse flies
infected host (human or animal) and later
inject it into a new host during their 1. Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
subsequent blood meal.
 Mosquitoes are the best known disease Fleas
vector.
 Others include ticks, flies, sandflies, fleas, 1. Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to
triatomine bugs and some freshwater aquatic humans)
snails. 2. Rickettsiosis

Mosquitoes Black flies

1. Aedes 1. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)

2. Chikungunya
3. Dengue fever Aquatic snails
4. Lymphatic filariasis

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1. Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) affect the transmission of vector-borne
diseases.
Lice  The growth of urban slums, lacking reliable
piped water or adequate solid waste
1. Typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever management, can render large populations in
towns and cities at risk of viral diseases
Vector-borne diseases spread by mosquitoes.
 Together, such factors influence the reach of
vector populations and the transmission
patterns of disease-causing pathogens.
 Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses
caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that Vector Borne Diseases in India
are transmitted by mosquitoes, sandflies,
triatomine bugs, blackflies, ticks, tsetse flies,  There are many vector-borne diseases
mites, snails and lice. prevalent in India like malaria, filariasis,
 Every year there are more than 700 000 Kyasanur forest disease, Japanese
deaths from diseases such as malaria, encephalitis, scrub typhus, dengue and
dengue, schistosomiasis, human African chikungunya.
trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas  The control of all of them depends on an
disease, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis understanding of the natural cycles and
and onchocerciasis, globally. epidemiology of their vectors.
 The major vector-borne diseases, together,
account for aeround 17% of all infectious Malaria
diseases.
 The burden of these diseases is highest in  Malaria is caused by a parasite called
tropical and subtropical areas and they Plasmodium, which is transmitted via the
disproportionately affect the poorest bites of infected Female anopheles mosquito.
populations. In the human body, the parasites multiply in
 Since 2014, major outbreaks of dengue, the liver, and then infect red blood cells.
malaria, chikungunya yellow fever and Zika  Symptoms of malaria include fever,
have afflicted populations, claimed lives and headache, and vomiting, and usually appear
overwhelmed health systems in many between 10 and 15 days after the mosquito
countries. bite. If not treated, malaria can quickly
 Distribution of vector-borne diseases is become life-threatening by disrupting the
determined by complex demographic, blood supply to vital organs.
environmental and social factors.
 Global travel and trade, unplanned Dengue
urbanization and environmental challenges
such as climate change can impact on  Dengue fever, also known as breakbone
pathogen transmission, making transmission fever, is a mosquito-borne tropical disease
season longer or more intense or causing caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms
diseases to emerge in countries where they include fever, headache, muscle and joint
were previously unknown. pains, and a characteristic skin rash that is
 Changes in agricultural practices due to similar to measles.
variation in temperature and rainfall can

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 Dengue is transmitted by several species of  The Kyasanur forest disease, transmitted by
mosquito within the genus Aedes, ticks, and scrub typhus, transmitted by mites,
principally aegypti. are re-emerging in India.
 Birds and animals, both small and large and
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) wild and domestic, are also involved in the
transmission.
 JE is mostly present in in Southern India,
Uttar Pradesh, North Eastern states,
Haryana. Its causative agent is Group B
arbovirus (Flavivirus) & it is transmitted by
Culex mosquitoes.
W.H.O.-Objectives, Structures,
functions and its programmes
Chikungunya
The World Health Organization (WHO) is the
 Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to specialized organization for international health
humans by infected mosquitoes. It causes within the United Nations’ system. WHO experts
fever and severe joint pain. produce health guidelines and standards, and help
 Other symptoms include muscle pain, countries to address public health issues. World
headache, nausea, fatigue and [Link] pain Health Organization also supports and promotes
is often debilitating and can vary in duration. health [Link] came into formal existence in
 The disease shares some clinical signs with 1948 as the UN specialist agency for health,
dengue, and can be misdiagnosed in areas incorporating several existing organizations that
where dengue is common. represented a long history of international health
cooperation. WHO’s objective is the attainment by
Filaria all peoples of the highest possible level of health,
defined as a state of complete physical, mental and
 Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an social well-being and not merely the absence of
infection with roundworms of the Filarioidea disease or infirmity.
type.
 These are spread by blood-feeding black All UN member states and others may join it.
flies and mosquitoes. This disease belongs to Through the World Health Assembly, its 192
the group of diseases called helminthiasis. member
states approve the programme of work and budget
Kala-Azar and decide major policy. A 32–strong executive
board with rotating membership, selected on the
 Visceral leishmaniasis also known as kala- basis of personal expertise rather than country
azar, black fever is the most severe form of representation (although a geographical balance is
leishmaniasis.
 Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by
protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus.
This disease is the second-largest parasitic
killer in the world after malaria.

Kyasanur forest disease

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maintained), oversees implementation of assembly governmental health administrations, professional
groups and such other organizations as may be
deemed appropriate;

(c) to assist Governments, upon request, in

strengthening health services;

(d) to furnish appropriate technical assistance and,

in emergencies, necessary aid upon the request or
acceptance of Governments;

(e) to provide or assist in providing, upon the

request of the United Nations, health services and
decisions
facilities to special groups, such as the peoples of
trust territories;
Organization of WHO:-
(f) to establish and maintain such administrative and
The World Health Assembly is the decision-making
technical services as may be required, including
body of World Health Organization. It is attended
epidemiological and statistical services;
by delegations from all World Health Organization
Member States and focuses on a specific health
(g) to stimulate and advance work to eradicate
agenda prepared by the Executive Board. The main
epidemic, endemic and other diseases;
functions of the World Health Assembly are to
determine the policies of the Organization, appoint
(h) to promote, in co-operation with other
the Director-General, supervise financial policies,
specialized agencies where necessary, the
and review and approve the proposed programme
prevention of accidental injuries;
budget. The Health Assembly is held annually in
Geneva, Switzerland.
(i) to promote, in co-operation with other
specialized agencies where necessary, the
The Executive Board is composed of 34 technically
improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation,
qualified members elected for three-year terms. The
recreation, economic or working conditions and
annual Board meeting is held in January when the
other aspects of environmental hygiene;
members agree upon the agenda for the World
Health Assembly and the resolutions to be
(j) to promote co-operation among scientific and
considered by the Health Assembly.
professional groups which contribute to the
advancement of health;

(k) to propose conventions, agreements and

Mains Functions and Objectives of World Health
regulations, and make recommendations with
Organization are:-
respect to international health matters and to
perform such duties as may be assigned thereby to
(a) to act as the directing and co-ordinating authority
the Organization and are consistent with its
on international health work;
objective;
(b) to establish and maintain effective collaboration
with the United Nations, specialized agencies,

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(l) to promote maternal and child health and welfare
and to foster the ability to live harmoniously in a Education systems -
changing total environment;
Education as a tool of HR
(m) to foster activities in the field of mental health,
especially those affecting the harmony of human development, Universal
relations;
elementary education,
(n) to promote and conduct research in the field of Quality of Higher and
health;
Technical, Vocational
(o) to promote improved standards of teaching and
training in the health, medical and related
Education. Issues related to
professions; girls education, under
(p) to study and report on, in co-operation with other privileged classes and
specialized agencies where necessary,
administrative and social techniques affecting public
differently abled classes
health and medical care from preventive and
curative points of view, including hospital services Education has been accepted as one major agency of
and social security; socialization, and teachers and educational
institutions as socializing agents. In describing
(q) to provide information, counsel and assistance in education as an instrument of social change, three
the field of health; things are important: the agents of change, the
content of change, and the social background of
(r) to assist in developing an informed public those who are sought to be changed, i.e. students.
opinion among all peoples on matters of health; Educational institutions under the control of
different cultural groups reflect the values of those
(s) to establish and revise as necessary international groups which support and control education. In this
nomenclatures of diseases, of causes of death and of situation, teachers Impart specific values, aspirations
public health practices; and to the children.

(t) to standardize diagnostic procedures as Social reformers, who were educated emphasized
necessary; values like removal of caste restrictions, equality of
women, doing away with social evil social customs
(u) to develop, establish and promote international and practices, voice in the governance of the
standards with respect to food, biological, country, establishing democratic institutions and so
pharmaceutical and similar products; on. They, thus, wanted to teach liberal philosophy
through education for changing society. In other
words they regarded education as a flame or light of
(v) generally to take all necessary action to attain the
knowledge which dispelled the darkness of
objective of the Organization.
ignorance. The use of education for spreading the
values of modernization came to be emphasized
from the 1960s and 1970s onwards. Highly
productive economies, distributive justice, people‟s
participation in decision-making bodies, adoption of

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scientific technology in industry, agriculture and Education of Women :-
other occupations and professions were accepted as
goals for modernizing the Indian society. And these The National Policy on Education, 1986 also laid
goals were to be achieved through liberal education. emphasis on education for attaining women‟s
Thus, modernization was not accepted as a equality which will foster the development of new
philosophy or a movement based on rational values values. The strategies proposed are: encouraging
system but as a process that was to be confined only educational institutions to take up active
to economic field but was to be achieved in social, programmes to further women‟s development
political, cultural and religious fields too. Education removal of women‟s illiteracy, removing obstacles
was sought to be utilized as channel for the spread inhibiting their access to elementary education, and
of modernity. pursuing policy of non-discrimination to eliminate
sex stereotyping in vocational, technical and
professional courses.

Education of SCs, STs. And OBCs

Education is directly related to the development of

an individual and the community. It is the most
important single factor for economic development
as well as social emancipation. For the weaker
According to the sociological perspective, education sections of society, education has a special
does not arise in response of the individual needs of significance because for a number of centuries, their
the individual, but it arises out of the needs of the illiteracy and social backwardness have been used
society of which the individual is a member1. The for their harassment, humiliation and economic
educational system of any society is related to its exploitation.
total social system. It is a sub system performing
certain functions for the on-going social system. The Education and Human resource Development
goals and needs of the total social system get
reflected in the functions it lays down for Education shapes our present actions, our future
educational system and the form in which it plans and our past history which also develops in the
structures it to fulfill those functions. In a static future . Education is a very crucial to guide anyone
society, the main function of the educational system to reach their goals through any success with an
is to transmit the cultural heritage to the new effort along , and the chance is very high. Example
generations. But in a changing society, these keep if you compare a person with masters to a person
on changing from generation to generation and the with only a high school diploma salary is totally
educational system in such a society must not only different and there is huge gap amount between it.
transmit the cultural heritage, but also aid in Educations helps you to better understand the world
preparing the young for adjustment to any changes and with that being said education plays big role in
in them that may have occurred or are likely to human development and indeed it is a great to
occur in future. resource us.

Thus, the relationship between educational system Now a days education is very important ,without
and society is mutual; sometimes the society education the life of a person is just useless .He
influences changes in educational system and at cannot do any work ,moreover today we cannot
other times the educational system influences easily get a job if we are not educated. It teaches us
changes in the society. the basic principles of life without it a person is

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useless. Education is perfection. (NCHER).
Higher education institutions themselves play a key A series of reforms have been proposed in a very
role in equipping young people with the workforce short period unlike the earlier piece-meal approach
skills needed by business. But these needs change to changes. In April 2010, four major bills relating
quickly and often learning institutions are slow to to education were introduced in the Parliament.
respond. In this regard, stronger links between Foreign Educational Institutions (Regulation of
universities, businesses, trade unions and other Entry and Operation Bill), 2010
stakeholders can help reshape course offerings to Prohibition of Unfair Practices in Technical,
stay closely in line with evolving demands for Medical Educational Institutions and Universities
specific skills. Co-operation can also bring other Bill: Lists all the mal-practices that would attract the
benefits favouring the investment environment, such penalty of hefty fines and jail terms.
as fostering an environment conducive to innovation Educational Tribunal Bill: to ensure speedy disposal
and the quick diffusion of new knowledge. of educational disputes
National Accreditation Authority Bill: Suggests the
Major Recent Developments in the Education Sector approach to license competent professional
organizations to undertake the accreditation
 Foreign Universities Bill, 2010 responsibilities, in accordance with the norms and
 National Accreditation Authority for Higher procedures set by a competent authority.
Education Bill, 2010
 National Commission for Higher Education As per the Foreign Educational Institutions bill,
and Research Bill, 2010 every foreign education institution providing
 There is a proposal to have a combined education in India must register itself with a
medical entrance test at PG level designated authority.
 National Council for Human Resources in
Health Bill, 2009:- Draft bill says that Criticism Response
National Board for Examinations would be The bill will attract only of commercially motivated
replaced by National Board for Health educational institutions The act provides against
Education repatriation of surpluses. This would curb the entry
 Right to Education Act, 2009 of institutions motivated solely by profit
 National Academic Depository Bill, 2011 Many fly-by-night institutions may come Act
requires the institution to have at least 20 years of
Policies record in offering accredited degree programmes.
Also, the firms should deposit 50 crores a security
Recently, two important reports have been brought for liabilities under the act.
out in education in India:
The National Knowledge Commission report National Education Policy 1986
The Committee on Renovation and Rejuvenation of Was conceived during Rajiv Gandhi’s tenure
Higher Education (Yashpal Committee) Report. Political instability during the late 1980s led to
The central concern of these committees has been delays in the launch of the policy which was
prevalence of fundamental academic weaknesses reviewed by the Acharya Ramamurty Committee
such as compartmentalization of knowledge and could be brought into force only after the
systems, absence of innovation in learning methods, Congress govt returned to power in 1991 and gave
disconnect with the society and emphasis on shape to the Action Plan of 1992 for the NPE
qualifying tests. Based on this proposal has been NPE 1986 was a major departure from the national
made for the establishment of a National policy adopted on the recommendations of the
Commission on Higher Education and Research Education Commission under Prof DS Kothari

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
which in 1966 had called for secondary education
a common school system as well as for a plus-two There should be regular interface of industry and
stage of schooling beyond class X service sectors with educational institutions
strengthening of research in the university system Quality education at all stages should be ensured
1986 policy led to the encouragement of emerging because if the foundation remains weak,
sectors like IT, which witnessed an upsurge superstructure of higher education cannot sustain for
following the opening up of the technical education long
sector, particularly in capacity expansion in the
private sector. Vocationalisation of Secondary Education (Revised)
In the Independence Day speech 2011 PM MMS <Oct 2011>
announced The scheme has been revised
Setting up a commission ‘to make suggestions for The revised scheme has been approved for
improvements at all levels of education’ implementation in the remaining period of the 11th
FYP
Corruption in education As per the revised guidelines the centre will
According to the Yashpal committee, the rapid establish a vocational education cell under the
expansion of private institutions has also resulted in CBSE
deterioration in quality Also envisages the strengthening of the 1000
The concerns over quality led the Centre to review existing vocational schools and establishment of 100
all deemed universities new vocational schools by the state government
Several cases of corruption against functionaries of Development of 250 competency based modules for
the regulatory authorities such as the All-India each individual vocational courses
Council for Technical Education, the MCI and the A pilot programme under the National Vocational
Council of Architecture are under CBI investigation Education Qualification Framework will be initiated
It is against this backdrop that the Education in Haryana and West Bengal
Commission, announced by the PM, is expected to Legal Education
come up with recommendations which could result The NKC and Yashpal committee found drawbacks
in the New NEP as well as with directions for the in the structure and content of legal education:
future of all levels of education Objects of the legal education in the changing socio-
economic context are not clear. There are now
Rashtriya Madhyamic Shiksha Yojana for secondary multiple objects for studying law: demands of trade,
education commerce, governance etc. This makes structuring
the system difficult.
What Should be done? Content of the legal education is decided by the Bar
Public expenditure on education should be enhanced Council of India. Universities have little say in it.
to 6% of GDP Here there is more focus in producing practicing
Higher education should get 1.5% of GDP lawyers and not legal researchers.
Access is less than desirable. This should be Recommendation:
addressed Legal education should be made relevant by
Drop outs should be removed through mass engagement with social problems. For this, a
awareness campaigns, making curricula more liberalized, holistic and decentralised curriculum
student friendly, providing facilities like labs, planning is needed, for which each university
libraries, toilets, classrooms etc adequately teaching law should have the responsibility.
There should be a paradigm shift from literature Other problems:
type education to productive, job-oriented education In order to increase access and equity, quality of
as per requirement in public and private sectors after education has been compromised.

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Inadequacy of resources and lack of competent Protection of Child Rights to monitor the act.
teachers in adequate numbers. This is the first time that the law separates the
Twin problem of promoting competitive excellence implementing agency from the monitoring one.
in global context and improving mediocre Issues:
institutions. Madarasa education has been excluded from the
Yashpal Committee Report ambit of RTE. This has caused a split in the Muslim
community on the issue.
Report of the National Knowledge Commission Capability of the states to implement the Act
The reluctance of the private schools to take the 25
Medical Education pc reserved students from the weaker sections.
MCI general council was dissolved in May About 130 other countries also have RTE.
following the corruption charges in Ketan Desai. A The issue is implementation. We have started many
board of governors was established. such revolutionary ideas (say the prohibition of
The proposed National Council of Human child labour), but the mechanism of implementation
Resources in Health (NCHRH) Bill paves the way have failed us.
for substantially curtailing the powers of the Though there is a fundamental duty of the parents to
Medical Council of India (MCI) leaving it to deal send their children to school, there is no compulsion
only with licensing, continuing education and ethics. on them in the act itself.
The bill Assessment after one year of notification
Provides for setting up independent agencies to States are hesitating to implement it
perform the functions of MCI The act emphasises quality education. For this
National Committee for Accreditation (NCA) to be purpose a good number of skilled teachers are
setup to register and accredit medical colleges. NCA required. This is an obstacle.
will work as an accreditation agency proposed under Institutional resources for the implementation of
the National Accreditation Regulatory Authority for RTE are lacking.
Higher Education Bill 2010
National Medical Education and Training Board to Education, education infrastructure and
be setup to prepare the curriculum for all streams of education policy of Madhya Pradesh
education in the health sector.
Like in most other states across India, Madhya
Right to Education Act, 2009 Pradesh also follows the 10+2+3 tier of education.
Nearly 1.1 crore children in India are out of school. There is government as well as private education
Equality and quality in education has been ensured institutes across this Central Indian state. Hindi is
in the act. the preferred medium of instruction in the
85 pc of our schools are in rural areas. Many such government monitored schools and colleges of
schools are one teacher schools. Madhya Pradesh. English is used as the language of
The act also provides that within 5 years all teachers communication between students and teachers in
must be trained. private institutes. The division of education in
National commission for protection of children’s Madhya Pradesh can be explained through the
rights. following chart:
Centre State funding: 55:45 / 90:10 for NE states
Inclusive approach in the act: disabled children can  Primary Schooling
study with normal children  Secondary Schooling
Provisions
Monitoring
The act provides for the National Commission for

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 College Education Total Primary
96797

Government Upper Primary schools

29282

Aided Upper Primary schools (Private)

410

Unaided Upper Primary schools (Private)

 University Studies 20040
 Research Programs / Professional Degrees
and Diplomas Total Upper Primary
49732
The State literacy rate presently is 70.63% (source:
Census 2011), against the national literacy rate of Secondary and Higher Secondary schools
74.04 %. While the female literacy has considerably
improved over the last decade, a great disparity There are four main types of recognized schools by
persists in the literacy rates of males and females. management and funding pattern in Madhya
Pradesh. They are: Government, Local Body,
Education infrastructure Private Aided and Private [Link] of the total
Government schools in Madhya Pradesh, majority
The School education in Madhya Pradesh primarily are managed by School Education Department.
organized in two sectors: Elementary (I to VIII) and Tribal Welfare Department also manages a
Secondary (IX to XII). Each of these two sectors are significant number of schools.
further sub-divided into two sub-sector where
elementary education consists of primary education The distribution of secondary schools between
(I to V) and upper primary education (VI to VIII) categories shows that out of the total schools about
while the secondary education comprises of Middle 46.29% have only secondary classes and 53.71%
education (IX and X) and higher secondary have secondary and higher secondary classes both.
education (XI and XII).
Access to secondary schooling facilities: 72%
Elementary level School facilities in Madhya habitations have high schooling facility within 5
Pradesh KM radius. But still 28% habitations do not have
facility within the norm. Urban area 100% access is
Management Type available but in rural area 31% habitations don’t
Numbers have facility within the norms.

Government Primary schools Various policies and schemes

83412
Mid Day Meal Scheme
Aided Primary schools (Private)
852 In the year 1995-96 Mid Day Meal Scheme was
introduced in the government and aided primary
Unaided Primary schools (Private) schools of 297 blocks in the state. The school
12533 provides food to children. In the year 1997-98, the

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scheme was implemented in all the blocks of the teachinglearning material and contingencies to start
state. In tribal regions the scheme provides prepared a school within 90 days wherever there was a
food and in non-tribal regions from September 1997 demand from a community without a primary
onwards the scheme of providing prepared food is schooling facility within 1 km. provided this
stopped and now 3 kg. food is distributed for every demand came from at least 25 learners in case of
child every month. tribal areas and 40 learners in case of non-tribal
areas. The community that made the demand could
Minorities Welfare also suggest the name of a suitable local resident to
be the teacher and be called 'guruji'. The gram
For the welfare of minorities the Government of panchayat is empowered to appoint such a "guruji"
India launched Madarasa Modernization scheme. after the chief executive officer of the Janpad
102 Madarasas are assisted under this scheme. Rs. (block) panchayat had verified the bona fides of the
36.18 Lakhs were disbursed for construction of demand and the qualifications of the proposed
Madarasas. 1100 posts of order Teachers were guruji. The training of the guruji would be organised
sanctioned in the year 1996-97 and post of 1000 by the district administration which would also
"Urdu teachers" were sanctioned in the year 1997- credit the amount of annual salaries upfront in the
98. gram panchayat's bank account.

Free Books Rajiv Gandhi Prathmik Shiksha Mission

The scheme provides free books to the students of The Rajiv Gandhi Prathmik Shiksha Mission was set
class I to IV belonging to SC, ST and OBC up as an autonomous registered society headed by
category. This scheme of free books is for all girls the Chief Minister of the state to supplement the
up to class III and also for the boys of upto III class state government's efforts to universalize primary
of families living below the poverty line. Books for education in Madhya Pradesh. The main challenges
the scheme are provided by Madhya Pradesh Text for the Mission were posed in the form of
Book Corporation. In the year 1998-97 an amount of inadequate outreach of educational facilities
Rs. 4.00 crore was provided in the budget of school specially in the interior, rural or tribal areas,
education for this purpose. marginalisation of economically or socially deprived
children, insufficient support to academic processes
Shishu Shiksha Scheme and above all a delivery hierarchy that did not factor
in the perceptions of its large user community.
Primary Education Mission concentrates on pre- These challenges influenced the way that defined its
school education of children. To make the children objectives, processes and tasks. The objectives of
aware about school atmosphere and to develop the the Mission were to create a positive environment
habits of learning among children of 3 to 5 years for education, increase enrolment and to improve
age, the state runs 4056 shishu shiksha kendras. the quality of teaching-learning processes so as to
promote retention and achievement levels.
Education Guarantee Scheme

On January 1, 1997, the Government of Madhya

Pradesh pioneered a community centred and rights-
based initiative to universalise primary education Human resource
called 'Education Guarantee Scheme' (EGS). Under
the scheme, the government guaranteed provision of development -
a teacher, her/his salaries, training of teacher,

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values of modernization came to be emphasized
Availability of skilled from the 1960s and 1970s onwards. Highly
manpower, employability productive economies, distributive justice, people‟s
participation in decision-making bodies, adoption of
and productivity of human scientific technology in industry, agriculture and
other occupations and professions were accepted as
resource of India, trends of goals for modernizing the Indian society. And these
employment, role of goals were to be achieved through liberal education.
Thus, modernization was not accepted as a
institutions like philosophy or a movement based on rational values
system but as a process that was to be confined only
NCHER,NCERT, NIEPA, to economic field but was to be achieved in social,
UGC, Open Universities, political, cultural and religious fields too. Education
was sought to be utilized as channel for the spread
AICTE,NCTE, NCVT, of modernity.
ICAR, IITs, NITs. NLUs,
IIMs,Polytechnic and ITls
etc. and human resource
development
Education has been accepted as one major agency of
socialization, and teachers and educational
According to the sociological perspective, education
institutions as socializing agents. In describing
does not arise in response of the individual needs of
education as an instrument of social change, three
the individual, but it arises out of the needs of the
things are important: the agents of change, the
society of which the individual is a member1. The
content of change, and the social background of
educational system of any society is related to its
those who are sought to be changed, i.e. students.
total social system. It is a sub system performing
Educational institutions under the control of
certain functions for the on-going social system. The
different cultural groups reflect the values of those
goals and needs of the total social system get
groups which support and control education. In this
reflected in the functions it lays down for
situation, teachers Impart specific values, aspirations
educational system and the form in which it
and to the children.
structures it to fulfill those functions. In a static
society, the main function of the educational system
Social reformers, who were educated emphasized
is to transmit the cultural heritage to the new
values like removal of caste restrictions, equality of
generations. But in a changing society, these keep
women, doing away with social evil social customs
on changing from generation to generation and the
and practices, voice in the governance of the
educational system in such a society must not only
country, establishing democratic institutions and so
transmit the cultural heritage, but also aid in
on. They, thus, wanted to teach liberal philosophy
preparing the young for adjustment to any changes
through education for changing society. In other
in them that may have occurred or are likely to
words they regarded education as a flame or light of
occur in future.
knowledge which dispelled the darkness of
ignorance. The use of education for spreading the

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Thus, the relationship between educational system Now a days education is very important ,without
and society is mutual; sometimes the society education the life of a person is just useless .He
influences changes in educational system and at cannot do any work ,moreover today we cannot
other times the educational system influences easily get a job if we are not educated. It teaches us
changes in the society. the basic principles of life without it a person is
useless. Education is perfection.
Education of Women :- Higher education institutions themselves play a key
role in equipping young people with the workforce
The National Policy on Education, 1986 also laid skills needed by business. But these needs change
emphasis on education for attaining women‟s quickly and often learning institutions are slow to
equality which will foster the development of new respond. In this regard, stronger links between
values. The strategies proposed are: encouraging universities, businesses, trade unions and other
educational institutions to take up active stakeholders can help reshape course offerings to
programmes to further women‟s development stay closely in line with evolving demands for
removal of women‟s illiteracy, removing obstacles specific skills. Co-operation can also bring other
inhibiting their access to elementary education, and benefits favouring the investment environment, such
pursuing policy of non-discrimination to eliminate as fostering an environment conducive to innovation
sex stereotyping in vocational, technical and and the quick diffusion of new knowledge.
professional courses.
Education is an effective and pervasive phenomenon
Education of SCs, STs. And OBCs for all round individual development and social
transformation. This alone can sustain culture and
Education is directly related to the development of civilization. A balanced development of mind and
an individual and the community. It is the most body in harmony with the spirit is the key to the
important single factor for economic development enrichment of human personality and an outcome of
as well as social emancipation. For the weaker value–based education, which must in the ultimate
sections of society, education has a special analysis help humanity to transcend to a higher level
significance because for a number of centuries, their of consciousness. Our children must from their
illiteracy and social backwardness have been used infancy be taught the dignity of labour. Thus, the
for their harassment, humiliation and economic true meaning of education is harmonious
exploitation. development of head, heart and hand i.e.,
enlightenment of mind, compassion and dignity of
Education and Human resource Development labour. Moral and spiritual training is an essential
part of education. If education is to help us to meet
Education shapes our present actions, our future the moral challenge of the age and play its part in
plans and our past history which also develops in the the life of the community, it should be liberating and
future . Education is a very crucial to guide anyone life giving. It must give a basic meaning to one’s
to reach their goals through any success with an existence and equip us with the ability to overcome
effort along , and the chance is very high. Example spiritual inertia and foster spiritual sensitivity.
if you compare a person with masters to a person Temples of learning should produce men and
with only a high school diploma salary is totally women who will move together to develop common
different and there is huge gap amount between it. ideals and purposes, love each other and co-exist to
Educations helps you to better understand the world create common wealth.
and with that being said education plays big role in
human development and indeed it is a great to Education is not injection or injunction. It is not
resource us. indoctrination of views and ideas or just an

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imposition of one’s views upon others. In short, seek them in our own heritage as well as in
education should not be an infliction, because the progressive cultures and civilizations. It should be
moment it becomes an infliction, the consequence is such that Indians do not lose sight of their rich
indiscipline amongst learners. A vast responsibility heritage – their thought must be rooted in the ideals
rests on our educational institutions and those who set forth in the great writings and works of our
guide their destinies. They need to be alert and sages, poets and philosophers. The noble goals and
should not wander from the right path even when high values set forth in our precious culture must be
passion convulses the multitude and blinds many adhered to. It has been emphasized time and again
amongst those whose duty is to set an example to that conscious efforts should be made for the
others. If these are the ideals and objectives of development of social, moral and spiritual values
education, how can we achieve these in the existing with the help of ethical teachings of the great
scenario of education which is in a state of anarchy religious teachers.
and chaotic condition at all levels – primary to
higher education. Educational system in India today Character and Personality Development
is in a critical state – resistant to change and in
danger of becoming irrelevant. Teachers can play a vital role in this regard. A
teacher must succeed in conveying the larger ideals
Thus, it needs a drastic reconstruction – almost of service to the community, virtues of tolerance and
revamping. The greatest challenge the world is respect for all faiths, importance of character,
facing today is the crisis of confidence and integrity and discipline and the value of humanism
character, mental and moral decay and break down to his pupil. The later should also be made aware of
of rich traditions. The root cause of all these is fear, our heritage and culture. They should develop a
hatred, greed, prejudice, intolerance and violence. mature attitude towards religion. Acquaintance with
Therefore, efforts need to be made to eliminate these prayers of different religions and hymns and songs
divisive forces, which is possible only by value- of various faiths may also help young minds to
based education that involves harmonious recognize the intrinsic purity, beauty and practical
development of the body, mind and spirit. True usefulness of different religious thoughts. A
knowledge consists of self understanding and self- UNESCO report on education for the 21st century
control. Non-violence seems to be the highest form entitled Learning. The Treasure Within also pleads
of knowledge. If education has to serve the for an education which is ‘rooted in culture and
humanity and defuse human suffering. committed to progress’. Developing a harmonious
and integrated personality would just not be possible
it must teach and train us to respect each other if the system does not inculcate values embedded in
(universal brotherhood), love each other (universal the culture, heritage and traditions. Indian heritage,
love), practice compassion and uphold the dignity of culture and values need to be thoroughly studied,
all lives. Then only one will have peace. In a world analyzed and incorporated comprehensively in the
which is primarily split between a few haves and educational system right from the pre-primary stage
majority of have-nots, tensions, diversities, self- to higher education.
centered vision, violence, terrorism and
consumerism are creating a dreadful scenario of a Injection of information into young minds has been
bleeding world and a blood splattered humanity. In taking place on a massive scale, but character and
this chaotic atmosphere, value–based education is personality development has not received the
the only hope for synthesizing the moral fabric of an attention it deserves. Creation of the right
individual and generating a culture of peace in the environment which helps and encourages young
society. Education must aim at the development of minds to resolve personal and moral issues
moral, spiritual and ethical values and we should independently is of utmost importance. Although it

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is not an easy task but it needs to be done at all (v) encourage entrepreneurship among the under-
costs. Since character of people may decide the represented groups
destiny of a nation, the educational system should
develop character, courage, comradeship, discipline, (vi) promote entrepreneurship amongst women
leadership, secular outlook, spirit of adventure and
sportsmanship, and ideals of selfless service. (vii) improve ease of doing business
Emphasis should be laid on the study of the life of
great sons of the soil whose ideas and ideals have (viii) improve access to finance and
moved the world, because such a practice may
provide an insight to the younger generation for (ix) foster social entrepreneurship and grassroots
character development and spiritual sensitivity. innovations

Skill development is the focus area of the The National Council of Higher Education
government policy. It is central to accessing Resources (NCHER) is the nation’s oldest and
employment in the formal sector and enhancing largest higher education finance trade association.
productivity in the informal economy for reducing NCHER’s membership includes state, nonprofit, and
poverty and risk of underemployment. for-profit higher education service organizations,
The National Policy on Skill Development aims to including lenders, servicers, guaranty agencies,
train about 104.62 million people afresh and collection agencies, financial literacy providers, and
additional 460 million are to be reskilled, up-skilled schools, interested and involved in increasing
and skilled by college access and success. It assists its members in
2022 shaping policies governing federal and private
Considering that majority of these labour force student loan and state grant programs on behalf of
would be self or casual employed, the challenge is students, parents, borrowers, and families.
to how to improve the skill levels of these
workforce. These categories cut across various NCHER represents its members on public policy
target groups or vulnerable sections of the society. initiatives within the legislative and executive
The groups are not mutually exclusive and there are branches of the federal government, and brings
overlaps because the workers in the self-employed together the higher education community to
category are a heterogeneous lot while the casual strengthen all federal and private student loan and
employed may be intermittently employed and in state grant programs through its ongoing
different unskilled works. involvement with Congress, the U.S. Department of
Education, the U.S. Department of Treasury, the
Main Objectives are:- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Federal
Communications Commission, and other federal
(i) educate and equip potential and early stage agencies, associations, and organizations engaged in
entrepreneurs across India student financing and policy.

(ii) connect entrepreneurs to peers, mentors and The National Council of Educational Research and
incubators Training (NCERT) is an autonomous organisation
set up in 1961 by the Government of India to assist
(iii) support entrepreneurs through Entrepreneurship and advise the Central and State Governments on
Hubs (E-Hubs) policies and programmes for qualitative
improvement in school education. The major
(iv) catalyse a culture shift to encourage objectives of NCERT and its constituent units are
entrepreneurship to: undertake, promote and coordinate research in

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areas related to school education; prepare and Like in most other states across India, Madhya
publish model textbooks, supplementary material, Pradesh also follows the 10+2+3 tier of education.
newsletters, journals and develops educational kits, There is government as well as private education
multimedia digital materials, etc. organise pre- institutes across this Central Indian state. Hindi is
service and in-service training of teachers; develop the preferred medium of instruction in the
and disseminate innovative educational techniques government monitored schools and colleges of
and practices;collaborate and network with state Madhya Pradesh. English is used as the language of
educational departments, universities, NGOs and communication between students and teachers in
other educational institutions; act as a clearing house private institutes. The division of education in
for ideas and information in matters related to Madhya Pradesh can be explained through the
school education; and act as a nodal agency for following chart:
achieving the goals of Universalisation of
Elementary Education. In addition to research,  Primary Schooling
development, training, extension, publication and  Secondary Schooling
dissemination activities, NCERT is an  College Education
implementation agency for bilateral cultural
exchange programmes with other countries in the
field of school education. The NCERT also interacts
and works in collaboration with the international
organisations, visiting foreign delegations and offers
various training facilities to educational personnel
from developing countries.

The National Institute of Educational Planning and

Administration (NIEPA), (Deemed to be University)  University Studies
established by the Ministry of Human Resource  Research Programs / Professional Degrees
Development, Government of India, is a premier and Diplomas
organization dealing with capacity building and
research in planning and management of education The State literacy rate presently is 70.63% (source:
not only in India but also in South Asia. Census 2011), against the national literacy rate of
74.04 %. While the female literacy has considerably
The UGC was established in November 1956 at improved over the last decade, a great disparity
Delhi as a statutory body of the Government of persists in the literacy rates of males and females.
India through an Act of Parliament for the
coordination, determination and maintenance of Education infrastructure
standards of university education in India. In order
to ensure effective region-wise coverage throughout The School education in Madhya Pradesh primarily
the country, the UGC has decentralised its organized in two sectors: Elementary (I to VIII) and
operations by setting up six regional centres at Pune, Secondary (IX to XII). Each of these two sectors are
Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bhopal, Guwahati and further sub-divided into two sub-sector where
Bangalore. elementary education consists of primary education
(I to V) and upper primary education (VI to VIII)
Education, education infrastructure and while the secondary education comprises of Middle
education policy of Madhya Pradesh education (IX and X) and higher secondary
education (XI and XII).

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Elementary level School facilities in Madhya Access to secondary schooling facilities: 72%
Pradesh habitations have high schooling facility within 5
KM radius. But still 28% habitations do not have
Management Type facility within the norm. Urban area 100% access is
Numbers available but in rural area 31% habitations don’t
have facility within the norms.
Government Primary schools
83412 Various policies and schemes

Aided Primary schools (Private) Mid Day Meal Scheme

852
In the year 1995-96 Mid Day Meal Scheme was
Unaided Primary schools (Private) introduced in the government and aided primary
12533 schools of 297 blocks in the state. The school
provides food to children. In the year 1997-98, the
Total Primary scheme was implemented in all the blocks of the
96797 state. In tribal regions the scheme provides prepared
food and in non-tribal regions from September 1997
Government Upper Primary schools onwards the scheme of providing prepared food is
29282 stopped and now 3 kg. food is distributed for every
child every month.
Aided Upper Primary schools (Private)
410 Minorities Welfare

Unaided Upper Primary schools (Private) For the welfare of minorities the Government of
20040 India launched Madarasa Modernization scheme.
102 Madarasas are assisted under this scheme. Rs.
Total Upper Primary 36.18 Lakhs were disbursed for construction of
49732 Madarasas. 1100 posts of order Teachers were
sanctioned in the year 1996-97 and post of 1000
Secondary and Higher Secondary schools "Urdu teachers" were sanctioned in the year 1997-
98.
There are four main types of recognized schools by
management and funding pattern in Madhya Free Books
Pradesh. They are: Government, Local Body,
Private Aided and Private [Link] of the total The scheme provides free books to the students of
Government schools in Madhya Pradesh, majority class I to IV belonging to SC, ST and OBC
are managed by School Education Department. category. This scheme of free books is for all girls
Tribal Welfare Department also manages a up to class III and also for the boys of upto III class
significant number of schools. of families living below the poverty line. Books for
the scheme are provided by Madhya Pradesh Text
The distribution of secondary schools between Book Corporation. In the year 1998-97 an amount of
categories shows that out of the total schools about Rs. 4.00 crore was provided in the budget of school
46.29% have only secondary classes and 53.71% education for this purpose.
have secondary and higher secondary classes both.
Shishu Shiksha Scheme

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Primary Education Mission concentrates on pre- These challenges influenced the way that defined its
school education of children. To make the children objectives, processes and tasks. The objectives of
aware about school atmosphere and to develop the the Mission were to create a positive environment
habits of learning among children of 3 to 5 years for education, increase enrolment and to improve
age, the state runs 4056 shishu shiksha kendras. the quality of teaching-learning processes so as to
promote retention and achievement levels.
Education Guarantee Scheme

On January 1, 1997, the Government of Madhya

Pradesh pioneered a community centred and rights-
based initiative to universalise primary education Welfare programmes
called 'Education Guarantee Scheme' (EGS). Under
the scheme, the government guaranteed provision of
a teacher, her/his salaries, training of teacher, Welfare programmes and
teachinglearning material and contingencies to start
a school within 90 days wherever there was a Issues related to - Aged
demand from a community without a primary people, Differently able
schooling facility within 1 km. provided this
demand came from at least 25 learners in case of people, Children, Women,
tribal areas and 40 learners in case of non-tribal
areas. The community that made the demand could Labour, Socially deprived
also suggest the name of a suitable local resident to Classes and Displaced groups
be the teacher and be called 'guruji'. The gram
panchayat is empowered to appoint such a "guruji" of developmental projects
after the chief executive officer of the Janpad
(block) panchayat had verified the bona fides of the Table of Content
demand and the qualifications of the proposed
guruji. The training of the guruji would be organised 1. Caste System
by the district administration which would also 2. Issues Related to Women
credit the amount of annual salaries upfront in the o Gender Discrimination
gram panchayat's bank account. o Low status of women
o Dowry System
Rajiv Gandhi Prathmik Shiksha Mission o Sati practice
3. Issues related to Youth
The Rajiv Gandhi Prathmik Shiksha Mission was set 4. Issues related to Minority
up as an autonomous registered society headed by 5. Issues related to Tribal
the Chief Minister of the state to supplement the 6. Issues related to Farmers
state government's efforts to universalize primary 7. Issues related to Labourers
education in Madhya Pradesh. The main challenges 8. Issues related to Professionals
for the Mission were posed in the form of 9. Issues related to Person with Disablity
inadequate outreach of educational facilities 10. Substance Abuse and Addiction
specially in the interior, rural or tribal areas, 11. Communalism
marginalisation of economically or socially deprived 12. Illiteracy
children, insufficient support to academic processes 13. Issues Related to elderly
and above all a delivery hierarchy that did not factor 14. Poverty
in the perceptions of its large user community. 15. Beggary

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16. Unemployment Caste-based discrimination has at times even led to
17. Superstition violence. The caste-system also makes the working
18. Problems related to children’s of democracy in our country difficult. Society gets
o Child labour divided into artificial groups that tend to support the
o Child marriage candidate who belongs to their caste. They do not
o Juvenile delinquency or Justice pay much attention to the fact whether he/she is a
system deserving candidate or not. This is not good for the
health of democracy in India. Our country cannot
make real progress unless this system is uprooted
completely.

During the post-independence period, i.e. after

Caste System 1947, the Government has taken cognizance of these
issues and tried to tackle them through legislation
The caste system in India has its roots in ancient (enacting laws to counter these issues) as well as by
India. Just as the ashrama dharma laid down rules social action (by involving the civil society, NGOs
and duties with reference to the individual’s life in (Non-Governmental Organizations) and social
the world, varna or caste system prescribed duties groups. These steps have helped in improving the
with reference to the particular caste to which an situation but still a lot more needs to be done
individual belonged. Earlier they were all regarded
equal in social status and could take up any
profession they liked.

There was no restriction in the matter of eating food

or marriage with members of other profession. But
with the beginning of specializing in hereditary
professions and coming in contact with the Issues Related to Women
indigenous people situations changed and the birth
of the person decided their caste. Hence the varna Gender Discrimination
system that developed during that time was the
outcome of the social and economic development. Discrimination against women begins even before
her birth. The gruesome evils of female feticide and
But as time passed, it led to the division of society infanticide prove how brutal the world could be to
into high-caste and low-caste people who could not women.
mix with each other. Inter-caste dining or marriage
was forbidden. People belonging to the so called Though the Indian constitution provides equal rights
lower castes were exploited and slowly down the and privileges for men and women and makes equal
ages, their condition became miserable. They were provision to improve the status of women in society,
poor and did not enjoy equality in society. They majority of women are still unable to enjoy the
were not even allowed to draw water from the rights and opportunities guaranteed to them.
common wells of the villages, or even could go to
the temples or to come close to the people of the so Traditional value system, low level of literacy, more
called higher castes. Thus caste system hampered house hold responsibilities lack of awareness, non-
the healthy growth of different professions as entry availability of proper guidance, low mobility, lack
into a particular profession was based on birth and of self confidence family discouragement and
not on ability.

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advanced science and technology are some of the Sati (also called suttee) is the practice among some
factors responsible to create gender disparity in our Hindu communities by which a recently widowed
society. The most important causes of gender woman either voluntarily or by use of force or
disparity such as poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, coercion commits suicide as a result of her
social customs, belief and anti-female attitude are husband's death. The best known form of sati is
discussed here. when a woman burns to death on her husband's
funeral pyre. Raja Rammohan Roy even filed a
Low status of women petition for a law banning sati [Link]
percuaded William Bentinck, the Governor of
The status ow women in India has been affected by Bengal, to ban sati practice in British India.
following factors:-
Various program and schemes for women
 Property rights development are:-
 Illiteracy
 Patriarchal society  Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of
 social taboo Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) - SABLA
Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana
Dowry System (IGMSY – CMB Scheme
 Support to Training and Employment
The practice of dowry is one of the worst social Programme for Women (STEP) Women
practices that has affected our culture. In Empowerment and Livelihood Programme
independent India, one of the landmark legislations in Mid-Gangetic Plains
is the passing of the Dowry Prohibition Act in 1961  Swadhar
by the Government of India. Despite the fact that the  Short Stay Homes Working Womens’ Hostel
practice of both giving as well as accepting dowry is  Ujjawala
banned by law and such acts are punishable  Gender Budgeting Initiatives
offences, the system is so thoroughly imbedded in  National Mission for Empowerment of
our culture that it continues unabated. Women Family Counselling Centers
 Condensed Courses of Education of Women
Whether it is rural or urban India, the blatant Awareness Generation Programme
violation of this law is rampant. Not only dowry  General Grant-in-aid Scheme for Innovative
deaths, even most of the acts of domestic violence Work on Women and Child Development
against women including psychological as well as Convention on Elimination of
physical torture are related to matters of dowry. Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
Some of the very basic human rights of women are  Beijing Platform for Action
violated almost every day. Sometimes it is
heartening to see some girls stand firm to assert their
rights against dowry. But there is an urgent need to
strengthen such hands by taking some concrete as
well as comprehensive social, economic, political Issues related to Youth
and administrative measures in order to free Indian
society of this disease Education:

Sati practice First and the foremost concern of today’s youth in

India is education. Indian youth demands for better

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education, employment driven training and brighter The changing feeding habits have caused serious
future. Youth also want that skill based education health issues with the youth of the nation. Obesity
and job placement should be a part of every higher and other health issues are on a rise.
institution. More emphasis should be laid down on
career oriented courses and there should be a Skill Developement
connection with real life scenario rather than just
bookish. Youth from non-urban setting generally Youth of the nation are the founding stone for
lacks good communication skills. This is also one of national development. India could harness the
the major concerns because it acts as an obstacle on Demographic dividend if the youth of the nation are
the way to get job and progress. skilled. Skill India Mission is a revolutionary idea in
bringing the sustainable economic growth to the
Unemployment : nation.

Youth unemployment in India is on rise. According

to the World Development Report 2013, 9% of
males and 11% females aged between 15 to 24 years Issues related to Minority
are unemployed. As per data of 2009-10, 9.7% of
young men and 18.7% of young women in India Various problems of minority in India are:-
were unemployed. At global level, chances of youth
being unemployed is three times more than adults.  Communalism and communal tension
Global financial crisis hit youth first then adult. Also  Rise in Extremism
as per NSSO survey, youth unemployment among  Education and skill development
illiterate is less as compared to educated youth.  poverty and unemployment
Because illiterate youth is willing to do all sorts of
work whereas educated ones look for jobs in their Various constitutional provisions and other steps
respective field only. Young graduates suffer the taken for the development of minority community in
most as far as getting job is concerned. India are:-

Corruption –  National Commission for Minorities

 National Commission for Religious and
Today’s youth is concerned with the issue of Linguistic Minorities
corruption more than anything else and that is why  Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
most of the protestors in the recent Anna Hazare’s  The Central Wakf Council
campaign against corruption were the Indian youth.  The Durgah Khwaja Saheb Act, 1955
 Prime Minister’s 15 Point Programme for
Substance Abuse and Addiction the Welfare of Minorities
 Exclusive scholarship schemes for students
Drug abusing youths are vulnerable to horrible belonging to the minority communities
health issues that may spiral to death. Due to  Identification of Minority Concentration
consumption of illegal substance, youth face various Districts Free Coaching and Allied Scheme
challenges like school dropout, which then later  National Minorities Development and
affects their employment chances since they lack Finance Corporation
adequate education.  Initiatives taken in Pursuance of the Sachar
Committee Recommendation
Health

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Issues related to Tribal  Scheme of Construction of Hostels for ST
Boys and Girls o Establishment of Ashram
Tribal's are the aboriginal residents of the Indian Schools in Tribal Sub-Plan Area
[Link] have been exploited for the ages  Upgradation of Merit of ST students
and are the most vulnerable and underdeveloped  Post Matric Scholarships for ST students o
section of the Indian society. Vocational Training in Tribal Areas
 Education of Girls in Low Literacy Pockets
In the areas where tribal populations are o Grants-in-Aid to Voluntary Organisations
concentrated, their economic and social conditions  Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (RGNF)
are usually much worse than those of non-  National Overseas Scholarship Scheme for
tribals. The independence of India in 1947 should Scheduled Tribes (NON-Plan
have made life easier for adivasis but this was not  Scheme of TOP Class Education for ST
the case. Firstly, the government monopoly over Students
forests continued. If anything, the exploitation of  Grants-in-Aid for Minor Forest Produce
forests accelerated. Secondly, the policy of capital- (MPP) Operations
intensive industrialization adopted by the Indian
government required mineral resources and power-
generation capacities which were concentrated in
Adivasi areas. Issues related to Farmers

Adivasi lands were rapidly acquired for new mining India is a tropical country and Indian Agriculture is
and dam projects. In the process, millions of rightly called as an gamble with the monsoon. Even
adivasis were displaced without any appropriate after 60 years of independence more than half of the
compensation or rehabilitation. Justified in the name population of the nation depends on agriculture for
of ‘national development’ and ‘economic growth’, there livelihood.
these policies were actually a form of internal
colonialism, subjugating adivasis and alienating the the major problems and issues of Farmers are:-
resources upon which they [Link] alienation
of land has lead to rise of descent in the tribal  Unavailability of HYV Seeds
population and has caused the problem of Naxalism.  Seasonal fluctuations in rainfall
 Lack of Irrigation facilities
 Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP)  shortage of state of art farm machinery
 Special Central Assistance for Tribal Sub-  Lack of financial resources and institutions
Plan which led them in the web of money lenders
 National Scheduled Tribes Finance and  Non availability of other sources of income
Development Corporation  Disguised unemployment
 Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana  Juiveline stage of Cooperative and contract
(AMSY) farming
 Micro-credit scheme  Structural and Infrastructural shortage in
 Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development agricultural farming
Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED)  High Inflation
 Grants under the First Proviso to Article  Limited extent of E-Agriculture and use of
275(1) of the Constitution o Program for ICT in agriculture
development of Forest Villages  Weather forecasting
 Scheme for Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs)  Soil Health cards

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 shortfall in Storage and Warehouses Issues of Industrial Labour:-
infrastructure
 Small size of farm holding restricts the 1. Freedom of Association, Right to organize
mechanization of Indian Agriculture and Right to Collective Bargaining
 Excessive irrigation and soil salination 2. Abolition of forced labor
specially in green revolution areas. 3. Minimum age of employment and abolition
of child labor
4. Prohibition on workplace discrimination and
Equal pay for men and women for work of
Issues related to Labourers equal value
5. Simplification of procedures
Issues of agricultural labour 6. Huge Informal Sector
7. Entry and exit Barriers for firms and Job
1. Excess Supply – there are no accurate security for workers
estimates of work forces as most of the 8. Modernization
activity and persons involved is unorganized
and unreported. However the number of
persons to work on and feed off a holding is
very high.
2. Seasonal Employment – varying weather
patterns – drought, floods, heat cold cause an Issues related to Professionals
unreliable productivity.
3. Backward classes SC ST – farmers usually  depressed or suffering from anxiety
come from a less privileged class and hence disorders
are mostly un-educated and do not have  Lack of self confidence,
benefits of respect of the society.  unrealistic expectations
4. Small farm land holdings – which result in a  a nutrient deficient diet and health problems
lack of economies of scale.  lifestyle diseases
5. Limited subsidiary occupation – alternate  Changing social and family values
revenue streams from other activities are not
available to farmers.
6. Heterogeneous – issues and problems have
regional variations. Issues related to Person with Disablity
7. Migration to other occupations – the more
educated and efficient work forces are The differently abled are not ‘disabled’ only because
migrating to other forms of employment, they are physically or mentally impaired’ but also
leaving weaker work forces in the because society is built in a manner that does not
agricultural profession. cater to their needs. Society has for long neglected
8. Indebtedness – money is borrowed from the needs and social values of the person with
exploitative private money lenders. disabilities.
Borrowings spiral and the ability to pay back The social construction of disability has another
is limited. There is a need for agro finance, dimension. There is a close relationship between
micro-finance, cooperative banking and disability and poverty. Malnutrition, mothers
financial products to suit farmers needs and weakened by frequent childbirth, inadequate
longer term payback schedules. immunization programmes, accidents
in overcrowded homes, all contribute to an
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incidence of disability among poor people that is democracy and unity of our country. It is therefore,
higher than among people living in easier a major obstacle in the path of our progress.
circumstances. Furthermore, disability creates and Education is one very important means through
exacerbates poverty by increasing isolation which we can hope to bring peace and harmony in
and economic strain, not just for the individual but society. We must remember that we are all human
for the family; there is little doubt that disabled beings first, before we belong to a religious
people are among the poorest in poor countries. community. We must respect all religions. Our
country is secular, which means that all religions are
Various programs and steps taken for the welfare of treated equally and everyone is free to follow their
person with disability are:- own religion.

 The Persons with Disabilities (Equal

Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full
Participation) Act, 1995. Illiteracy
 National Trust for the Welfare of Persons
with Autism, Cerebral palsy, Mental Literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. It
Retardation and Multiple Disabilities is an evolving concept which not only entails the
 Office of the Chief Commissioner for grasping abilities of printed text but also the abilities
Persons with Disabilities to adapt visual entities and technological awareness
 Rehabilitation Council of India as well.
 Biwako Millennium Framework
 National Handicapped Finance and  Causes of low literacy in India are:-
Development Corporation  inadequate school facilities.
 Scheme for Assistance to disabled Persons  The teaching staff is inefficient and
for Purchase/Fitting of aids and appliances unqualified.
Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation  lack of proper sanitation which adversely
of India effects specially the female education.
 Composite Regional Centers and Regional  shortage of teachers as well.
Rehabilitation Centers  Social Taboo specially against the female
education
 Poverty and unemployment are the major
cause of illiteracy.
Communalism  Shortfalls in the implementation of Right to
Education.
India is a multi religious nation with different
communities living in peace with other communities
since ages . Persons belonging to different
communities such as Hindus, Sikhs, Muslims, Issues Related to elderly
Christians, Parsees, etc. live in India. The aggressive
attitude of one community towards the other creates
tension and clashes between two religious
communities. Hundreds of people die in communal Poverty
riots. It breeds hatred and mutual suspicion.

Communalism is an issue that needs to be tackled

and eradicated. It poses a great challenge to

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Beggary laws and rules concerned with women's status for
women's empowerment. Integrated child protection
scheme ( ICPS) has been started especially for the
children for their integrated welfare and
Superstition rehabilitation who are in the difficult [Link]
improving sex ratio in age group 0-6 years,Beti
Bachao Abhiyan (Save the Girl Child Campaign) is
being implemented in the State.
Problems related to children’s

Mangal Divas:-
Health and Education are the prime requirement for
development of nation and states. It is unfortunate Every Tuesday is celebrated as Janamdin. So this is
that even after more than six decades of called Mangal divas. Anna Prasana, Godbharai and
independence;we are still termed as most backward kishori Scheme with the help of Health Department
nation on number of health and education inform of small function. First Tuesday as divas for
indicators.{facts – i.e. 42% of Indian children are GOD BHARAI RASM, in which an expectant
malnourished etc, include IMR rate which is highest woman receives the traditional offerings of
in MP.} Now time has come to find the reasons why Sreephal,Sindoor, Chudi and Bindi, with the
even after investing huge amount we could not objective to take complete care of the pregnant
make satisfactory progress in health sector woman's diet, nutrition with timely medical support.
especially of women and children. If these During the function, 100 tablets of iron and folic
impediments are removed, nation can expects major acid are given to each pregnant woman to help them
breakthrough in the sector. The main objective of to sustain through a healthy and fit term of
the Department of Women & Child Development is pregnancy. Second Tuesday is celebrated as
to reduce Maternal Mortality Rate, Infant Mortality Annaprashan divas with the objective to promote
rate and Malnutrition among children and women. community participation in ICDS programmes and
Thus main responsibility of implementation of to decrease infant mortality rate. Additional nutritive
Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) supplement being provided to the child who has
Programme in the State lies with the completed six months of agew under the
department.{include ICDS background and its programme. On third Tuesday, every child between
problems}. schemes/programs include women group the age group of 1 year to 6 years will celebrate his
formation, legal literacy programme for women, birthday at aanganwadi centers with other children.
elimination of prostitution, Beti Bachao Abhiyan The aim of celebrating this as birthday to enhance
for increasing female sex ratio, empowering the interpersonal relation between aanganwadi
Adolescent Girls of 11 to 18 years by improving centers and the community and to make the ICDS
their nutritional and health status through Rajiv more effective and powerful. Adolescent Girl Day is
Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent celebrated on fourth Tuesday with a cultural
Girls(SABLA), up gradation of home skills, life programmes such as singing, dancing, rangoli
skills andvocational skills. The Department also making etc, as well as general knowledge and sports
reviews, suggests and makes suitable amendments competition. The rationale behind these cultural
in various gatherings is to build awareness among girls the
importance of nutrition, primary health care and
vocation training of various trades, which help to
improve their level of income and economy. In

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addition to this, health check up camps where children of the State through coordinated and
distribution of iron and folic acid tablets are made is concerted efforts of the key stakeholders.
also a part of this celebration.
The key mandate for the Mission is to improve child
Sanjha Chulah- nutrition by:

 for age group 3-6 years which provides  supporting improved service delivery and
cooked meal in morning breakfast and after quality of services in theIntegrated Child
 noon lunch. There is provision of third meal Development Services (ICDS) programme
also for malnourished children. daily new while establishing effective coordination
and delicious supplementary food will be with relevant Departments, with a focus on
supplied at anganwadi. children under two years of age;
 facilitating effective implementation of
Beti Bachao Abhiyan Yojna- evidence based policy andoperational
reforms for improving the coverage and
Present adverse sex ratio and the declining numbers quality of ICDS;
of the girl child in the state is a serious cause for  establishing institutional mechanisms for
concern and warrant immediate corrective and effective integrated planningand monitoring;
concrete steps to halt this adverse trend. In this and
direction, state has started “ Beti Bachao Abhiyan  Assisting DWCD to design operational
(Save the Girl Child Campaign)” from 5th October framework for communalizationof ICDS
2011. The Women and Child Development services.
Department is a nodal Department for this
campaign. Under this campaign,various departments Targets-
of the State government will act on 66 action points.
The action points include observance of the Beti  Reducing mortality rate for children under
Diwas (Daughter’s day), invoking community five years (U5MR) from 94.2 to 60 per
participation through participation of various thousand live births by 2020
communities, including religious leaders, and  Reducing the percentage of underweight
panchayati raj representatives, celebrating the children under five years from60% to 40%
special achievements of the girls in the state, by 2015 and further from 40% to 20% by
effective implementation of the 2020.
 Reducing prevalence of Severe Acute
PCPNDT Act, providing education facilities to Malnutrition (SAM) in childrenunder 5 years
families with girl children only. Such families living from 12.6% to 5% by 2015 and to negligible
below poverty line will be provided pension, on by [Link] strategy and action
attaining the age of 55. These families will be plan for implementation and achievement of
provided other facilities like vocational training, its goals.
concession in stamp duty on registration of homes in  To achieve the planned goals and objectives,
names of the relevant person/spouse etc. mission has defined its strategy and micro
planning. However, the strategy and action
Atal Bal Arogya Evam Poshan Mission: plan is limited to three years only and may
be revisited as and when required.
The objective of the Mission is to provide an
enabling mechanism for prevention and reduction of Nirasrit Bal Grih Scheme:
malnutrition and under five mortality rates in the

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Also known as Shelter less Children's Home Morena, Rajgarh, Sagar ,Raisen, Chhatarpur and
Scheme. The objective of the scheme is to ensure Vidisha.
proper upbringing of shelter less children by giving
them education and training, so that they grow up as
productive and socially responsible citizens. A grant
equivalent to 90% of Rs.250, i.e., Rs.225/- per child MP schemes on women empowerment:-
per month is provided to the voluntary organizations
running such homes. The cabinet has taken a decision establish
'Directorate of Women Empowerment' in the state
Bal Vikas Kendra Yojana- Also known as Child by bifurcating the 'Directorate of Women and Child
Development Centre Scheme. The object of this Development' for effective implementation of
scheme is to provide opportunities for creative women's empowerment schemes
development of children up to the age of 16 years.
One such centre has been established at Jobat -->sate government calender for year 2012 has
(Jhabua District) where children between 6 to16 slogan 'Beti hae to Kal hae'
years of age are admitted. Under this scheme a grant
of Rs.500/- per child per month is provided to the (Future is when Daughter is)
voluntary organizations. 90% of the total
expenditure is borne by the State government and
remaining 10% by the concerned organization. Such
establishment of child development centres are Ladli Laxmi Yojana- To benefit girls right from
mostly in tribal areas. their births upto marriage

Jabali Scheme for Eradication of prostitution- To create positive thinking about girls among
(MPPCS 2010 mains) masses, improvement insex ratio and encourage
girls' education and health
The scheme is an attempt to discourage women/girls
of adopting caste based prostitution prevalent To make girls in the state a 'Lakhpati' at 21 years of
among the Bedia, Banchada and Sansi communities. ageGovernment deposits National Saving Certificate
Different kinds of activities are being implemented, (NSC) worth Rs.6000/-p.a. for five years i.e. NSCs
with the help of voluntary agencies, which revolve worth Rs.30,000/- are deposited in a girl's name
round the women/girls involved in the practice and
their children. These are being organized in 5 stages Every girl child enrolled under Ladli Laxmi Yojana
as follow: will get Rs.1.8 lakhwhen she attains the age of 21
years and had not married before 18 years of age
 Ashram Shalas for education of children
 Economic programme for prostitutes
 Protection/shelter and rehabilitation homes
for children Mukhya Mantri Kanya Dan Yojana-
 E.C. schemes for creation of public
awareness To provide financial assistance to poor, needy,
 Schemes for health check-up and treatment destitute families for marrying off their daughters/
of prostitutes widows/ divorcees

Presently, under this scheme, Ashram schools are

being run in 6 districts –

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Under this scheme, mass marriages are performed Prevention and reduction of malnutrition & U5
which increase socialharmony and curb unnecessary mortality rates.
expenditure on weddings.
Targets- U5MR- from 94 à 60% by 2020
Beti Bachao Abhiyan- Initiated to balance sex ratio
and foster awareness and sensitivity insociety 12 To reduce under weight children from 60 to 40 by
department have been given the responsibility of 2015 and 40 to 20% by 2020
identified 66Activities. As part of its campaign, the
government plans to promote frugal marriage
ceremonies and encourage social boycott of people
who take and give dowry

The multi-pronged approach will involve changing Usha Kiran Yojana-

the pro-son mindsetand a combination of incentives
and disincentives in favour of the girl child. Steps For implementation of Protection of Women from
like reserving half the posts of teachers for women Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA), Madhya
and pension to parents whose only children are Pradesh launched Usha Kiran Yojana in the year
daughters will be initiated besides promoting 2008
adoption of the girl child
The scheme's objective is to help in reduction in
Taking effective measures to prevent pre-natal tests cases of domesticviolence, awareness generation
and cases of foeticideTo protect girl child under about the rights, building confidence and entire
PCNDT Act - In a first action of its kind in the state development of women, better rearing of children,
under the PC & PNDT Act, the name of a lady and making happy and ideal home environment.
doctor, who had offered planning for male child has
been removed from the register of MP Medical Fact- The State has an area of 308, 244 Sq. Km.,
Council for a period of five years. making it the second largest state inthe country
(9.38% of country’s total area). The State has a
population densityof 236 persons as against that of
the country at 382. The configuration
Gaon Ki Beti Yojana- ofadministrative units in the State includes 10
divisions, 51 districts, 342 Tehsils (sub-districts)
To provide financial assistance to motivate talented and 313 Blocks with 89 (28%) of them being the
rural girls for higher education in government or Tribal Blocks.
private colleges Scholarship worth Rs.500/- p.m. to
Ist division class 12th passed rural girlsfor 10 There are as many as 476 towns and 54903 villages.
months

Pratibha Kiran Yojana-

To improve educational standards of Ist division

class 12th passed girls belonging to urban BPL
families

Rs.300/- p.m. for degree courses for 10 monthsAtal

Bal Arogya Evam Poshan Mission-

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Community Based Organizations (CBOs) plan, and help deliver solutions. CBO's are

Community based organizations (CBO's) are storehouses, gatekeepers, of local information

nonprofit groups that work at a local level to obviously valuable for their own purposes, but

improve life for residents. The focus is to build this data is also useful to other organizations

equality across society in all streams - health and government agencies. The role of CBO's is

care, environment, quality of education, access becoming knowledge management - to

to technology, access to spaces and compile, sort, store and retrieve local data.

information for the disabled, to name but a few. Technology is increasingly becoming more

The inference is that the communities important to this function, to manage daily

represented by the CBO's are typically at a business operations, but also to develop

disadvantage. CBO's are typically, and almost innovative solutions, given restrictive budgets,

necessarily, staffed by local members - limited personnel available, and new demands

community members who experience first hand for services and information. Technology is

the needs within their neighborhoods. Besides being used to bring in the voice of the

being connected geographically, the only link community members, through public

between staff members and their interests is participation and input. Applications include

often the desire and willingness to help. mapping of community landmarks and services

Occupational skill sets and experience are by locals, providing environmental baseline and

greatly diverse. change measurements, and identifying

concerns common throughout the community.

The tightrope upon which stability balances in Work conducted by CBO's generally falls into
the themes of human services, natural
this type of organization is being stretched taut,
environment conservation or restoration, and
as the role of the CBO is extended to new
urban environment safety and revitalization.
lengths. Governments are increasingly
Examples include:
delegating responsibility to CBO's and relying
on them to gather local concerns, develop,  neighborhood revitalization
 affordable housing

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 food security  allowing for active participation and
 accessible transportation collaboration with community members.
 senior citizens associations
 environmental protection/conservation
 community sustainability
 humanitarian/disaster response Important CBO’s working in india
 medical relief funds
 youth homes and centers SEWA
Self Employed Womens Association is a
membership-based community organization
Community based organizations (CBO's) use
which has been working for the economic
technology for managing daily business
development of poor women over the last 25
operations and administrative functions, but
years. Work is focused on local income and
also require specific technology for mission-
employment generation needs. SEWA
critical programs. Neighborhood or geographic
identifies local women leaders and links up
information systems (NIS or GIS) are emerging
poor women by promoting people’ s
technologies in the nonprofit sector generating
organizations. This enhances the access of
custom solutions for CBO's.
poor women to urban resources, policies and
The value of using this technology for CBO's
programs. SEWA also builds capacity of CBOs
lies in:
through training, organizing support services,
savings, credit, and policy development.
 the capacity for efficient data
Mahila Housing SEWA Trust (MHT) evolved as
management,
a subsidiary organization of SEWA in order to
 increased information that can be
build further capacity to meet the increasing
extracted from already collected data,
need for housing-related services. The main
 the ease in sharing data and
objectives of MHT are to improve the housing
incorporating other similarly referenced
and infrastructure conditions of SEWA
data (to generate additional information),
members, create improved access to housing
 the sophisticated analysis and
finance, legal and technical assistance and to
presentation it affords, which is critical in
influence housing policies so that they may be
securing further support and funds for
more effective in reaching the poor, informal
the organization, and

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sector community. MHT has developed a for savings and credit, and disseminates
special tool called ‘ Housing Clinics’ , held for information to communities.
the community, which facilitate easier access to Despite the above, the AMC has been
housing finance and social security schemes, successfully working with the CBOs involved in
raise awareness about housingrelated Parivartan and is planning to involve more
schemes and initiate participatory capacity- CBOs in future urban management programs.
building within the community.
Foundation for public interest (FPI)
Role of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
Foundation for Public Interest (FPI) has dual
experience in small towns such as Idar and NGOs are voluntary organization’s. These are
popularly known as NGOs because they are free
large cities such as Ahmedabad. Linking up of
from governmental control in their functioning.
CBOs with the state and city governments is They are democratic and open to all those wishing
to become member of the organization voluntarily
FPI’ s main focus along with the joint CBO-
and serve the society.
NGOgovernment policy formulation.
NGO have a long history in India. In the past,
CHETNA
people in this country have been found to have
CHETNA imparts training and develops training provided help to others in trouble. Since centuries
there exists the tradition of voluntary service to the
materials for CBOs for health and education
needy and helpless in the country. In the beginning,
activities. It focuses on coordination between these services were rendered by people motivated by
their religious feelings.
CBOs and the government and sensitizes
CBOs to local urban issues, particularly health,
education and women. CHETNA also
advocates simplification of policies which affect
women and their economic status.

SAATH
NGOs have immense role in bringing about social
SAATH has formed CBOs in several change and development and it is being experienced
Ahmedabad slums. It concentrates entry on from different parts of the country. Development, as
we have read earlier, is a multi- faceted process,
youth development and focuses on the creation which essentially involves the aggressive
of social awareness. SAATH supports activities participation of the people that would not be
possible unless they are educated, awakened and

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motivated. NGOs are taking up this job sportingly The role of women voluntary organizations towards
and successfully. this cause has been marvelous. Sewa, Sathin,
Eklavya, Disha, Environmental Action Group and
The areas in which we witness active and Agrani Foundation etc. are some of the thousands of
appreciative role of NGOs are as follows: NGOs known for their role in development by
creating awareness among people and interventions,
 The NGOs are active to promote education, if required.
particularly among that section of
population, which has remained un-benefited  The approach to development has been
or less benefited by the measures adopted by almost uniform world over at least in terms
the government. The education of girls, and of the use of technology, magnitude of
other deprived people, particularly the SCs production, pattern of consumption and
and STs, has been their target objective. achievement of wealth. Both state and
 Women are the other vulnerable section of people were unaware or lackadaisical about
society. Gender discrimination is a the backwash of the nature of development
ubiquitous cultural reality. Girls are pursued.
discriminated in the upbringing pattern in the
family. Larger numbers of the The threat to the human life developed due to
undernourished are from amongst the girls. environmental pollution and imbalance and the
Retention of girls in schools is much less as depletion of natural resources as a consequence of
compared to boys. Women are forced to the nature of development. Here, the role of NGOs
work as housewife and denied participation is really noticeable and praiseworthy. Thousands of
in gainful economic activities outside homes. voluntary organizations are at work to awaken
About three-fourths of the work done by people and governments against environmental
women is un-monetized. degradation and depletion of resources.
 Since the second half of the preceding
century started the change in the status of  It is not that the development process has
women with their active participation in unleashed only environmental threats to the
political, social and economic activities, human existence but also many people are
which gained acceleration since the last displaced due to developmental projects and
quarter of the preceding century. More and are quite often not properly compensated and
more women started moving out of the four rehabilitated.
walls of their houses and involving
themselves actively in the social sphere The NGOs have a major role to play towards the
outside their homes. cause of people’s resettlement and are also
performing commendable job in this direction. The
Important in this process has been the role of projects like the construction of dams, road
academicians and NGOs. The book Women’s Role highways and railways have often made some
in Economic Development by Easter Boserup sections of people, particularly in rural areas,
(1970) is the pioneering work in this direction. After vulnerable and are displaced without being properly
a gap of few years, by 1978, a large number of compensated.
works were published, particularly on the status of
women in the Third World – where their position  NGOs are also rendering great service in
has been more vulnerable. restoring dignity to the deprived and
discriminated sections of the people in the
society like women suffering from gender

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discrimination, lower caste people suffering low income groups. Despite encouraging
from caste segregation and the status of
policies and having a wide network of rural
untouchable, racial and religious
discriminations. banking in India, which implemented specific
poverty alleviation programmes though Bank
Voluntary organizations, working at both national
and international levels, have earned praise for their credit, a very large number of poorest of the
services in societal development. These
poor continued to remain outside from the field
organizations are busy in creating awareness and
zeal for participation in development projects. of formal Banking system. Self help groups
Ensuring humanism by fighting against human
programme are intended to reach poor
rights violations, social exclusions, domestic
violence and others have been common objectives segments of society as they lack access to
of the NGOs. Of late, these organizations are also
financial services. Fisher-Sriram (2002) points
entering the sector of economic well-being and
standard of living. In the state of Uttar Pradesh, out that, formal financial sector unsuccessful to
Agrani Foundation’s Jan Suraksha Kranti (JSK)
recognize the divergence between the
scheme of savings and life insurance is indeed a
commendable effort in this direction hierarchies of credit needs and credit
availability.

Self Help Groups (SHGs) and Civil Society The Government of India initiatives during
in India seventies and fourth five year plan (1969-74)

The Self Help Groups (SHG) initiative was document focused on small and marginal

adopted by India several decades ago in order farmers and agricultural labourers. And now

to alleviate poverty, and improve women’s Elevenths fiver year plan (2007-12) not only

ability to achieve rights and well-being. At the focused but emphasis and define the

beginning, SHG was an initiative undertook by importance of financial inclusion for inclusive

NGOs, but later on, due to its success in growth. The major objectives of the eleventh

improving live standards and delivering public plan are income, generation, poverty

goods and services, Indian State engaged in alleviation, financial inclusion, education etc.

facilitating access to financial resources Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued guidelines
for total financial inclusion and credit
SHGs and financial empowerment requirement of self help groups. Member as

Financial empowerment is enabling access to envisaged in the paragraph 93 of the union

or delivery of banking services at an affordable budget 2008-09 where in it was stated as under

cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged and

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‘banks will be encouraged to embrance the self-help groups. In India, self-help groups
concept of total financial inclusion’. represent a unique approach to financial
inclusion. Self help groupsMicrofinance
Poverty alleviation
activities helps the poor, women is not just
Self help groups programme proved that it is an obtaining loans but also inculcating in them
effective tool for poverty alleviation programme. habits of savings, credit and investing in micro
HGs which poor need for their basic insurance and money transfer services.
requirement is not available in the formal credit Members of self help groups participate and
system. In these circumstances, HGsservices improving access to micro credit management,
not only fulfill their productive needs but also marketing skills, and capacity building to
satisfy their consumption needs. Overall HGs promote financial inclusion, and empowerment.
can help low income people to reduce risk,
Role of civil societies in india
improve financial activities, raise productivity,
increase their income and improve the quality Governance is the process by which a society
of their lives and empower them for economic manages itself through the mechanism of the
growth in India. SHGs Programmes have state. The core ingredients of good governance
become a popular mechanism for poverty are: People’s effective participation,
alleviation, financial inclusion in many transparency, responsiveness, consensus
developing countries including India. orientation, equity and inclusiveness, the rule of
law, effectiveness and efficiency,
Women empowerment
accountability, and strategic vision.
Empowerment of woman is a crucial factor in
Governance has three levels:
the eradication of poverty, as the woman are
the key contribution to the economic at all (A) Internal systems and procedures;
levels woman participation combating poverty
(B) cutting edge systems and procedures; and
though both remunerative and un-remunerative
work at home and the work place the formation (C) check-and-balance systems
of self help groups has provided a lot of
At level (A), civil society can influence policy
confidence among members of self help
and project formulation through membership of
groups. A large member of woman in the
committees, submission of memoranda directly
country is gaining self- reliance with the help of

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or through elected representatives, and Civil society acts through ‘social capital’— the
interactive rule-making in the implementation of capacity of people to act together willingly in
policies, projects and schemes affecting their common long-term interest. Social capital
citizens. The maximum day-to-day interaction is strong in a homogeneous, egalitarian society.
between the government and the citizens takes
Civil society as a whole is, therefore, unable to
place and the popular image of governance is
play its full potential role in enforcing good
formed at level (B). Interactions of civil society
governance in India except when extraordinary
with level (C), infrequent but important, will be
leadership overcomes narrow loyalties, or when
more of an exposure of irregularities rather than
an issue is of common, major concern to all
steps for improvement in the quality of
sections (like natural calamities). Smaller units
governance.
of governance and decentralisation of
Civil society’s functional contribution to good governance are, therefore, indispensable in
governance could be: India.

 Watchdog — against violation of human Individuals cannot take on the huge political-
rights and governing deficiencies. bureaucratic machine that the government is,
 Advocate — of the weaker sections’ nor can the entire civil society act on behalf of
point of view. every citizen. Civil society, therefore, has to
 Agitator — on behalf of aggrieved operate through compact, focused
citizens. organisations based on strong social capital.

 Educator — of citizens on their rights,

Features of Indian Society
entitlements and responsibilities and the
government about the pulse of the India is a vast country and has a long history. Its
society has evolved through the ages and has also
people. been affected by foreign influences giving it
 Service provider — to areas and people extreme diversity and made unity amidst diversity a
characteristic of the Indian society. However, to
not reached by official efforts or as understand the process, we need to understand the
government’s agent. meaning of diversity, unity and pluralism as well as
their relevance to the Indian society.
 Mobiliser — of public opinion for or
against a programme or policy. Diversity

In literary terms, diversity means differences.

However in social context the meaning is more

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specific; it means collective differences among members of a society together. There is a difference
people, that is, those differences which mark off one between unity and uniformity. Uniformity
group of people from another. These differences presupposes similarity, unity does not. Unity is of
may be of any sort: biological, religious, linguistic two types, first which may be born out of
etc. On the basis of biological differences, for uniformity, and second which may arise despite
example, we have racial diversity. On the basis of differences. French sociologist has termed these two
religious differences, similarly, we have religious types as mechanical and organic solidarity
diversity. The point to note is that diversity refers to respectively.
collective differences.
Unity in diversity
Institutionalization
Inspite of diversities, Indian community shares
Indian society is institutionalized in nature in the certain bonds of unity. The first bond of unity of
form of well developed systems like Family, India is found in its geo-political integration. India is
Marriage, Gotra and Caste System. known for its geographical unity marked by the
Himalayas in the north and the oceans on the other
Multi-class sides. Politically India is now a sovereign state. The
same constitution and same parliament govern every
Indian society is a multi-class due to several classes part of it. We share the same political culture
exists in India. This classification is based ones birth marked by the norms of democracy and secularism.
as well as his achievements. The geo-political unity of India was always
visualized by our seers and rulers. The expressions
Multi-ethnic Society of this consciousness of the geo-political unity of
India are found in Rig-Veda, in Sanskrit literature,
Indian society is multi-ethnic in nature due to in the edicts of Asoka, in Buddhist monuments and
various racial groups coexists in India. Almost all in various other sources. The ideal of geo-political
the races of the world can be seen in India. unity of India is also reflected in the concepts of
Bharatvarsha (the old indigenous classic name for
Multi-Religious Society India), Chakravarti (emperor), and
Ekchhatradhipatya (under one rule).
Although Hinduism is the major religion in India,
there exist various other religions such as Islam, Another source of unity of India lies in what is
Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity, Bahai known as temple culture, which is reflected in the
and Parsi etc. network of shrines and sacred places. From
Badrinath and Kedarnath in the north to
Multi-Lingual Society Rameshwaram in the south, Jagannath Puri in the
east to Dwaraka in the west the religious shrines and
There exist more than 1600 languages in India. holy rivers are spread throughout the length and
Major languages are Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, breadth of the country. Closely related to them is the
Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Odia, Assamese etc age-old culture of pilgrimage, which has always
moved people to various parts of the country and
Unity fostered in them a sense of geo-cultural unity. As
well as being an expression of religious sentiment,
Unity means integration. It is a social psychological pilgrimage is also an expression of love for the
condition. It connotes a sense of one-ness, a sense of motherland, a sort of mode of worship of the
we-ness. It stands for the bonds, which hold the country. It has acted as an antithesis to the regional

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diversity and has played a significant part in entailed ritual matters, social support as well as
promoting interaction and cultural affinity among economic exchange. The whole of a local social
the people living in different parts of India. order was involved (the people and their values) in
such jajmani links. A patron had jajmani relations
Indian culture, has a remarkable quality of with members of a high caste (like a Brahmin priest
accommodation and tolerance. There is ample whose services he needed for rituals). He also
evidence of it. The first evidence of it lies in the required the services of specialists from the lower
elastic character of Hinduism, the majority religion jati to perform those necessary tasks like washing of
of India. It is common knowledge that Hinduism is dirty clothes, cutting of hair, cleaning the rooms and
not a homogeneous religion, that is, a religion toilets, delivery of the child etc. Those associated in
having one God, one Book and one Temple. Indeed, these interdependent relations were expected to be
it can be best described as a federation of faiths. and were broadly supportive of each other with
Polytheistic (having multiple deities) in character, it qualities of ready help that generally close kinsmen
goes to the extent of accommodating village level were expected to show.
deities and tribal faiths. For the same reason,
sociologists have distinguished two broad forms of Sociologist [Link] has called this ‘vertical
Hinduism: sanskritic and popular. Sanskritic is that unity of castes’. The jajmani relations usually
which is found in the texts (religious books like involved multiple kinds of payment and obligations
Vedas, etc.) and popular is that which is found in the as well as multiple functions. No caste was self-
actual life situation of the vast masses. Robert sufficient. If anything, it depended for many things
Redfield has called these two forms as great on other castes. In a sense, each caste was a
tradition of Ramayana and Mahabharata and the functional group in that it rendered a specified
little tradition of worship of the village deity. And service to other caste groups. Jajmani system is that
everything passes for Hinduism. What it shows is mechanism which has formalised and regulated this
that Hinduism has been an open religion, a receptive functional interdependence. Furthermore, castes cut
and absorbing religion, an encompassing religion. It across the boundaries of religious communities. We
is known for its quality of openness and have earlier mentioned that notions of caste are
accommodation. Another evidence of it lies in its found in all the religious communities in India. In its
apathy to conversion. Hinduism is not a actual practice, thus, the institution of jajmani
proselytising religion. That is, it does not seek provides for inter linkages between people of
converts. Nor has it ordinarily resisted other different religious groups. Thus a Hindu may be
religions to seek converts from within its fold. This dependent for the washing of his clothes on a
quality of accommodation and tolerance has paved Muslim washerman. Similarly, a Muslim may be
the way to the coexistence of several faiths in India. dependent for the stitching of his clothes on a Hindu
tailor, and vice-versa.
Indian society was organized in such a way that
various social groups were independent of each Efforts have been made from time to time by
other. One manifestation of it is found in the form sensitive and sensible leaders of both the
of Jajmani system, i.e., a system of functional communities to synthesise Hindu and Muslim
interdependence of castes. The term “jajman” refers traditions so as to bring the two major communities
generally to the patron or recipient of specialised closer to each other. Akbar, for example, founded a
services. The relations were traditionally between a new religion, Din-e-Ilahi, combining best of both
food producing family and the families that the religions. Some bhakti saints like Kabir, Eknath
supported them with goods and services. These and Guru Nanak, as well as some sufi saints made
came to be called the jajmani relations. Jajmani important contributions in forging unity among to
relations were conspicuous in village life, as they communities. At the time of independence struggle,

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Mahatama Gandhi laid extreme emphasis on Hindu religion, caste, class etc. and promotion of
Muslim unity which was instrumental in India equality to all. ii)Safeguard the rights of the
becoming a secular state and moving on the path of weaker section such as women, children,
progress. elderly, widows, destitute and the backward
classes. iii)Eradication of traditional
malpractices and social evils such as
untouchability, dowry, child marriage,
Concept of Social Legislation female infanticide etc. iv)Provision of social
security.
 Legislation is an instrument to control, guide
and restrain the behaviour of individuals and AIM OF SOCIAL LEGISLATION :
groups living in society. Individuals and
groups left in absolute freedom may clash  To change and reorganize society by
with each other in the pursuit of their self improving its social and economic condition.
interest at the cost of [Link] cause Each individual of the society has to be
grave harm to society leading to chaos. given equal rights and equal opportunities. §
Legislation is one of the many institutions Social legislation aims to address social
which controls and directs individual action problems through legislative means, and
into desirable channels. initiates process of social reform and social
 Others being social customs, traditions, change based on sound social rules. § Since
religious prescription etc. Law is a vast the process of social change in fast social
subject having many branches. In a broad legislation also provides desired direction to
sense, all laws are social in character, in a changes.
narrow sense only those laws that are
enacted for the purpose of social welfare are
categorized as social legislation. There are
several types of legislations such as taxation, NEEDS FOR SOCIAL LEGISLATION :
corporate, civil, criminal, commercial etc.
 Social legislation is that branch of law which  to ensure social justice, to bring about social
is an aggregate of the laws relating to the reform, § to promote social welfare, § to
various socio- economic condition of the bring about desired social change, § to
people. It is a social institution that embodies protect and promote of rights of
the social norms created on the initiative of a socioeconomically disadvantaged groups of
competent legislative agency. These laws are the society.
enacted keeping in view the needs of the
time, the circumstances of the nation and its
socio-political ideals.
NATURE OF LEGISLATION IN WELFARE
STATE:

OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL LEGISLATION :  Women welfare Child welfare § Schedule

caste development § Welfare of OBC §
 Social legislation derives its inspiration from Welfare of disable person § Labour welfare
our constitution and has the following § Housing welfare
specific objectives: i)Removal of
discrimination on the grounds of sex,

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Child welfare: exploitation, the protection of Civil Rights
Act, 1995, the SC & ST Act 1989 were
 After the formation of legislation, child enacted. Article 330 for reservation of SC &
labour act-1986 was come into force. ST, Article 15 for abolition of untouchablity
According to which no child below the age is ensured by the legislation.
of 14 years should work in any hazardous
place. In July 2006, the Indian Govt. brought
an amendment according to which, “no child
below the age of 14 should work in any
hazardous place or in dhaba, hotels as
servant or work as a domestic servant. The Welfare of disable person:
Juvenile Justice Act, 2001 said that if a child
below the age of 14 saw any deviant
behavior shouldn’t be punished & treat
friendly behavior in adjudication.  The Comprehensive Law namely the equal
opportunity, protection of rights & full
Women welfare: participation act-1995 has been enacted &
enforced in February 1996. The Mental
Health Act 1987 & Lapers Act 1898 are
working for the prevention & promotional
 The total workforce in our country is about aspects of the disable persons.
314 million, out of which women constitute
90 million & man 224 million. To maintain
the dignity of women, equality of sexes &
establishment of special justice, women Labour welfare:
welfare programmes such as Janani Suraksha
Yojana, MCH, Maternity Benefit Leave,  The International Labour Organization (ILO)
ICDS, formation of SHG, micro finance are was set-up in 1919, as a part of the League
some of the keys which has provided welfare of Nations for the promotion of Universal
majors to the women. Peace through social justice. The study
group of ‘National Commission’ on Labour
on 2002 has brought out the new changes
and welfare majors for women, children &
self employed workers who work as
labourer.
Schedule Caste development:
THE CONTRACT LABOUR
(REGULATIONAND ABOLITION)ACT, 1970:

 The Ministry of social justice &

empowerment is the nodal ministry that
overseas the interest of the schedule caste.  The Objective of the Contract Labour
Besides this the national commission has Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970 is to
been set-up to look-after the interest of SCs prevent exploitation of contract labour and
& STs under article 338. To achieve their also to introduce better conditions of work.
social development to protect them from A workman is deemed to be employed as

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Contract Labour when he is hired in vide Official Gazette notification dated 31
connection with the work of an March 2017 has appointed 1 April 2017 as
establishment by or through a Contractor. the date on which the Maternity Benefit
(Amendment) Act 2017 ("MB Amendment
Act") has come into force. However, the
relevant provision on the "work from home"
EMPLOYEES' STATE INSURANCE ACT, option will come into effect from 1 July
1948 : 2017.

 The promulgation of Employees' State Healthcare Facilities in Rural Areas

Insurance Act, 1948 envisaged an integrated
need based social insurance scheme that
would protect the interest of workers in
contingencies such as sickness, maternity,  indigenous systems of medicine; drugs and
temporary or permanent physical pharmaceuticals. Public health being a State
disablement, and death due to employment subject, the primary responsibility to provide
injury resulting in loss of wages or earning improved access to healthcare services is
capacity. The Act also guarantees reasonably that of the State Governments. However,
good medical care to workers and their under National Health Mission (NHM)
immediate dependants. financial support is provided to State/UT
Governments to strengthen their healthcare
systems to provide better and easy access to
healthcare services. As per Rural Health
EQUAL REMUNERATIONACT, 1976 : Statistics, 2014, there is a shortfall of 36346
Sub Health Centres (SCs), 6700 Primary
Health Centres (PHCs), and 2350
Community Health Centres (CHCs) against
 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 aims to the specified population norm.
provide for the payment of equal  As per Rural Health Statistics Bulletin
remuneration to men and women workers (RHS) 2014, a total of 2225 (8.89%) Primary
and for the prevention of discrimination, on Health Centres (PHCs) are functioning
the ground of sex, against women in the without doctor, 9825 (39.26%) PHCs
matter of employment and for matters without Lab Technician and 5739 (22.94%)
connected therewith or incidental thereto. PHCs without a pharmacist in the country.
 Under the National Health Mission (NHM),
financial support is provided to the States
/UTs to strengthen their health care system
MATERNITYBENEFIT (AMENDMENT)ACT, for augmentation of health human resources,
2017 : provision of free essential medicines, etc.
Some key support areas under NHM are:-
 ASHAs: ASHA is a female voluntary health
worker who acts as the link between the
 The Ministry of Labour and Employment, community and the public health facilities.
Government of India ("Ministry of Labour") She provides basic information regarding

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health and health care services and motivates in public health facilities by providing funds
people to access services from public health and incentives under the National Health
facilities. Mission (NHM). Up to 5% additional
 Ambulances: Under NHM, support is funding (over and above the normal
provided to States/UTs to set-up a patient allocation of the state) under the NRHM was
transport system where people can dial 108 introduced as an incentive from the year
or 102 telephone number for calling an 2012-13 for those States that introduce free
ambulance. Dial 108 system is an medicines scheme.
Emergency Response System, primarily  Untied Grants to facilities: Under NHM,
designed to cater to patients of critical care, support is given to States/UTs to strengthen
trauma and accident victims, etc. 102 Sub Centres, PHCs, CHCs and District
services is essentially the basic patient Hospitals by provision of Untied Funds to
transport system aimed to cater to the undertake need based works for improving
pregnant women and sick children though infrastructure and enhancing service delivery
other categories are also taking benefit and at these facilities.
are not excluded.  Support for Reproductive, Maternal, New-
 Mobile Medical Units (MMUs): MMUs born, Child & Adolescent Health
provide outreach services in rural and remote (RMNCH+A): RMNCH+A seeks to address
areas through a team of staff including one the major causes of mortality among women
doctor, one nurse, one lab attendant, one and children as well as the delays in
pharmacist and a helper and driver. accessing and utilizing health care services.
 Human Resources: Support is provided The RMNCH+A strategic approach provides
under National Health Mission to States and for ‘continuum of care’ to ensure equal focus
UTs for engaging health care staff at public on various life stages. The support to
health facilities on contractual basis, for States/UTs under National Health Mission
providing incentives to doctors and other for RMNCH+A includes Janani Suraksha
staff to work in rural and remote areas, for Yojana (J.S.Y), Janani Shishu Suraksha
capacity building of staff, etc. Karyakram (J.S.S.K), Maternal and Child
 Infrastructure: Support under NHM is Health Wings at facilities with higher case
provided to States/UTs for establishment of load, Integrated Management of Neonatal
new facilities based on population and time and Childhood Illness (IMNCI), Home
to care norms and for up-gradation of Based New-born Care (HBNC),
existing facilities by constructing new establishment of facility- based care for new-
buildings or by renovation of existing ones. born and sick children including New Born
 Drugs & Equipment: To supplement the Care Corners (NBCCs), New Born
efforts of States/UTs in ensuring availability Stabilization Units (NBSUs), Special New
of drugs at public health facilities, Born Care Units (SNCUs), Nutritional
Government of India has been providing free Rehabilitation Centres (NRCs), Universal
drugs /funds for free drugs to States/UTs Immunization Programme, Rashtriya Bal
under the Reproductive and Child Health Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK), Rashtriya
(RCH) and National Disease Control Kishor Swasthya Karyakram and Family
Programmes for Tuberculosis, Vector borne Planning Services.
diseases including Malaria, Leprosy and  Support for control of communicable and
HIV/AIDS etc. Government is also non-communicable diseases: Under NHM,
encouraging the States/UTs to provide support is provided to States/UTs for the
universal access to free essential medicines control of the communicable diseases

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including vector borne diseases such as The areas covered by them related toorganization,
Malaria and Filariasis, Leprosy and integration and development of health care services /
Tuberculosis and for disease surveillance. delivery system acrosslevel. health policy and
Under the National Non-Communicable planning, national programmes, public health,human
Disease Programmes, NHM supports resources. indigenous systems of medicine; drugs
prevention and control of Blindness, mental and pharmaceuticals.
health issues, cardiovascular diseases and
stroke, deafness, Tobacco related illnesses, Rural Health Scheme: Community Health
oral health issues, Fluorosis, Iodine Volunteer Scheme-Village HealthGuides
deficiency disorders, etc. In addition support
is also provided to States/UTs for health care Acceptance of the recommendations of the
of elderly and palliative care. Shrivastav Committee report led to thelaunching of
Rural Health Scheme in 1977, wherein training of
community healthworkers, reorientation training of
multipurpose workers and linking medical colleges
Primary Health Care is a vital strategy which is a torural health was initiated. Also to initiate
backbone of Health Service delivery forour community participation, the CommunityHealth
country. India was one of the first few countries to Volunteer – Village Health Guide (VHG) scheme
recognize the importance ofPrimary Health Care was launched on 2nd October1977. According to the
Approach. PHC was conceptualized in 1946, three VHG Scheme the village community selects a
decades beforethe Alma Ata declaration, when Sir volunteer was to bea person from the village, mostly
Joseph Bhore made recommendations, which laid women, who was imparted short term training
thebasis for organization of basic health services in andsmall incentive for the work. VHG acts as a link
India. Over the past decades, severalCommittees between the community and theGovernment Health
and Commissions have been appointed by the System. He / She mainly provides health education
Government to examine issuesand challenges facing and createsawareness of Maternal and Child Health
the health sector. The purpose of these committees and Family Welfare Services. He / She has tokeep a
formed fromtime to time is to review the current track of communicable and treat minor ailments and
situation regarding health status in the country provide first aid to thepatients.
andsuggest further course of action in order to
accord the best of healthcare to the [Link] Alma Ata Declaration – Health for all by 2000
earliest committees included, the Health Survey and
Development Committee (BhoreCommittee) and The Alma Ata declaration of 1978 launched the
Sokhey Committee. Other main Committees in the concept of Health For All by year [Link] was
Post Independenceperiod, included Mudaliar signed by 134 governments (including India) and 67
Committee, Chadha Committee, Mukherjee other agencies. The Alma AtaDeclaration in 1978
Committee,Jungalwalla Committee, Kartar Singh gave an insight into the understanding of primary
Committee; Mehta Committee, Bajaj health care. Itviewed health as an integral part of the
Committeeamongst others. Some of the recent socioeconomic development of a country.
Committees include the Mashelkar Committee Itprovided the most holistic understanding to health
andthe National Commission on Macroeconomics and the framework that States neededto pursue to
and Health. The committees andcommissions have achieve the goals of development. The Declaration
been headed by eminent public health experts, who recommended thatprimary health care should
have studied theissues in an in-depth manner and include at least: education concerning prevailing
provided overarching recommendations for healthproblems and methods of identifying,
variousaspects of the health care system in India. preventing and controlling them; promotion of

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foodsupply and proper nutrition, and adequate statuskeeping in view the physical and qualitative
supply of safe water and basic sanitation;maternal implementations of plan programmes, shortfalls and
and child health care, including family planning; deficiencies and measures for rectifying them. The
immunization against majorinfectious diseases; report of the working Groupon “Health for All by
prevention and control of locally endemic diseases; 2000 AD” examined the contextual issues in
appropriatetreatment of common diseases and providing health [Link] report contains a variety
injuries; promotion of mental health and provision of inter-related recommendations, setting out
ofessential drugs. It emphasized the need for strong objectives,strategies and operational goals which are
first-level care with strong secondary and tertiary- considered feasible in the obtaining [Link] is
level care linked to it. It called for an integration of basically set down the parameters of the problem
preventive, promotive,curative and rehabilitative and set out the specific health tasksand targets to the
health services that had to be made accessible and state in the simplest terms but with full belief, that
available tothe people, and this was to be guided by the goal of HealthFor All as spelt out here is an
the principles of universality,comprehensiveness achievable one, given the sustained will and the
and equity. In one sense, primary health care supportingefforts to implement the indicated tasks
reasserted the role andresponsibilities of the State, by 2000 AD.
and recognized that health is influenced by a
multitude offactors and not just the health First National Health Policy, 1983
services.13 At the same time, the Declaration
emphasizedon complete and organized community The responsibility of the state to provide
participation, and ultimate self-reliance comprehensive primary health care to its peopleas
withindividuals, families and communities assuming envisioned by the Alma Ata declaration led to the
more responsibility for their own health,facilitated formulation of India‟s First Nationalhealth Policy
by support from groups such as the local (NHP) in 1983. The major goal of policy was to
government, agencies, local leaders,voluntary provide of universal,comprehensive primary health
groups, youth and women's groups, consumer services. The policy emphasized the role that could
groups, other non-governmentalorganizations, etc. be played by private and voluntary organizations
The Declaration affirmed the need for a balanced working in the country to supportgovernment for
distribution ofavailable resources (WHO 1978). The integration of health services. It stressed the creation
declaration asserted “PHC is essential health of an infrastructurefor primary healthcare; close co-
carebased on practical, scientifically sound and ordination with health-related services and activities
socially acceptable methods and technology made likenutrition, drinking water supply and sanitation;
universally accessible to individuals and families in the active involvement and participation ofvoluntary
the community through theirfull participation at organisations; the provision of essential drugs and
every stage of their development in the spirit of self- vaccines; qualitativeimprovement in health and
reliance and self determination.”Several critical family planning services; the provision of adequate
efforts outlined Government of India‟s commitment training; andmedical research aimed at the common
to provide health forall of its citizens after Alma Ata health problems of the [Link], A
declarations, which are briefly discussed selective approach as an “interim” measure to the
[Link] a view of evolving a national strategy long term process ofcomprehensive primary health
for securing the objectives of Health For Alland to care implementation was introduced in many
identify specific programmes for the VI Five Year countries,including India as resource constraints
Plan, The working group onHealth was constituted made it ”not possible” to achieve Alma Ata
by the Planning Commission with Shri Kripa goalswithin the committed time limit. Thus the
Narain, Secretary,Ministry of Health and Family focus shifted from the development of
welfare as its Chairman to review the current health healthsystems and infrastructure for primary health

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care and ensuring health equity to severalvertical water. It also aims at mainstreamingthe Indian
interventions based on technical justifications and systems of medicine to facilitate health care. The
cost effectiveness [Link] also suggested mission envisages aprimary health care approach for
its selective approach, GOBI-FFF (Growth decentralized health planning and implementation
monitoring, Oraldehydration, Breast feeding, atthe village and district level. The mission was
Immunization, Female literacy, Family planning, made operational from April 2005throughout the
Foodsupplement) for improving child survival. By country with special focus on 18 states having weak
the turn of the millennium, despite somegains in demographicindicators and infrastructure. The Plan
health outcomes and vast improvements in the of Action includes increasing public expenditureon
availability of healthinfrastructure through a three- health, reducing regional imbalance in health
tier network, India had yet to achieve most of the infrastructure, pooling resources,integration of
goalsenshrined in its first national health policy. organizational structures, optimization of health
manpower,decentralization and district management
Second National Health Policy, 2002 of health programmes, community participationand
ownership of assets, induction of management and
Nearly twenty years after the first health policy, the financial personnel into districthealth system, and
Second National Health Policy, 2002was presented. operationalizing community health centers into
The NHP 2002 recognized as the noteworthy functional hospitalsmeeting Indian Public Health
successes in health since theimplementation of the Standards in each Block of the [Link] Goal of
First NHP 1983. These successes included the the Mission is to improve the availability of and
eradication of smallpox and guinea worm, the near access to quality healthcare by people, especially for
eradication of polio and the progress towards those residing in rural areas, the poor, women
theelimination of leprosy and neonatal tetanus. The [Link] is visualized as an architectural
NHP sets out a new policy framework toachieve correction of the Indian Public health system
public health goals 23 in the socio-economic toenable it to effectively handle increased
circumstances currently prevailing inthe country. allocations and promote policies that
The approach aims at increasing access to the strengthenpublic health management and service
decentralized public healthsystems by establishing delivery in the country. It envisages
new infrastructure in deficient areas and upgrading appropriatehealth personnel to be placed at different
theinfrastructure of existing institutions. It sets out levels starting from village level in fullyfunctioning
an increased sectoral share of allocationout of total health centers with adequate linkages amongst
health spending to primary health care. different levels. An illustrativestructure model is
depicted in below Figure showing health structures
National Rural Health Mission (NRHM, 2005- functioning atdifferent levels with a set of key
2012) health personnel performing adequate functioning
incoordination with other [Link] has as its
Recognizing the importance of Health in the process key components as provision of a female health
of economic and social developmentand improving activist in each villagecalled ASHA to promote
the quality of life of our citizens, the Government of access to improved health care at household level: a
India has launchedthe National Rural Health VillageHealth Plan formulation through a local team
Mission (NRHM) in April 2005 to carry out headed by the health and sanitationcommittee of the
necessaryarchitectural correction in the basic health Panchayat: strengthening of rural hospitals for
care delivery system. The Mission adopts effective curative careand making them measurable
asynergistic approach by relating health to and accountable to the community through Indian
determinants of good health viz. segments of PublicHealth Standards (IPHS); integration of
nutrition, sanitation, hygiene and safe drinking vertical health and family welfare

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 MPPSC MAINS PAPER 2 SECTION B 2018
programmes:strengthening of primary health care under AYUSH by management status i.e.
through optimal utilization of funds, dispensaries & hospitalsare 24,465 & 3,408
infrastructureand available manpower. NRHM respectively as on [Link] are 1,47,069 Sub
works on five key approaches – Centers, 23,673 Primary Health Centers and 4,535
communitizationemphasizing community Community Health Centers in India as on March
involvement, flexible financing for increased 2010. Total No. of licensed Blood Banks in the
monetaryautonomy at different levels, capacity Country as on January 2011 are 2445.
building to empower multiple stakeholders
forefficient health delivery and human resource Sub Centres (SCs)
management to generate more manpowerand
equipping health personnel with adequate multiple The Sub-Centre is the most peripheral and first
skills. contact point between the primary healthcare system
and the community. Each Sub-Centre is required to
Primary health care resources in be manned by at leastone Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
IndiaInfrastructure (ANM) / Female Health Worker and one Male
HealthWorker (for details of staffing pattern, and
Health Infrastructure is an important indicator to recommended staffing structure under IndianPublic
understand the healthcare deliveryprovisions and Health Standards (IPHS) see Annexure I). Under
mechanisms in a country. Health Infrastructure NRHM, there is a provision forone additional
indicators is subdividedinto two categories viz. second ANM on contract basis. One Lady Health
educational infrastructure and service Visitor (LHV) isentrusted with the task of
[Link] infrastructure provides supervision of six Sub-Centers. Sub-Centers are
details of medical colleges, students admitted assigned tasksrelating to interpersonal
toM.B.B.S. course, post graduate degree/diploma in communication in order to bring about behavioral
medical and dental colleges,admissions to BDS & change andprovide services in relation to maternal
MDS courses, AYUSH institutes, Nursing courses and child health, family welfare,
and Paramedical [Link] education nutrition,immunization, diarrhoea control and
infrastructures in the country have shown rapid control of communicable diseases programmes.
growth during the last20 years. The country has 314 TheSub-Centers are provided with basic drugs for
medical colleges 46 with total admission of 29,263 minor ailments needed for taking care ofessential
(in 256Medical Colleges), 289 Colleges for BDS health needs of men, women and children.54 The
courses and 140 colleges conduct MDScourses Ministry of Health & FamilyWelfare is providing
21547 and 2,783 respectively 47 during 2010-11. 100% Central assistance to all the Sub-Centers in
There are 2028 Institutions forGeneral Nurse the country sinceApril 2002 in the form of salary of
Midwives with admission capacity of 8033248 and ANMs and LHVs, rent at the rate of Rs. 3000/-
608 colleges forPharmacy (diploma) with an intake perannum and contingency at the rate of Rs. 3200/-
capacity of 36115 49 as on 31st March, per annum, in addition to drugs andequipment kits.
[Link] infrastructure in health include details The salary of the Male Worker is borne by the State
of allopathic hospitals, hospital beds,Indian System Governments. Underthe Swap Scheme, the
of Medicine & Homeopathy hospitals, Sub centers, Government of India has taken over an additional
PHC, CHC and [Link] are 12,760 39,554 SubCenters from State Governments / Union
hospitals having 576793 beds in the country. 6795 Territories since April, 2002 in lieu of 5,434 Rural
hospitals are in ruralarea with 149690 beds and Family Welfare Centers transferred to the State
3748 hospital are in Urban area with 399195 beds. Governments / Union [Link] are 1,
Rural andUrban bifurcation is not available in the 47,069 sub centers functioning in the country as on
States of Bihar and [Link] care facilities March 2010.

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Primary Health Centres (PHCs) being declared as a FRU: i) EmergencyObstetric
Care including surgical interventions like Caesarean
PHC is the first contact point between village Sections; ii) New-bornCare; and iii) Blood Storage
community and the Medical Officer. ThePHCs were Facility on a 24-hour basis.
envisaged to provide an integrated curative and
preventive health care to therural population with Current Situation of the Human Resources
emphasis on preventive and promotive aspects of compared to 2005 (Before NRHM)
health care. ThePHCs are established and
maintained by the State Governments under the The launch of the NRHM in 2005 marked a turning
MinimumNeeds Programme (MNP)/ Basic point in human resource for [Link]
Minimum Services (BMS) Programme. As commitments of the centrally-funded scheme to
perminimum requirement, a PHC is to be manned provide the funds needed to closethe human
by a Medical Officer supported by 14paramedical resource gaps between the posts that were
and other staff.56 Under NRHM, there is a sanctioned by the state governmentsand the posts
provision for two additional StaffNurses at PHCs on that were required to meet the new standards,
contract basis. It acts as a referral unit for 6 Sub dramatically changed thesituation. This led to the
Centres. It has 4 - 6beds for patients. The activities appointment of almost 1,06,949 more skilled service
of PHC involve curative, preventive, promotive providersin the public health system by March 2010,
andFamily Welfare Services. There are 23,673 of which 2,460 were specialists, 8,624 weredoctors,
PHCs functioning as on March 2010 in thecountry. 7,692 were AYUSH doctors, 26,993 were nurses,
46,990 were ANMs and14,990 were paramedical.
Community Health Centres (CHCs) This was one of the largest increments to the public
healthworkers in recent times. Also NRHM funds
CHCs are being established and maintained by the have also enabled the revitalizing of thecommunity
State Government under MNP/BMSprogramme. As health worker programme in India and the ASHAs
per minimum norms, a CHC is required to be over 7, 00,000 signifies amassive increase in health
manned by four medicalspecialists i.e. Surgeon, workers in the [Link] we compare the
Physician, Gynecologist and Pediatrician supported manpower position of major categories in 2010 with
by 21paramedical and other staff. It has 30 in-door that in 2005,it is observed that there are significant
beds with one OT, X-ray, Labour Roomand improvement in terms of the numbers in all
Laboratory facilities.58 It serves as a referral centre thecategories. For instance, the number of ANMs at
for 4 PHCs and also providesfacilities for obstetric Sub Centres and PHCs have increasedfrom 133194
care and specialist consultations. As on March, in 2005 to 191457 in 2010 which amounts to an
2009, there are4,535 CHCs functioning in the increase of about 43.7%.Similarly, the Doctors at
country. PHCs have increased from 20308 in 2005 to 25870
in 2010,which is about 27% increase. Moreover, the
First Referral Units (FRUs) specialist doctors at CHCs have increasedfrom 3550
in 2005 to 6781 in 2010, which implies an
An existing facility (district hospital, sub-divisional appreciable 91% increase in 5 yearsof NRHM. By
hospital, community health centreetc.) can be analyzing the state wise picture, it may be observed
declared a fully operational First Referral Unit that the increasein the ANMs is attributed mainly to
(FRU) only if it is equipped toprovide round-the- significant increase in the states of Andhra
clock services for Emergency Obstetric and New Pradesh,Assam, Goa, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir,
Born Care, inaddition to all emergencies that any Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra,Manipur,
hospital is required to provide. It should be noted Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajastan,
thatthere are three critical determinants of a facility Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh andWest Bengal.

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Similarly there is a significant increase in the  Strengthening capacities for data collection,
number of doctors at PHCs inthe states namely assessment and review for evidence base
Andhra Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, planning, monitoring and supervision.
Kerala, MadhyaPradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan.
Supplementary Strategies under Mission

 Regulation for private sector including the

The key core strategies under NRHM are : informal Rural Medical Practitioners(RMPs)
to ensure availability of quality service to
 Train and enhance capacity of Panchayat Raj citizens at reasonable cost.
Institutions (PRIs) to own, control and  Promotion of Public Private Parternership
manage public health services. for achieving public health goals.
 Promote access to improved health care at  Mainstreaming the Indian System of
household level through the village level medicine (AYUSH) revitalizing local health
worker , ASHA traditions.
 Health plan for each village through Village  Reorienting medical education to support
Health Committee of the Panchayat. rural health issues including regulation of
 Strengthening sub centers through better medical care to medical ethics.
human resource development, clearquality  Effective and viable risk pooling and social
standards, better community standards, health insurance to provide health security to
better community support and an untied fund the poor by ensuring accessible, affordable,
to enable local planning and action and more accountable and good quality hospital care.
multipurpose workers.
 Strengthening existing Primary Health
Centers through better staffing and human
resource development policy, clear quality Analysis
standards, better community support and an
untied fund enable the local management  Rural health care in India faces a crisis
committee to achieve these standards. unmatched by any other sector of the
 Provision of 30 – 50 bedded CHC per lakh economy. To mention just one dramatic fact,
population for improved curative care to a rural medical practitioners (RMPs), who
normative standard. (Indian Public Health provide 80% of outpatient care, have no
Standards defining personnel,equipment and formal qualifications for it. They sometimes
management standards) lack even a high school diploma.
 Preparation and implementation of an inter-  In 2005, the central government launched the
sector district plan prepared by district health National Rural Health Mission (NRHM)
mission, including drinking water supply, under which it proposed to increase public
sanitation, hygiene and nutrition. expenditure on health as a proportion of the
 Integrating vertical health and family welfare GDP to 3% from 1%. But increased
programmes at national, state,district and expenditure without appropriate policy
block levels. reform is unlikely to suffice. Experience to-
 Technical support to national, state and date inspires little confidence in the ability of
district health mission for public health the government to turn the expenditures into
management. effective service.
 Rural India consists of approximately
638,000 villages inhabited by more than 740

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million individuals. A network of are frequently unavailable for childbirths
government-owned and -operated sub- even if the mother is willing to come to the
centres, primary health centres (PHCs) and PHC. Though PHCs are supposed to be free,
community health centres (CHCs) is most of them informally charge a fee. Under
designed to deliver primary health care to these circumstances, even many among the
rural folks. poor have concluded in favour of private
 Sub-centre is the first contact point between services.
the community and the primary health care  public health services have done poorly even
system. It employs one male and one female along the income distribution dimension.
health worker, with the latter being an According to a 2001 study, the poorest 20%
auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM). It is of the population captures only 10% of the
responsible for tasks relating to maternal and public health subsidy compared with 30% by
child health, nutrition, immunisation, the richest 20%. The share in the subsidy
diarrhoea control and communicable rises monotonically as we move from the
diseases. bottom 20%. The justification for the
 Current norms require one sub-centre per government provision of health services on
5,000 persons, one PHC per 30,000 people income distribution grounds does not find
and one CHC per 120,000 people in the support in the data.
plains. Smaller populations qualify for each  To make improvements in the delivery of
of these centres in the tribal and hilly areas. health services, at least three reforms are
Each PHC serves as a referral unit to six sub- urgently required. First, it is time to accept
centres and each CHC to four PHCs. A PHC the fact that the government has at best
has four to six beds and performs curative, limited capability to deliver health services
preventive and family welfare services. and that a radical shift in strategy that gives
 Each CHC has four specialists — one each the poor greater opportunity to choose
of physician, surgeon, gynaecologist and between private and public providers is
paediatrician — supported by 21 needed.
paramedical and other staff members. It has  This can be best accomplished by providing
30 indoor beds, one operation theatre, X-ray the poor cash transfers for out-patient care
and labour rooms and laboratory facilities. It and insurance for in-patient care. Once this
provides emergency obstetrics care and is done, a competitive price must be charged
specialist consultation. for services provided at public facilities as
 Despite this elaborate network of facilities, well. The government should invest in public
only 20% of those seeking outpatient facilities only in hard to reach regions where
services and 45% of those seeking indoor private providers may not emerge.
treatment avail of public services. While the  Second, the government must introduce up
dilapidated state of infrastructure and poor to one-year long training courses for
supply of drugs and equipment are partly to practitioners engaged in treating routine
blame, the primary culprit is the rampant illnesses. This would be in line with the
employee absenteeism. Nation-wide average National Health Policy 2002, which
absentee rate is 40%. envisages a role for paramedics along the
 The employees are paid by the state, with the lines of nurse practitioners in the United
local officials having no authority over them. States.
Not surprisingly, many medical officers visit  The existing RMPs may be given priority in
the PHCs infrequently and run parallel the provision of such training with the goal
private practice in the nearby town. ANMs

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being replacement of all RMPs by qualified
nurse practitioners.
 Finally, there is urgent need for accelerating
the growth of MBBS graduates to replace
unqualified “doctors” who operate in both
urban and rural areas. Taking into account
the evolution of medical colleges and
assuming that doctors remain active for 30
years after receiving their degrees, there are
at the most 650,000 doctors in India today.
 With a population of 1.1 billion, this implies
approximately 1,700 people per doctor. In
comparison, there are just 400 people per
doctor in the United States and 220 in Israel.
Whereas private colleges and institutes in
engineering, computer applications and
business fields have mushroomed in
response to the demand, the same has not
happened in the medical field.
 The Indian Medical Council (IMC) zealously
controls the entry of new colleges and keeps
the existing medical colleges on a short
leash. Recently, it threatened to effectively
close down as many as six of the eight
medical colleges in Bihar because they were
in violation of its guidelines on how many
senior positions could be left unfilled at any
time.
 Given low salaries, colleges face serious
difficulties in filling the positions. The result
has been extremely slow expansion of
capacity in many states. West Bengal has
added just two medical colleges since 1969,
Rajasthan three since 1965, Punjab three
since 1973, Delhi one since 1971 and Bihar
two since 1971.
 Only Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have achieved
satisfactory progress. This must change. The
IMC perhaps needs to relax its norms and
the government needs to make salaries
competitive to adequately staff the existing
colleges and open new ones.

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