Chapter 05 9

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION

SETS For example, the set A of all prime numbers less than 10 in
the set-builder form is written as
1. SET A = {x | x is a prime number less that 10}
The symbol '|' stands for the words 'such that'. Sometimes,
A set is a collection of well-defined and well distinguished we use the symbol ':' in place of the symbol '|'.
objects.

1.1 Notations
3. TYPES OF SETS

The sets are usually denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. 3.1 Empty Set or Null Set
and the members or elements of the set are denoted by lower-
case letters a, b, c, etc. If x is a member of the set A, we write A set which has no element is called the null set or empty
x Î A (read as 'x belongs to A') and if x is not a member of the
set. It is denoted by the symbol f or { }.
set A, we write x Ï A (read as 'x does not belong to A,). If x
and y both belong to A, we write x, y Î A. For example, each of the following is a null set :

2. REPRESENTATION OF A SET (a) The set of all real numbers whose square is –1.
(b) The set of all rational numbers whose square is 2.
Usually, sets are represented in the following two ways :
(c) The set of all those integers that are both even and odd.
(i) Roster form or Tabular form
A set consisting of atleast one element is called a
(ii) Set Builder form or Rule Method
non-empty set.
2.1 Roster Form
3.2 Singleton Set
In this form, we list all the member of the set within braces
(curly brackets) and separate these by commas. For example, A set having only one element is called singleton set.
the set A of all odd natural numbers less that 10 in the Roster
For example, {0} is a singleton set, whose only member is 0.
form is written as :
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 3.3 Finite and Infinite Set

NOTES : A set which has finite number of elements is called a finite

set. Otherwise, it is called an infinite set.
(i) In roster form, every element of the set is listed only once. For example, the set of all days in a week is a finite set
(ii) The order in which the elements are listed is immaterial. whereas the set of all integers, denoted by
For example, each of the following sets denotes the same {...-2, -1, 0, 1, 2,...} or {x | x is an integer}, is an infinite set.
set {1, 2, 3}, {3, 2, 1}, {1, 3, 2} An empty set is a finite set.

2.2 Set-Builder Form 3.4 Cardinal Number

In this form, we write a variable (say x) representing any The number of elements in finite set is represented by n(A),
member of the set followed by a property satisfied by each and is known as Cardinal number of set A.
member of the set.
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3.5 Equal Sets

5. OPERATIONS ON SETS
Two sets A and B are said to be equals, written as A = B, if
5.1 Union of Two Sets
every element of A is in B and every element of B is in A.

3.6 Equivalent Sets The union of two sets A and B, written as A È B (read as 'A
union B'), is the set consisting of all the elements which are
Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent, if
either in A or in B or in both. Thus,
n (A) = n (B). Clearly, equal sets are equivalent but equivalent
sets need not be equal. A È B = {x : x Î A or x Î B}

For example, the sets A = { 4, 5, 3, 2} and B = {1, 6, 8, 9} are Clearly, x Î A È B Þ x Î A or x Î B, and

equivalent but are not equal.
x Ï A È B Þ x Ï A and x Ï B.
4. SUBSET

Let A and B be two sets. If every elements of A is an element

of B, then A is called a subset of B and we write A Ì B or
B É A (read as 'A is contained in B' or 'B contains A'). B is
called superset of A.

NOTES :

(i) Every set is a subset and a superset of itself.

For example, if A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d, e, f}, then
(ii) If A is not a subset of B, we write A Ë B.
A È B = {a, b, c, d, e, f}
(iii) The empty set is the subset of every set.
5.2 Intersection of Two sets
(iv) If A is a set with n(A) = m, then the number of subsets of
A are 2m and the number of proper subsets of A are The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A Ç B (read
m
2 -1. as ‘A’ intersection ‘B’) is the set consisting of all the common
elements of A and B. Thus,
For example, let A = {3, 4}, then the subsets of A are f ,
A Ç B = {x : x Î A and x Î B}
{3}, {4}. {3, 4}. Here, n(A) = 2 and number of subsets of
A = 22 = 4. Also, {3} Ì {3,4}and {2,3} Ë {3, 4} Clearly, x Î A Ç B Þ x Î A and x Î B, and

x Ï A Ç B Þ x Ï A or x Ï B.
4.1 Power Set

The set of all subsets of a given set A is called the power set
of A and is denoted by P(A).
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3}, then

P(A) = { f , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2} {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}

Clearly, if A has n elements, then its power set P (A) contains For example, if A = {a, b, c, d) and B = {c, d, e, f}, then
exactly 2n elements. A Ç B = {c, d}.
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5.3 Disjoint Sets For example, if A = {1,2,3,4,5} and B = {1, 3,5,7,9} then
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A) = {2,4} È {7,9} = {2,4,7,9}.
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if A Ç B = f , i.e. A
and B have no element in common. 5.6 Complement of a Set

If U is a universal set and A is a subset of U, then the

complement of A is the set which contains those elements
of U, which are not contained in A and is denoted by
A'or Ac. Thus,

Ac = {x : x Î U and x Ï A}

For example, if A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 4, 6}, For example, if U = {1,2,3,4 ...} and A ={2,4,6,8,...}, then,
then A Ç B = f , so A and B are disjoint sets. Ac = {1,3,5,7, ...}

5.4 Difference of Two Sets Important Results

If A and B are two sets, then their difference A - B is defined (a) Uc = f (b) f c = U
as :
A – B = {x : x Î A and x Ï B}. (c) A È Ac = U (d) A Ç Ac = f

Similarly, B – A = {x : x Î B and x Ï A }.
6. ALGEBRA OF SETS

1. For any set A , we have

(a) A È A = A (b) A Ç A = A

2. For any set A, we have

(a) A È f = A (b) A Ç f = f

(c) A È U = U (d) A Ç U = A
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} then
A - B = {2, 4} and B - A = {7, 9}. 3. For any two sets A and B, we have

Important Results (a) A È B = B È A (b) A Ç B = B Ç A

4. For any three sets A, B and C, we have

(a) A– B ¹ B –A
(a) A È (B È C) = (A È B) È C
(b) The sets A - B , B - A and A Ç B are disjoint sets
(b) A Ç (B Ç C) = (A Ç B) Ç C
(c) A - B Í A and B – A Í B
5. For any three sets A, B and C, we have
(d) A – f = A and A – A = f
(a) A È (B Ç C) = (A È B) Ç (A È C)
5.5 Symmetric Difference of Two Sets
(b) A Ç (B È C) = (A Ç B) È (A Ç C)
The symmetric difference of two sets A and B , denoted by
6. If A is any set, we have (Ac)c = A.
A D B, is defined as
7. DeMorgan's Laws For any two sets A and B, we have
A D B = (A – B) È (B – A).
(a) (A È B)c = Ac Ç Bc
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(b) (A Ç B)c = Ac È Bc RELATIONS

Important Results on Operations on Sets 1. CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS

(i) A Í A È B, B Í A È B, A Ç B Í A, A Ç B Í B Definition : Given two non-empty sets P & Q. The cartesian

(ii) A – B = A Ç Bc product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs of elements from

P & Q i.e.
(iii) (A – B) È B = A È B
P × Q = {(p, q); p Î P; q Î Q}
(iv) (A – B) Ç B = f (v) A Í B Û Bc Í Ac
2. RELATIONS
(vi) A – B = Bc – Ac
2.1 Definition
(vii) (A È B) Ç (A È Bc) = A Let A & B be two non-empty sets. Then any subset ‘R’ of
A × B is a relation from A to B.
(viii) A È B = (A – B) È (B – A) È (A Ç B)
If (a, b) Î R, then we write it as a R b which is read as a is
(ix) A – (A – B) = A Ç B
related to b’ by the relation R’, ‘b’ is also called image of ‘a’
(x)A – B = B – A Û A= B under R.
2.2 Domain and Range of a Relation
(xi)A È B =A Ç B Û A= B
If R is a relation from A to B, then the set of first elements in
(xii) A Ç (B D C) = (A Ç B) D (A Ç C) R is called domain & the set of second elements in R is
called range of R. symbolically.
7. CARDINALITY
Domain of R = { x : (x, y) Î R}
If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set, Range of R = { y : (x, y) Î R}
then
The set B is called co-domain of relation R.
1. n (A È B) = n (A) + n (B) - n (A Ç B)
Note that range Ì co-domain.
2. n (A – B) = n(A) – n(A Ç B)
3. n (A D B) = Number of elements which belong to NOTES :
exactly one of A or B
Total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a
= n ((A – B) È (B – A))
set B is the number of possible subsets of A × B. If n(A) = p
= n (A – B) + n (B – A)
and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq and total number of relations
[Q (A - B) and (B - A) are disjoint] pq
is 2 .
= n(A) – n (A Ç B) + n(B) – n(A Ç B) = n(A) + n(B)
– 2n (A Ç B) 2.3 Inverse of a Relation
4. n (A È B È C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A Ç B)
Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to
– n(B Ç C) – n(A Ç C) + n(A Ç B Ç C) –1
set B. Then the inverse of R, denoted by R , is a relation
5. Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C
from B to A and is defined by
= n(A Ç B) + n (B Ç C) + n(C Ç A) – 3n (AÇBÇC)
–1
R = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R}
6. Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C
–1
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A Ç B) – 2n (B Ç C) Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R
– 2n (A Ç C) + 3n (A Ç B Ç C) –1 –1
Also, Domain (R) = Range (R ) and Range (R) = Domain (R ).
7. n(A’ È B’) = n (A Ç B)’ = n (U) – n (A Ç B)
8. n(A’ Ç B’) = n (A È B)’ = n (U) – n (A È B)
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3. FUNCTIONS

3.1 Definition

A relation ‘f’ from a set A to set B is said to be a function if

every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.

Relations which can not be catagorized as a function

3.2 Domain, Co-domain and Range of a Function

Domain : When we define y = f (x) with a formula and the

domain is not stated explicitly, the domain is assumed to
be the largest set of x–values for which the formula gives
As not all elements of set A are associated with some real y–values.
elements of set B.
The domain of y = f (x) is the set of all real x for which f (x)
is defined (real).

Rules for finding Domain

(i) Expression under even root (i.e. square root, fourth root etc.)
should be non–negative.
(ii) Denominator ¹ 0.
(iii) logax is defined when x > 0, a > 0 and a ¹ 1.
An element of set A is not associated with a unique (iv) If domain of y = f (x) and y = g(x) are D1 and D2 respectively,
element of set B. then the domain of f (x) ± g(x) or f (x) . g(x) is D1 Ç D2. While

f x
Notations domain of is D1 Ç D 2 – {x: g(x) = 0}.
g x

Range : The set of all f -images of elements of A is known as the

range of f & denoted by f (A).

Range = f (A) = {f (x) : x Î A};

f (A) Í B {Range Í Co-domain}.

Rules for finding Range

First of all find the domain of y = f (x)

(i) If domain Î finite number of points

Þ range Î set of corresponding f (x) values.

(ii) If domain Î R or R – {some finite points}

Put y = f(x)
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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Then express x in terms of y. From this find y for x to be

defined. (i.e., find the values of y for which x exists). NOTES :

(iii) If domain Î a finite interval, find the least and greater value
for range using monotonocity. (a) One-to-One functions are also called Injective functions.
(b) Onto functions are also called Surjective
NOTES : (c) (one-to-one) & (onto) functions are also called Bijective
Functions.
1. Question of format :
Methods to check one-one mapping
æ Q L Q ö Q ® quadratic
ç y = ; y = ; y = ÷ L ® Linear
è Q Q Lø 1. Theoretically : If f (x1) = f (x2)
Range is found out by cross-multiplying & creating a
Þ x1 = x2, then f (x) is one-one.
quadratic in ‘x’ & making D ³ 0 (as x Î R)
2. Questions to find range in which-the given expression 2. Graphically : A function is one-one, iff no line parallel
y = f(x) can be converted into x (or some function of x) = to x-axis meets the graph of function at more than one
expression in ‘y’. point.
Do this & apply method (ii).
3. By Calculus : For checking whether f (x) is One-One,
NOTES : find whether function is only increasing or only
decreasing in their domain. If yes, then function is
Two functions f & g are said to be equal iff
one-one, i.e. if f ' x ³ 0, " x Î domain or i.e.,
1. Domain of f = Domain of g
2. Co-domain of f = Co-domain of g if f ' x £ 0 , " x Î domain, then function is one-one.
3. f(x) = g(x) " x Î Domain.

Methods to check into/onto mapping

3.3 Classification of Functions
Find the range of f(x) and compare with co-domain. If range
equals co-domain then function is onto, otherwise it is into.

3.4 Some standard real functions & their graphs

3.4.1 Identity Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

y = f(x) = x " x Î R is called identity function.
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3.4.2 Constant Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

y = f(x) = c, " x Î R where c is a constant is called 3. x - y £ x + y £ x + y üï
constant function ý triangle inequality
4. x - y £ x - y £ x + y ïþ

3.4.4 Signum Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

ì 1; x > 0
ï
f (x) = í 0; x = 0
ï -1; x < 0
î
is called signum function. It is usually denoted by
y = f(x) = sgn(x).

3.4.3 Modulus Function : The function f : R ® R defined by

ì x; x ³ 0
f (x) = í
î- x; x < 0

is called modulus function. It is denoted by

y = f(x) = | x |.

NOTES :

ìx
ï ; x¹0
Sgn(x) = í x
ï 0; x = 0
î

3.4.5 Greatest Integer Function : The function f : R ® R defined

as the greatest integer less than or equal to x. It is usually
denoted as y = f(x) = [x]

Its also known as “Absolute value function’.

Properties of Modulus Function :
The modulus function has the following properties :

1. For any real number x, we have x2 = x

x |x|
2. xy = x y, =
y |y|
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Properties of Greatest Integer Function : 3.4.7 Logarithm Function :

If n is an integer and x is any real number between n and n + 1, f (x) = logax, a > 0, a ¹ 1
then the greatest integer function has the following properties : Domain : x Î (0, ¥)
Range : y Î R
(1) [–n] = – [n]
(2) [x + n] = [x] + n
(3) [–x] = – [x] –1

ì-1, if x Ï I
(4) [x] + [– x] = í
î 0, if x Î I

NOTES :

Fractional part of x, denoted by {x} is given by x – [x]. So,

ì x - 1; 1 £ x < 2
ï
x =x - x = í x ; 0 £ x <1
ï x + 1; - 1 £ x < 0
î

3.4.6 Exponential Function :

f (x) = ax, a > 0, a ¹ 1
Domain : x Î R
Range : f(x) Î (0, ¥)
(a) The Principal Properties of Logarithms

Let M & N are arbitrary positive numbers, a > 0, a ¹ 1,

b > 0, b ¹ 1.
(i) logb a = c Þ a = bc
(ii) loga (M . N) = loga M + loga N
(iii) loga (M/N) = loga M – loga N
(iv) loga MN = N loga M
l og c a
(v) log b a = , c > 0, c ¹ 1.
l og c b

(vi) a l og cb = bl ogca , a, b, c > 0, c ¹ 1.

NOTES :

(a) loga a = 1
(b) logb a . logc b . loga c = 1
(c) loga 1 = 0
x
(d) e x ln a = e ln a = a x
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17

(b) Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm 4.5 Quotient of two real functions

(i) If a > 1, loga x < logay Þ 0 < x <y

Let f and g be two real functions defined from X ® R where
(ii) If 0 < a < 1, loga x < loga y Þ x > y >0
X Ì R. The quotient of f by g denoted by f /g is a function
(iii) If a > 1 then logax < p Þ 0 < x < ap defined by
(iv) If a > 1 then logax > p Þ x > ap
(v) If 0 < a < 1 then logax < p Þ x > ap æf ö f x
ç ÷ x =
(vi) If 0 < a < 1 then logax > p Þ 0 < x < ap ègø g x , provided g(x) ¹ 0, x Î X.

NOTES :
5. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS
If the exponent and the base are on same side of the unity,
then the logarithm is positive. Even Function : f (–x) = f (x), " x Î Domain

If the exponent and the base are on different sides of unity, The graph of an even function y = f (x) is symmetric about the
then the logarithm is negative. y–axis. i.e., (x, y) lies on the graph Û (–x, y) lies on the graph.

4. ALGEBRA OF REAL FUNCTION

4.1 Addition of two real functions

Let f : X ® R and g : X ® R by any two real functions, where

X Ì R. Then, we define (f + g): X ® R by

(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g(x), for all x Î X.

4.2 Subtraction of a real function from another

Odd Function : f (– x) = –f (x), " x Î Domain

Let f : X ® R be any two any two real functions, where X Ì R.
The graph of an odd function y = f (x) is symmetric about origin
Then, we define (f – g): X ® R by
i.e. if point (x, y) is on the graph of an odd function, then
(f – g) (x) = f (x) – g(x), for all x Î X. (–x, –y) will also lie on the graph.

4.3 Multiplication by a scalar

Let f : X ® R be a real valued function and a be a scalar. Here

by scalar, we mean a real number. Then the product a f is a
function from X to R defined by (a f) (x) = a f(x), x Î X.

4.4 Multiplication of two real functions

The product (or multiplication) of two real functions

f : X ® R and g : X ® R is a function fg : X ® R defined by
(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x), for all x Î X.

This is also called pointwise multiplication.

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6.4 Drawing graph of y = af(x), a Î R+ from known graph of

6. GRAPHICAL TRANSFORMATION y = f(x)

6.1 Drawing graph of y = f(x) ± b, b Î R+ from known graph We know that the corresponding points (points with the
of y = f(x) same x-coordinates) have their ordinates in the ratio of 1:a
(where a > 0). Figure depicts the procedure.
It is obvious that the domain of f(x) and f(x) + b are the same.
The graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the
graph of f(x) in the positive direction on y-axis and the graph
of f(x) - b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in
the negative direction on y-axis.

6.5 Drawing graph of y = f(ax), a Î R+ from known graph of

y = f(x)

If 0 < a < 1, then f(x) will stretch by a times along x - axis, and
if a > 1, then f(x) will compress by a times along x - axis.
Figure depicts the procedure.

6.2 Drawing graph of y = |f(x)| from known graph of

y = f(x)

We have |f(x)| = f(x) if f(x) ³ 0 and |f(x)| = -f(x) if f(x) < 0 which
means that the graph of f(x) and |f(x)| would concide if
f(x) ³ 0 and the sections, where f(x) < 0, get inverted in the
upwards direction. Figure depicts the procedure.

7. PERIODIC FUNCTION

Definition :

A function f (x) is said to be periodic function, if there exists a

positive real number T, such that f x + T = f x , " x Î
6.3 Drawing graph of y = f(x ± a), a Î R+ from known graph domain of f(x). Then, f (x) is a perio dic function where least
of y = f(x) positive value of T is called fundamental period.

The graph of f(x - a) can be obtained by translating the Graphically, if the graph repeats at fixed interval, then function is
graph of f(x) in the positive direction on x-axis and the graph said to be periodic and its period is the width of that interval.
of f(x + a) can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in Some standard results on periodic functions
the negative direction on x-axis. The procedure is depicted
in figure. Functions Periods
n n n n
(i) sin x, cos x, sec x, cosec x p ; if n is even.
2p ; (if n is odd or fraction)
(ii) tann x, cotn x p ; n is even or odd.
(iii) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x| p
|cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x|
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION
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(iv) x – [x], [.] represents 1

NOTES :
greatest integer function
(v) Algebraic functions period does not exist
a c e LCM of  a, c, e 
e.g., x , x2, x3 + 5, ....etc. (a) LCM of  , ,  
 b d f  HCF of  b, d, f 
Properties of Periodic Function
(b) LCM of rational and rational always exists.
(i) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then LCM of irrational and irrational sometime exists.
(a) c . f (x) is periodic with period T. But LCM of rational and irrational never exists.
(b) f (x ± c) is periodic with period T. e.g., LCM of (2 , 1, 6 ) is not possible as
(c) f (x) ± c is periodic with period T. 2 , 6  irrational and 1  rational.
where c is any constant.
(ii) If f (x) is periodic with period T, then
k f (cx + d) has period T/|c|,
i.e. Period is only affected by coefficient of x
where k, c, d are constants.
(iii) If f1(x), f2(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2
respectively, then h(x) = a f1(x) + b f2(x) has period as,
LCM of {T1, T2}
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 20

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example – 1 Example – 5

Write the set of all positive integers whose cube is odd. State which of the following sets are finite and which are
Sol. The elements of the required set are not even. infinite
[Q Cube of an even integer is also an even integer] (i) A = {x : x Î N and x2 – 3x + 2 = 0}
Moreover, the cube of a positive odd integer is a positive (ii) B = {x : x Î N and x2 = 9}
odd integer. (iii) C = {x : x Î N and x is even}
Þ The elements of the required set are all positive odd integers. (iv) D = {x : x Î N and 2x – 3 = 0}.
Hence, the required set, in the set builder form, is : Sol. (i) A = {1, 2}.

2k + 1 : k ³ 0, k Î Z . [Q x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 Þ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0 Þ x = 1, 2]
Hence A is finite.
Example – 2 (ii) B = {3}.
[Q x2 = 9 Þ x = + 3. But 3 Î N]
ì1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ü
Write the set í , , , , , , ý in the set Hence B is finite.
î2 3 4 5 6 7 8þ
(iii) C = {2, 4, 6, ......}
builder form.
Hence C is infinite.
Sol. In each element of the given set the denominator is one
more than the numerator. é 3 ù
(iv) D = f. êQ 2x - 3 = 0 Þ x = Ï N ú
Also the numerators are from 1 to 7. ë 2 û
Hence the set builder form of the given set is : Hence D is finite.
x : x = n / n + 1, n Î N and 1 £ n £ 7 . Example – 6

Example – 3 Which of the following are empty (null) sets ?

(i) Set of odd natural numbers divisible by 2
Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x2 < 30} in the
roster form. (ii) {x : 3 < x < 4, x Î N}
Sol. The squares of positive integers whose squares are less (iii) {x : x2 = 25 and x is an odd integer}
than 30 are : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. (iv) [x : x2 – 2 = 0 and x is rational]
Hence the given set, in roster form, is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. (v) {x : x is common point of any two parallel lines}.
Example – 4 Sol. (i) Since there is no odd natural number, which is divisible
by 2.
Write the set {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, .......} in set builder form. \ it is an empty set.
Sol. The elements of the given set are squares of integers : (ii) Since there is no natural number between 3 and 4.
0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 4, ....... \ it is an empty set.
Hence the given set, in set builder form, is {x2 : xÎZ}. (iii) Now x2 = 25 Þ x = + 5, both are odd.
\ The set {– 5, 5} is non-empty.
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 21

(iv) Since there is no rational number whose square is 2, Sol. (i) AC = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
\ the given set is an empty set. A = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.

(v) Since any two parallel lines have no common point, (ii) BC = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
\ the given set is an empty set.
(iii) (AC)C = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
Example – 7 A’ = {1, 2, 3, 4} = A.

Find the pairs of equal sets from the following sets, if any, (iv) A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4} È {2, 4, 6, 8} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}.
giving reasons : C
\ AÈB = Set of those elements of U, which are not in
A = {0}, B = {x : x > 15 and x < 5},
C = {x : x – 5 = 0}, D = {x : x2 = 25}, A È B = {5, 7, 9}.

E = {x : x is a positive integral root of the equation Example – 10

x2 – 2x – 15 = 0}.
Sol. Here we have, If U = {x : x is a letter in English alphabet},
A = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet}.
A = {0}
Find AC and (AC)C.
B= f
Sol. (i) Since A = {x : x is a letter in English alphabet},
[Q There is no number, which is greater than 15 and less
than 5] \ AC is the set of those elements of U, which are not vowels
C = {5} [Q x – 5 = 0 Þ x = 5] = {x : x is a consonant in English alphabet}.
D = {– 5, 5} [Q x2 = 25 Þ x = ± 5] (ii) (AC)C is the set of those elements of U, which are not
consonants = {x : x is a vowel in English alphabet} = A.
and E = {5}.
Hence (AC)C = A.
[Q x2 – 2x – 15 = 0 Þ (x – 5) (x + 3) = 0 Þ x = 5, – 3. Out of
these two, Example – 11
5 is positive integral]
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {6, 7, 8, 9} and
Clearly C = E. D = {7, 8, 9, 10}. Find :
Example – 8 (a) (i) A È B (ii) B È D

Are the following pairs of sets equal ? Give reasons. (iii) A È B È C (iv) B È C È D
(i) A = {1, 2}, B = {x : x is a solution of x2 + 3x + 2 = 0} (b) (i) A Ç B (ii) B Ç D (iii) A Ç B Ç C.
(ii) A = {x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}, Sol. (a) (i) A È B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
B = {y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}. = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
Sol. (i) A = {1, 2}, B = {–2, –1} (ii) B È D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {7, 8, 9, 10}
[Q x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 Þ (x + 2) (x + 1) = 0 Þ x = –2, —1] = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Clearly A ¹ B. (iii) A È B È C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {6, 7, 8, 9}.
(ii) A = {F, O, L, L, O, W} = {F, O, L, W} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {6, 7, 8, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
B = {W, O, L, F} = {F, O, L, W}.
(iv) B È C È D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} È {6, 7, 8, 9} È {7, 8, 9, 10}.
Clearly A = B.
= {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} È {7, 8, 9, 10} = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}.
Example – 9
(b) (i) A Ç B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = {3, 4, 5}.
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, (ii) B Ç D = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Ç {7, 8, 9, 10} = {7}.
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. Find :
(iii) A Ç B Ç C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Ç {6, 7, 8, 9}
(i) AC (ii) BC (iii) (AC)C (iv) (A È B)C = {3, 4, 5} Ç {6, 7, 8, 9} = f.
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 22

Example – 12 Example – 15

If A1 = {2, 3, 4, 5}, A2 = {3, 4, 5, 6}, A3 = {4, 5, 6, 7}, find Prove the following :
È Ai and Ç Ai, where i = {1, 2, 3}. A Ì B Û Bc Ì Ac
Sol. (i) È A i = A 1 È A 2 È A 3 = {2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6} È Sol. Let x Î Bc, where x is arbitrary.
{4, 5, 6, 7} Now x Î Bc
= {2, 3, 4, 5} È {3, 4, 5, 6, 7} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Þ xÏB

(ii) Ç A i = A 1 Ç A 2 Ç A 3 = {2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {3, 4, 5, 6} Ç Þ x Ï A[ Q A Ì B]

{4, 5, 6, 7} Þ x Î Ac

= {2, 3, 4, 5} Ç {4, 5, 6} = {4, 5}. \ Bc Ì Ac ... (1)

Conversely : Let x Î A, where x is arbitrary.
Example – 13
Now x Î A
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. Find Þ x Ï Ac
(A – B) È (B – A).
Þ x Ï Bc [Q Bc Ì Ac]
Sol. We have, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.
Þ xÎB
\ A – B = {1, 2} and B – A = {7, 8}
\ AÌB
\ (A – B) È (B – A) = {1, 2} È {7, 8} = {1, 2, 7, 8}.
Combining (1) and (2), A Ì B Û Bc Ì Ac.
Example – 14
Example – 16
Prove that :
Prove the following :
A Ç (B – C) = (A Ç B) – (A Ç C)
A – B = A – (A Ç B)
Sol. Let x be an arbitrary element of A Ç (B – C).
where U is the universal set.
Then x Î A Ç (B – C)
Sol. Let x Î (A – B), where x is arbitrary.
Þ x Î A and x Î (B – C)
Þ x Î A and (x Î B and x Ï C) Now x Î (A – B)

Þ (x Î A and x Î B) and (x Î A and x Ï C) Û x Î A and x Ï B

Þ x Î (A Ç B) and x Ï (A Ç C) Û (x Î A and x Î A) and x Ï B
Þ x Î {(A Ç B) – (A Ç C)} [Note this step]
\ A Ç (B – C) Í (A Ç B) – (A Ç C) ... (1) Û x Î A and (x Î A and x Ï B)
Let y be an arbitrary element of (A Ç B) – (A Ç C). [Associative Law]
Then y Î (A Ç B) – (A Ç C)
Û x Î A and x Ï (A Ç B)
Þ y Î (A Ç B) and y Ï (A Ç C)
Û x Î A – (A Ç B)
Þ (y Î A and y Î B) and (y Î A and y Ï C)
Hence A – B Ì A – (A Ç B).
Þ y Î A and (y Î B and y Ï C)
Now Let y Î A – (A Ç B)
Þ y Î A and y Î (B – C)
Þ y Î A and y Ï (A Ç B)
Þ y Î A Ç (B – C)
\ (A Ç B) – (A Ç C) Í A Ç (B – C) ... (2) Þ y Î A and yÏ B

Combining (1) and (2). Þ y Î A – B.

A Ç (B – C) = (A Ç B) – (A Ç C). So, A – B = A – (A Ç B).

SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 23

Example – 17 A È C = {1, 2, 3} È {7, 8, 9}

If A, B and C are three sets such that A Ç B = A Ç C and = {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9} ...(2)

A È B = A È C, then
and B Ç C = {4, 5, 6} Ç {7, 8, 9} = f ...(3)
(a) A = C (b) B = C
(c) A Ç B = f (d) A = B Now A È B Ç C = 1, 2, 3 È f = {1, 2, 3} ...(4)
Ans. (b)
Sol. Let x Î C and A È B Ç A È C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} Ç {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9}

Suppose x Î A Þ x Î A Ç C = {1, 2, 3} ...(5)

Þ x Î A Ç B (Q A Ç C = A Ç B )
From (4) and (5), A È B Ç C = A È B Ç A È C , which
Thus x Î B
verifies the result.
Again suppose x Ï A Þ x Î C È A
Example – 20
Þ xÎBÈ AÞ xÎB
Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and
Thus in both cases x Î C Þ x Î B
B = {2, 3, 5, 7}. Verify that
Hence C Í B ..( i )
C C
(i) A È B = A C Ç BC (ii) A Ç B = A C È BC .
Similarly we can show that B Í C ...(ii )
Combining (i) and (ii) we get B = C. Sol. We have, A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}.

Example – 18 (i) A È B = {2, 4, 6, 8} È {2, 3, 5, 7}

If A and B are any two sets, prove using Venn Diagrams \ = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

C
(i) A – B = A Ç BC (ii) (A – B) È B = A È B. \ AÈB = {1, 9} ...(1)
Sol.
Also AC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
and BC = {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
(i)
\ A C Ç BC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} Ç {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}

= {1, 9} ...(2)

C
From (1) and (2), A È B = A C Ç BC , which verifies the
(ii)
result.

(ii) A Ç B = {2, 4, 6, 8} Ç {2, 3, 5, 7} = {2}

C
Example – 19 \ AÇB = {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ...(3)

If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {7, 8, 9}, verify that

and A C È BC = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} È {1, 4, 6, 8, 9}
A È BÇC = A ÈB Ç A ÈC .
= {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ...(4)
Sol. We have, A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} and C = {7, 8, 9}. C
From (3) and (4), A Ç B = A C È BC , which verifies the
\ A È B = {1, 2, 3} È {4, 5, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ...(1)
result.
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 24

Example – 21 n(T) = 25; n(C) = 20; n (M) = 15

n(T Ç C) = 10; n(M Ç C) = 8
In a class of 200 students who appeared in a certain
examination. 35 students failed in MHTCET, 40 in AIEEE, Number of students in hostel
40 in IIT, 20 failed in MHTCET and AIEEE, 17 in AIEEE = n (T È C È M)
and IIT, 15 in MHTCET and IIT and 5 failed in all three \ n(T È C È M) = 15 + 10 + 2 + 8 + 7 = 42
examinations. Find how many students
Example – 23
(i) Did not fail in any examination.
(ii) Failed in AIEEE or IIT. If A = {1, 2}, find A × A × A
Sol. A × A × A = {(x, y, z), x Î A, y Î A, z Î A}
First find A×A than find A×A×A
so, A × A × A = {(1, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2 ), (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1),
Sol. (2, 2, 2), (2, 2, 1), (2, 1, 2), (1, 2, 2)}

Example – 24

Following figure shows a relation between sets P and Q.

Write this relation in (i) set builder form, (ii) roster form
n(M) = 35, n(A) = 40, n(I) = 40
n(M Ç A) = 20, n(A Ç I) = 17,
n(I Ç M) = 15, n(M Ç A Ç I) = 5
n(X) = 200
n(M È A È I) = n(M) + n(A) + n (I) –
n(M Ç A) –n (A Ç I) – n (M Ç I) + n (M Ç A Ç I)
= 35 + 40 + 40 – 20 – 17 – 15 + 5 = 68
Sol. It is clear, that relation R is “y is the square of x”.
(i) Number of students passed in all three examination 2
(i) In set builder form, R = {(x, y) : y = x , x Î P, y Î Q}
= 200 – 68 = 132
(ii) In roster form,
(ii) Number of students failed in IIT or AIEEE
R = {(1, 1), (–1, 1), (2, 4), (–2, 4) (-4, 16)}
=n (I È A) = n(I) + n(A) – n (I Ç A)
= 40 + 40 – 17 = 63 Example – 25

Example – 22 Let R be the relation on Z defined by R = {(a, b);

a, b, Î Z, a – b is an integer}. Find domain and
In a hostel, 25 students take tea, 20 students take coffee, range of R.
15 students take milk, 10 students take both tea and coffee,
Sol. As for any two integers a & b, a – b is an integer hence
8 students take both milk and coffee. None of the them
domain and range is all integers.
take tea and milk both and everyone takes atleast one
beverage, find the number of students in the hostel. Example – 26

Determine domain and range of :-

Sol.
ìæ 2+ x ö ü
R = íç x + 4, ÷ : 4 £ x £ 6, x Î Ný
îè 2-x ø þ

Let the sets, T, C and M are the students who drink tea, ì æ 7ö ü
coffee and milk respectively. This problem can be solved by Sol. R = í 8, -3 , ç 9, - ÷ , 10, -2 ý
î è 3ø þ
Venn diagram.
By taking x = 4, 5,6
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 25

so, domain = {8, 9, 10} Example – 29

ì 7 ü Find the set of values of 'x' for which the given conditions
range = í-3, - , - 2 ý
î 3 þ are true :
(a) – (x – 1) (x – 3) (x + 5) < 0
Example – 27
x -1 x-2
(b) £0
Let A = {1, 2}. List all the relations on A. x -3
Sol. Given A = {1, 2}
Ans. (a) –5, 1 È 3, ¥ (b) – ¥, 1 È 2, 3
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
Since a relation R from set A to set A is a subset of A × A Sol. (a) - ( x - 1)( x - 3)( x + 5) < 0

\ All the relations on A are : Þ ( x - 1)( x - 3)( x + 5) > 0

f, {(1, 1)}, {(1, 2)}, {(2, 1)}, {(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2)},
{(1, 1), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 2),
(2, 2)}, {(2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1),
(1, 2), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1), Þ x Î (-5,1) È (3, ¥ )
(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}.
( x - 1)( x - 2)
Since n(A × A) = 4, the number of all relations on the set (b) £0
( x - 3)
4
A = 2 i.e., 16.
n
(As number of subsets of a set with n elements is 2 )

Example – 28
x Î -¥,1 È 2,3
The solution set of x2 + 2 < 3x < 2x2 – 5 is
Example – 30
(a) f (b) [1, 2]
(c) (– ¥, – 1) È [5/2, ¥) (d) none
x+2 1
The number of integral solutions of > is
Ans. (a) x2 + 1 2

Sol. x 2 + 2 £ 3 x £ 2 x2 - 5 (a) 4 (b) 5

(c) 3 (d) none of these
x 2 + 2 £ 3 x and 3 x £ 2 x 2 - 5 Ans. (c)

x+2 1
x 2 - 3x + 2 £ 0 and 2 x 2 - 3 x - 5 ³ 0 Sol. >
x2 + 1 2

( x - 1)( x - 2) £ 0 and (2 x - 5)( x + 1) ³ 0

2 x + 4 > x2 + 1 Q x2 + 1 > 0

é5 ö x2 - 2x - 3 < 0
Þ x Î [1, 2] and x Î -¥, -1 È ê , ¥ ÷
ë2 ø Þ ( x - 3)( x + 1) < 0

Þ x Îf Þ x Î (-1,3)
Number of integer values = 3
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 26

Example – 31 f(2) = 2(2) – 1 = 3 f(5) = 3(5) – 10 = 5

f(3) = 2(3) – 1 = 5
Find the domain of definition of the following
So, range is {2, 3, 5}
x –1 x + 2 (iii) f (2) = 3, f(4) = 2, f(3) = 5, f(6) is not defined as 6 is not
function : f x = in domain.
x –3 x – 4
Example – 34
x –1 x + 2
Sol. For f (x) to be defined ³ 0 and x ¹ 3, 4 Let A = {1, 2}. List all the relations on A.
x –3 x – 4
Sol. Given A = {1, 2}
By wavy – curve method the domain of definition of f (x) is
A × A = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}
the set
Since a relation R from set A to set A is a subset of A × A
x Î – ¥ , – 2 È 1, 3 È 4, ¥ . \ All the relations on A are :
f, {(1, 1)}, {(1, 2)}, {(2, 1)}, {(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2)},
{(1, 1), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 2),
(2, 2)}, {(2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1)}, {(1, 1),
(1, 2), (2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2)}, {(1, 2), (2, 1),
Example – 32
(2, 2)}, {(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)}.
Since n(A × A) = 4, the number of all relations on the set
Find domain for f (x) = cos sin x . 4
A = 2 i.e., 16.
n
(As number of subsets of a set with n elements is 2 )
Sol. f (x) = cos sin x is defined, if
Example – 35
cos (sin x) ³ 0
As, we know Find the domain and range of the following functions

–1 £ sin x £ 1 for all x

ìïæ x 2 - 1 ö üï
cos q ³ 0 (i) íç x, ÷ : x Î R, x ¹ 1ý
ïîè x -1 ø ïþ
(Here, q = sin x lies in the 1st and 4th quadrants)
i.e. cos (sin x) ³ 0,for all x
i.e. x Î R. ìæ 1 ö ü
Thus, domain f (x) Î R (ii) íç x, 2 ÷ : x Î R, x ¹ ± 1ý
îè 1 - x ø þ
Example – 33
ìïæ x 2 - 1 ö üï
A function f is defined on the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as follows : Sol. (i) Let f x = íç x, ÷ : x Î R, x ¹ 1ý
ïîè x -1 ø ïþ

ì 1 + x if 1 £ x < 2 Clearly, f is not defined when x = 1

ï
f x = í 2x - 1 if 2 £ x < 4 \ f is defined for all real values of x except x = 1
ï3x - 10 if 4 £ x < 6
î \ Domain = R – {1}

(i) Find the domain of the function. x2 -1

Let y= = x + 1 as x ¹ 1
(ii) Find the range of the function. x -1
(iii) Find the values of f(2), f(3), f(4), f(6). \ x=y–1
Sol. (i) Domain : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} Clearly y ¹ 2 as x ¹ 1
(ii) Range : \ Range = R – {2}.
f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 f(4) = 3(4) – 10 = 2
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 27

ìæ 1 ö ü 2y-1
(ii) Let f x = íç x, 2 ÷ : x Î R, x = ± 1ý Þ -1£ £1 (since, –1 £ sin 3x £ 1)
îè 1 - x ø þ y

1 2 2y - 1
Clearly, f x = is not defined when 1 – x = 0 -1 £ £1
1 - x2 y

i.e., when x = ± 1
2y - 1 2y - 1
\ Domain = R – {1, –1} +1 ³ 0 Ç -1 £ 0
y y
1
Further, y = Since x ¹ ±1
1- x2 3y - 1 y -1
³0Ç £0
y y
1 æ 1ö y -1
Þ 1- x2 = Þ x = ± ç1- ÷ = ± 1
y è y ø y Þ y³ Ç y £1
3
\ x is defined when y Î (–¥, 0) È [1, ¥).
Þ y Î (–¥, 0) È [1, ¥) é1 ù
Þ Range : y Î ê , 1ú ¬
\ Range = (–¥, 0) È [1, ¥).
ë3 û
Alternate Method :
Example – 36
1
Find the range of the following function : y=
2 - sin 3x
f x = ln x 2 + 4x + 5 we know, –1 £ sin 3x £ 1
Þ 1 ³ –sin 3x ³ – 1
2
Sol. Here f (x) = 1n x 2 + 4x + 5 = 1n x+2 +1 Þ 1 £ 2 – sin 3x £ 3
i.e. x2 + 4x + 5 takes all values in [1, ¥) 1 æ 1 ö 1
Þ ³ ³
Þ f (x) will take all values in [0, ¥). 1 çè 2 - sin3x ÷ø 3
Hence range of f (x) is [0, ¥).
é1 ù
Example – 37 Þ Range y Î ê , 1ú
ë3 û

1 Inequality changes upon reciprocating as all expressions

Find the range of the function y = across inequality are (positive).
2 - sin 3x
Sol. Clearly, as Denominator (2 – sin 3x) ¹ 0 Example – 38
Þ Domain : x Î R
Let f, g : R ® R be defined respectively by f(x) = x + 1, g(x)
1 = 2x – 3. Find f + g, f – g and f /g.
We have, y=
2 - sin 3x Sol. Let f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x – 3

Note : (sin 3x) can be seperated & written as a function of y \ f + g = f(x) + g(x) = (x + 1) + (2x – 3)
= 3x – 2
1
Þ 2 – sin 3x = y f – g = f (x) – g(x) = (x + 1) – (2x – 3)
= x + 1 – 2x + 3 = –x + 4

2y - 1 f f x x +1 3
Þ sin 3x = = = ;x¹
y g g x 2x - 3 2
for x to be real
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 28

Example – 39 The common solution is x = –1

Hence, solution of above equation is x = – 1
Check whether the function :
Example – 42
f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5 is
one-to-one or many-to-one
x +3 + x
Sol. f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 5 Solve >1
x+2
f ’ (x) = 6(x2 + x + 1) > 0 " x Î R
as (a > 0 & D < 0) for x2 + x + 1 x +3 + x
Sol. –1> 0
Þ f (x) is increasing function on its entire domain x+2
Þ one-to-one function.
x +3 + x – x – 2
Example – 40 Þ >0
x+2
Let A = {x : –1 £ x £ 1} = B for a mapping f : A ® B. For the
following functions from A to B, find whether it is surjective x +3 – 2
Þ >0 ...(i)
or bijective. x+2
f (x) = |x| Now two cases arises :
Sol. f (x) = |x| Case I : When x + 3 ³ 0 ...(ii)
Graphically we can see that for x Î [–1, 1]
x+3–2
y = |x| Î [0, 1] Þ >0
x+2
Since, Range ([0, 1]) Ì co-domain (B = [–1, 1])
x +1
Þ >0
x+2

Þ x Î –¥ , – 2 È –1, ¥ using number line rule as shown

in figure.

But x ³ – 3 {from (ii)}

Þ x Î –3, – 2 È –1, ¥ ...(a)

Case II : When x + 3 < 0 ...(iii)

– x + 3 –2
Þ >0
Þ into function x+2
Þ f : [–1, 1] ® [–1, 1], f (x) = |x|
– x+5
is many-to-one & into Þ >0
x+2
Example – 41
x +5
Solve (x + 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0 Þ <0
x +2
Sol. Here, (x + 1)2 + (x2 + 3x + 2)2 = 0 if and only if each term is zero
simultaneously, Þ x Î –5, – 2 using number line rule as shown in figure.
(x + 1) = 0 and (x2 + 3x + 2)= 0
i.e., x = –1 and x = –1, –2
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 29

But x<–3 {from (iii)}

x x2
\ f (x) + g(x) = +x=
\ x Î –5, – 3 ...(b) x -1 x -1

Thus from (a) and (b), we have; Using, | f (x)| + |g(x)| = |f (x) + g(x)|
i.e. f (x) . g(x) ³ 0
x Î –3, – 2 È –1, ¥ È –5, – 3
x x2
Þ .x ³ 0 Þ ³0
Þ x Î –5, – 2 È –1, ¥ x -1 x -1

Example – 43

The value of x if | x + 3 | > | 2 x – 1 | is

æ 2 ö æ 2 ö Þ x Î {0} È (1, ¥)
(a) ç - , 4 ÷ (b) ç - , ¥ ÷
è 3 ø è 3 ø
Example – 46
(c) (0, 1) (d) None of these
Sol. Squaring both sides, we get If y =3[x] +1 =2[x – 3] +5, then find the value of
2 2 [x + y], where [.] represents greatest integer function.
|x + 3| > |2x – 1|
Sol. We are given that 3[x] + 1 = 2([x] – 3) + 5
or {(x + 3) – (2x – 1)} {(x + 3) + (2x – 1)} > 0
Þ [x] = –2
Þ {(–x + 4) (3x + 2)} > 0
Þ y = 3(–2) + 1 = –5
Hence [x + y] = [x] + y = – 2 – 5 = – 7

Example – 47
æ 2 ö
Þ x Î ç- , 4÷
è 3 ø Solve the equation |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} for x.

Hence, (a) is the correct answer. where [.] represents greatest integer function and {}
represents fraction part function.
Example – 44
1
Sol. Case I : For x < , |2x – 1| = 1 – 2x
Solve for x 2
|x| + |x + 4| = 4 Þ 1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}.
Sol. |x| + |x + 4| = 4 Þ 1 – 2x = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x} .
As we know, |x| + |y| = |x – y|, iff xy £ 0 Þ {x} = 5x –1.
x(x + 4) £ 0 Now 0 £ {x} < 1
Using number line rule, Þ 0 £ 5x – 1 < 1.

1 2
Þ £x< Þ [x] = 0
5 5
Þ x Î [–4, 0]
Þ x = {x} Þ x = 5x – 1
Example – 45
1
Þ x= , which is a solution.
x x 2 4
Solve x - 1 + x = x - 1
1
Case II : For x ³ , |2x – 1| = 2x – 1
2
x
Sol. Let f x = and g(x) = x Þ 2x – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}.
x -1
Þ 2x – 1 = 3(x – {x}) + 2{x}.
SETS, RELATIONS & FUNCTION 30

{x} = x + 1 Example – 50
Now 0 £ {x} < 1
Find the domain of the function;
Þ 0 £ x + 1 < 1.Þ –1 £ x < 0.

1 1
. f x = + x+2
which is not possible since x ³ log10 1 – x
2

1
Hence x = is the only solution. 1
4 Sol. f x = + x+2
log10 1 – x
Example – 48
{as we know; loga x is defined when x and a > 0 and a ¹ 1
For a real number x, [x] denotes the integral part of x. The also loga 1 = 0}
value of
Thus, log10 (1 – x) exists when, 1 – x > 0 ...(i)
é1ù é1 1 ù é1 2 ù é 1 99 ù
êë 2 úû + êë 2 + 100 úû + êë 2 + 100 úû + .... + êë 2 + 100 úû is 1
also exists when, 1 – x > 0
log10 1 – x
(a) 49 (b) 50
(c) 48 (d) 51 and 1–x¹1 ...(ii)
Ans. (b) Þ x<1 and x ¹ 0 ...(iii)

é1 1 ù é 1 49 ù also we have x + 2 exists when x + 2 ³ 0

ê 2 + 100 ú + ........ ê 2 + 100 ú +
ë
Sol. 14444 û 4244444 ë 3û
each has value= 0 or x ³ –2 ....(iv)

é 1 50 ù é 1 99 ù 1
Thus, f x = + x + 2 exists when (iii) and (iv)
ê 2 + 100 ú + ........ ê 2 + 100 ú log10 1 – x
ë14444 û 4244444 ë 3û
each has value=1
both holds true.
= 50 Þ –2 £ x < 1 and x ¹ 0
Example – 49
Þ x Î –2, 0 È 0 , 1
Find the domain of definition of the following

function : f x = log 1 2x – 3
2

Sol. For f(x) to be defined log1/2 (2x – 3) ³ 0

Þ 2x – 3 £ 1
Þ x£2 ....(1)
Also 2x – 3 > 0

3
Þ x> . ....(2)
2
Combining (1) and (2) we get the required values of x.

3
Hence the domain of definition of f(x) is the set æç , 2ùú
è2 û