PLANT KINGDOM

- Algae
- Bryophytes
- Pteridophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Angiosperms

Evolution in plant Kingdom

- Life evolve in water
- Prokaryotic cell evolved first, then eukaryotic
- first unicellular then multicellular

Algae → Thallus like

Bryophyte → First land plant (Thallus like)
Pteridophytes → V. B. (xylem & phloem ⊕ its

General features

◦ cryptogamy
1
hidden sen organs (not visible with eye.)
Algae, Boyo & Pterido
Phenogany → Sen organs visible with naked eyes.

② Tracheophyta → V. B. Out (xylem & phloem)

Algae & Bryophta → out
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm,Angie → At
③ Spermatophyta → seed Bearing plants
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms.
④ Meiosis in zygote →
Algae → zygote form → undergo meiosis
Meiosis ②
•

zygote (Zn) ⊕ "cells/+ spores

Bayo, Pterido, Gymno, Angie → Mitosis → for embryo

Mitosis

zygote (in) Embryo for.

Swamples of algae
• GREEN Algae
Classy CAR SUV
Chlamydomonas, Chara, Spiroggra, Utothtin, Volvox
+ Chlorella_Endorina, Cladophora
↳ PHOTOSYNTHESIS PAGE-207
• BROWN ALGAE
Kelp, Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum, Fucus.

• RED ALGAE
Porphyria, Polysiflonia, Gelidim, Gracilaria
• HABITAT
Algae → Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Thalloid
Aquatic

Marine (Saltwater) Freshwater (very low salt

Sustaries (Fresh Marie min) River- flowing
- warm water Pond-Stagnant

Unusual habitat - on land with fungi- lichen

Sloth bear (slowest animal,

STRUCTURE OF ALGAE

Two types of detailed structure

(a) External structure
(6) Cell detail
- Eukaryotic - chlorophyll ① ut
- Unicellular, Multicellular ◦

(thalloid)

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF ALGAE

a) Unicellular Algae →

⑦ chlamydomonas chlorella
(flagella-motile) (no flagella-nonmotile

b) Colonial Algae:
Voloon

c) Multicellular algae → Filamentous

spinogyra
•
• ◦ • s Ulotherin UNBRANC­

Cladophora HED ]

Brown & Red Algae

filamentous large/walls

CELL DETAIL
→ Eukaryotic
→ In Algae (Green, Brown & Red)
Difference presentin 4 points:
a) Cell wall
6) Flagella
c) Pigments
d) Storage

(A) CELL WALL

- Since Algae is plant,cell wall
is made of cellulose

Red Algae (Cellulose + Carageen

↳ Brown Algae (polysulfhated
1 ester,
Green Algae (cellulose + Algin)
(Inner cellulose
+ outer pectin)

(B) FLAGELLA
Present in : a) motile cell
6) Single cell
(cs Gantes, spore (known as zoospore)

Asexual spore have flagella-Zoospore

> Apical

- Lateral
GREEN ALGAE
UNICELLULAR → Chlamydomonas
2- 8, apical, equal flagella

Eukaryotic flagella Prokaryotic flagella(made of flagellin)

(made of tubulin)

GREEN ALGAE BROWN ALGAE RED ALGAE

- 2- 8, Apical, equal - 2, lateral, unequal - No flagella

organism spore-non motile

Aplanospore
zoospore zoospore &
gametes. gametes-nonmotile

gate

PIGMENTS
→ Eukaryotes pigment ⑦ it in plastids

Green Algae Chi A + Chl B

Brown Algae che a + chic + Fucoxanthin (Brown)
Red Algae Cld A + Chl D + Phycoerythrin (Red)

STORAGE
→ Green, Brown & Red algae - Produce glucose.
But storage form -Different.
Green Algae → Starch & oil
Brown Algae → Laminaria + Mannitol
Red Algae → Floridian starch/similar to Glycogen
& Amylopectin

Algae nutrition
- PHOTOSYNTHESIS (nonygenic photosynthesis)
- PLASTIDS out light on" → H2O + NADP 2 + NADPH
pyeong
(break)
dark run" → CO2 + NADPH → Glucose + NADP

Reproduction ◦

① Vegetative → Fragmentation 1
→ Each fragment
grows into new
algae.

zoospore Red Algae

② Asexual Reproduction: §renthighs zoospore
↳ Aplanosfore
(non motile)

•
Inside cell
Mitosis occurs
Algae (n) o
(zoospore) (n)
filament ✓

Newalgoe

Sexual Reproduction in Algae

- Sen organ in Algae
- It is the location where gametes are formed.

(UPPER)
- oogonium - female sen organ
- produce female gamete-EGG

↳ antheridium - Male sen organ

(LOWER)
- produce male gamete-'ANTERO 2015
Chara

* Algae sen organ → Non jacketed

* Algae is haploid - gametes form by Mitosis

Type of gametes in Algae

① Isogamous- Morphology
a

Isogamous Motile
- Uto their
Same - Cladophora
Isogamous non-motile
(PYO) - SPIRO GYRA

② Anisogamous - Morphology - Sudorina

different

③ Oogamous - Male gamete-small-generally motile ◦

Female gamete-large-non motile 0

en--Volvox
- Fucus

- All redalgae
* Green & Brown Algae - Isogamous, Anisogamors, oogamous
* Red algae- only oogamous

♀ Few examples are given:

(a) Ulothrin (b, Fucus es Spiroggera (d) Gracilaria
(e) Gelidium (f) Chlamydomonas (g) voloon (h) Eudo•ana

How many 250

Aniso

Life cycle of Algae

gamete
mitosis ⑥

Algae (Filament) If
4 haploid cell
(n) Meiosis in
(h)
zygote
•

spores
&
Mitosis O zygote
o N

(Zn)
gamete

Algae (n)
haploid
spores undergo mitosis

* Algae is haploid produced by Mitosis

* Zygote of algae undergo meiosis.
* By meiosis → spores produce which are haploid
* Spores on mitosis give FILAMENT

CLASSIFICATION of ALGAE
classes of Algae

I Chlorophyceae
7 Phalophyceae
I Rhodophyceae

GREEN BROWN RED

Habitat Fresh & Marine Mainly Marine Marine
deep sea, warm water

Structure Unicellular - Mainly filamentous - Filamentous

Chlangdowas &
Chlorella
Filamentous less more branch
branched large size
↳ Spiro gyra
↳ Ulotherin eg-kelp
•

]-around
colonial-volvon (Photosynthelid
C

stipe
→ holdfast
(attachments

Cell Detail

cell wall - Cellulose + Cellulose + Algin cellulose + Carriage

Pectin (Polysulphate
esters)
Flagella- 2-8 apical 2, unequal, lateral No flagella
Equal size

Pigment- che A & B Chl A + che c Chl A + d

chloroplast shapes Fucoxanthin + Phycoerythrin
(Dis, Reticulate, (Type of wanthophyle)
culp shaped) (colour change from olive
Pyrenoid green to Brown with
- Store protein beside art. of fucoxanthin)

starch 0

Storage- Starch & Storage- Laminaria & storage- Floridean

oil Mannitol Starch
(structure similar to
glycogen & amylopectin)

Reproduction
- Fragmentation - Fragmentation - Fragmentation

- Isogamous Isogamous, Amsogamous,

motile-Chlamydomonas oogamous.cn-Fucus - ONLY
Ulothrin, Cladophora
non motile-spinogyra
OOGAMOUS
- Oogonium & Antheridium - A planoshore
- Anisogamous (sen organs)
- sudorina

- Oogamous
- Volvox

Algae life cycle

* In all plants → Two stages present →

as sporophyte - Diploid
(b) Gametophyte -Haploid
GAMETOTHYTG

Zygote Mitosis
filament (n)
gamete (Zn)
sporophyte
forms gamete
(24)

meiosis

◦
spore.
BRYO, PTERIDO, GM MNO, ANGIO.

☐zygote
gamete /Mitosis
g
(n)
meiosis
pigat
sporophyte
Mitosis
meiosis (2h)
D

To gamete tanagega (n) we gametophyte

Zygote does not undergo mitosis in case of

direct meiosis

Algae
(sporophyte)
Mitosis Fertilization
Gametophyte Gamete Zygote
Mitosis
Meiosis
Fulticellas
sporophyte
spores

✗ Haplontic life cycle-host algae-zygotic Mosis

Haplo-dip'ontic - Kelp, sctocarpus, polysiphonia
I Dip/ontic - Fucus

Multicellular sporophyte.