Buchholz Relay
Definition: The Buchholz relay is a protective device designed for transformers,
specifically to guard against internal faults. This gas-actuated relay is installed
between the main tank of the transformer and its conservator. It is typically
utilized in transformers with a rating higher than a specific threshold, making it
less common in smaller transformers due to cost considerations.
Working Principle of Buchholz Relay
When a fault occurs inside a transformer, it causes an increase in the temperature
of the oil contained within. As the temperature rises, the oil begins to evaporate,
generating gas. The amount of gas produced is directly related to the severity of
the fault. Internal failures in transformers can be attributed to issues such as
insulation breakdown between the windings or weak initial contacts within the
winding itself.
In the event of a fault, an arc is generated that raises the temperature of the gas
within the system. As a result, the oil evaporates and rises. The Buchholz relay
plays a crucial role by detecting this failure and alerting the personnel.
Consequently, the transformer is disconnected from the main supply for
necessary maintenance.
Construction of Buchholz Relay
The Buchholz relay consists of two hinged floats located within a metallic
chamber, which is connected by a pipe to the conservator and the main tank. The
upper float features a mercury switch that activates an alarm, while the lower
float is equipped with a mercury switch that triggers the tripping circuit.
Operation of Buchholz Relay
When an internal fault occurs within a transformer, it triggers an arc inside the
main tank, causing the transformer oil to heat up due to thermal effects. This
heating leads to the upward movement of gas and the collection of vapors in the
upper area of the tank, which in turn causes the oil level to decrease. To monitor
such situations, a mercury switch is located inside a metallic chamber. If the
switch trips, it activates a relay that alerts personnel, prompting the
disconnection of the transformer from the system for maintenance. Additionally,
the relay features a test cock for releasing pressure from the chamber. In the
event of a severe fault, a separate lower mercury switch tilts, closing the tripping
circuit and ensuring that the transformer is promptly disconnected from the main
circuit for safety.
Limitations of Buchholz Relay
The Buchholz relay has several disadvantages that limit its application. Primarily, it
is designed exclusively for oil-immersed transformers, which restricts its use.
Additionally, it can only detect faults that occur below the oil level, leaving some
potential issues undetected. Another drawback is that this relay does not protect
the connecting cables, necessitating the use of separate protective devices for
those components. Moreover, the relay has a relatively high response time, with a
minimum operating time of 0.1 seconds, which may not be fast enough for certain
applications.
