Unit I: Pressure Measurement - Exam Questions
1.1 Technical Terms
1. Define the following terms: Fluid, Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics, Hydrostatics, and
Hydrodynamics.
2. Differentiate between ideal fluid and real fluid.
3. Explain the applications of hydraulics in the Civil Engineering field.
1.2 Physical Properties of Fluid
4. Define mass density, weight density, and specific volume with examples.
5. What is surface tension? Discuss the surface tension of water.
6. Explain capillarity and its significance in fluid mechanics.
7. Derive the units of viscosity and explain Newton’s law of viscosity.
8. What is kinematic viscosity? How is it different from dynamic viscosity?
1.3 Types of Pressure
9. Explain the concepts of absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and atmospheric pressure with
diagrams.
10. Derive the relationship between absolute pressure and gauge pressure.
11. What is Pascal’s law? Discuss its applications in fluid mechanics.
12. Differentiate between fluid pressure and vacuum pressure.
1.4 Pressure Measuring Devices
13. Explain the working principle of a Piezometer with a neat diagram.
14. How does a U-tube manometer measure pressure? Derive the related formula.
15. Discuss the application of an inverted U-tube differential manometer.
16. Explain the Bourdon tube pressure gauge and its advantages.
Unit II: Hydrostatics - Exam Questions
2.1 Concepts and Applications
1. Define hydrostatics and explain its significance in fluid mechanics.
2. What is total pressure? Explain the concept with examples.
3. Define the center of pressure. How is it different from total pressure?
4. Discuss the applications of total pressure and center of pressure in engineering.
2.2 Hydrostatic Pressure and Center of Pressure on Surfaces
5. Derive the expression for total hydrostatic pressure on a horizontally immersed surface.
6. Calculate the center of pressure for a vertically immersed rectangular surface in a fluid.
7. Explain how to determine the hydrostatic pressure on a triangular lamina.
8. Derive the formula for total pressure and center of pressure for a circular lamina.
2.3 Pressure Diagrams
9. Explain the use of pressure diagrams to calculate total pressure and center of pressure on
tank walls.
10. How can pressure diagrams be applied to the bottom of a tank? Illustrate with examples.
11. Discuss the significance of partition walls in tanks and their pressure analysis using
diagrams.
12. Solve a numerical problem involving the total pressure and center of pressure for a tank
with specified dimensions.
Unit III: Hydro kinematics and Hydrodynamics - Exam Questions
3.1 Types of Fluid Flow
1. Define the following types of fluid flow: steady, unsteady, uniform, and non-uniform.
2. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow with examples.
3. Explain compressible and incompressible flows with practical examples.
4. What is Reynolds number? Explain its significance in fluid mechanics.
3.2 Discharge
5. Define discharge and its unit. How is it measured in fluid mechanics?
6. Derive the continuity equation for fluid flow.
7. Solve a numerical problem involving discharge and the continuity equation.
3.3 Energies Associated with Fluid Flow
8. List the types of energies associated with fluid flow and explain each briefly.
9. Derive the total energy equation for a fluid in motion.
10. Explain the significance of potential energy, kinetic energy, and pressure energy in fluid
dynamics.
3.4 Bernoulli's Equation
11. State Bernoulli's equation and its assumptions.
12. Derive Bernoulli's equation and explain its practical applications.
13. Solve a numerical problem using Bernoulli's theorem.
14. Explain the modifications in Bernoulli's theorem for real-life applications.
Unit - IV: Flow through Pipes and Pumps
4.1 Major Head Loss in Pipe
1. Derive the Darcy-Weisbach equation for frictional loss in a pipe.
2. Solve numerical problems using the Darcy-Weisbach equation for frictional losses.
4.2 Minor Energy (Head) Losses in Pipe
3. Explain the causes of minor head losses in pipes, including sudden enlargement and
sudden contraction.
4. Calculate head losses due to bends, fittings, and entrance/exit of pipes using empirical
formulas.
4.3 Flow through Pipes
5. Derive Dupit’s equation for equivalent pipes.
6. Discuss flow through pipes in series and parallel with practical examples.
7. Solve numericals involving flow through compound pipes (series/parallel).
4.4 Hydraulic Gradient Line and Total Energy Line
8. Differentiate between the hydraulic gradient line (HGL) and total energy line (TEL)
using representative diagrams.
4.5 Discharge Measuring Devices
9. Explain the construction and working of a venturimeter with a neat diagram.
10. Derive the equation for discharge through an orifice meter using hydraulic coefficients.
4.6 Discharge Measuring for a Tank
11. Discuss the use of orifices for measuring discharge from a tank with relevant equations.
4.7 Pumps
12. Compare centrifugal, reciprocating, and submersible pumps based on working principles
and applications.
13. Explain the construction and working of centrifugal pumps with neat sketches.
4.8 Types of Heads
14. Define suction head, delivery head, static head, and manometric head for a pump.
4.9 Power Requirement for Pumps
15. Derive the formula to compute the power required for a centrifugal pump.
Unit - V: Flow through Open Channel
5.1 Geometrical Properties of Channel Section
1. Define wetted area, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius for open channel flow.
2. Derive the expressions for hydraulic radius for rectangular and trapezoidal channel
sections.
5.2 Determination of Discharge
3. Derive the equations for discharge through open channels using Chezy’s equation and
Manning’s equation.
4. Solve numerical problems on discharge determination using Manning’s equation.
5.3 Most Economical Channel Section
5. Derive the conditions for the most economical rectangular channel section.
6. Derive the conditions for the most economical trapezoidal channel section.
5.4 Discharge Measuring Devices
7. Explain the working principle of 'V' notches with a neat sketch.
8. Explain the working principle of rectangular notches with relevant equations.
5.5 Velocity Measurement Devices
9. Discuss the use of floats and pitot tubes for velocity measurement in open channels.
10. Derive the velocity equation using a Pitot tube.
