CHAPTER-5 MULTIPLICATION

After studying this chapter you can

l understand that multiplication is a repeated addition,
l understand various terms used in multiplication,
l recognise the basic multiplication facts,
l multiply by lattice method,
l multiply a number by 1- digit and 2- digit number
(with out carrying / with carrying the product not
exceeding 9999),
l solve multiplication problems arising in our everyday
life,
l estimate the multiplication product.

You have already learnt the multiplication of a number by

a single digit in the previous class

Example : 1) 6 × 8 = 48 2) 12 × 6 = 72

In the above examples identify and make a list of the

multiplicand, multiplier and product.

Example Multiplicand Multiplier Product

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 Multiplication is a repeated addition :
Activity 3: Rohith has 5 Pencil cups. Each cup contains 6
Pencils. How many pencils does Rohith has?

Observe these figure

Observe the pencil cups in the figure. Count the

number of pencils in each cup.
How many pencils are there altogether? Try.
6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 30
Recall the process of addition, that you have learnt in your
previous class.
Instead of adding 6 five times, it can be written in simplified
form using '×' sign in this way
6 × 5 = 30

Thus multiplication is a repeated addition of the same

numbers.

Multiplication without carrying

Example : A box contains 8 erasers. How many erasers are
there in 4 such boxes?
Number of boxes = 4
Number of erasers in each box = 8
Total number of erasers = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 32
Here 8 is repeated 4 times

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 ∴ 8 × 4 = 32

8 × 4 = 32

Multiplicand Multiplier Product

Remember
 Multiplication is repeated addition
 The number which is multiplied is called 'multiplicand'.
 The number by which we multiply is called
'multiplier '.
 When two numbers are multiplied, the result obtained
is called product.

Some properties of Multiplication

I. Multiplication property of multiplying by 1
Example 1:

• How many flower pots are there in the above figure?

Three
• How many plants are there in each pot?
One
• How many plants are there in these pots altogether?
3×1=3

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Example 2 :

5×1=5

• How many rectangles are there in the above figure?

Five
• How many dots are there in each rectangle?
One
• How many dots are there altogether in all rectangles?
5×1=5
When we observe the above examples, we infer that
"When any number is multiplied by 1 the product is the
number itself".

Do it youself :
1) 10 × 1 = _________ 2) 1 × 55 = _________
3) 100 × 1 = _________ 4) 8 × 1 = _________

II. The property of multiplication by Zero.

Observe the given example,
7×0=0

15 × 0 = 0

What is product obtained in the above examples? Observe.

In the above example, the product is 'Zero'
From the above examples, we can conclude that

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 When any number is multiplied by zero, the product
is always zero.
The order principle of multiplication
In the figures two different ways of arrangement of stars
is given.
Arrangement in Vertical Arrangement in
column Horizontal rows

fig - (i) fig - (ii)

Observe the arrangement of Observe the arrangement
stars in fig (i) and answer the of stars in fig (ii) and answer
following questions: the following questions:
How many columns are there? How many rows are there?
How many stars are there in How many stars are there
each column? in each row?
Find the total number of stars Find the total number of
are in all the columns stars are in all the rows
5 × 3 = 15 3 × 5 = 15

What do we observe from the above activity?

5 × 3 = 3 × 5 = 15
The product is the same in both arrangements.
Similarly,
5×7= 7 × 5 = 35
20 × 8 = 8 × 20 = 160

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 The product of two numbers does not change, if we
interchange the order of the multiplicand and the multiplier.
This is known as the order property of multiplication.

Exercise 5.1

1. Fill in the blanks with the suitable answers.

1) 9 + 9 + 9 = 9 × =

2) 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = ×8=

3) 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = × =

4) 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = × =

II. Write repeated form of addition and multiplication

for each set.

Example :

3+3=6
2×3=6

1) ___________________

___________________

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2)

___________________

___________________

3)
___________________

___________________

III. Complete the blanks using the properties of

multiplication.

1) 75 × _____ = 75

2) 93 × 0 = _____

3) 37 × 42 = 42 × _____

4) 1 × 555 = _____

5) 15 × _____ = 20 × 15

6) 7623 × _____ = 0
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 Multiplication tables (0 to 10 )

× 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30

4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60

7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70

8 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80

9 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90

10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Observe the above table:

Identify the different properties of multiplication from the
above table with the help of your teacher.

Multiplication by 10, 100 and 1000.

You have already learnt to multiply a two digit number by

one digit number.
Now let us learn to multiply a number by 10, 100 and 1,000.

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Observe these products

Example 1 : 1) 9 × 10 = 9 × 1 ten = 9 tens = 90

2) 12 × 10 = 12 × 1 ten = 12 tens = 120

What is your observation?

When a number is multiplied by 10, the product is,
obtained by placing one zero to the right of the multiplicand.

Example 2 : 1) 9 × 100 = 9 × 1 hundred = 9 hundred = 900

2) 12 × 100 = 12 × 1 hundred = 12 hundred =1200

What do you observe from the above examples?

When a number is multiplied by 100, the product is
obtained by placing two zeros to the right of the multiplicand.

Example 3 : 9 × 1000 = 9 × 1 thousand = 9 thousand = 9000

When a number is multiplied by 1000, the product is
obtained by placing three zeros to the right of the multiplicand.
From all the examples above, we can infer that when a
number is multiplied by another number ending with zeros,
first find the product of multiplicand and non-zero multiplier
and write as many zeros at the end of the product that the
multiplier has
Examples 4: 1) 8 × 10 = 80 2) 3 × 200 = 600

3) 2 × 4000 =8000 4) 40 × 10 = 400

5) 60 × 30 =1800

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 Exercise 5.2

I. Fill up the blanks with suitable answers

1) 3 × 100 = ________ 5) 24 × 200 = _______
2) 9 × 50 = ________ 6) 2 × 3000 = _______
3) 9 × 500 = ________ 7) ________ × 70 = 350
4) 7 × 400 = ________ 8) 20 × 60 = _______

Multiplication by one digit and two digit numbers.

Activity 1: Make 15 children stand in a row. Give them cards
with a picture of an umbrella on it and its cost price is written
as `160. Ask the children to hold the card in their hand. Call one
child and ask the following questions and get the answer.
Teacher : How many children are standing in a row?
Child : 15 children
Teacher : What is the cost price of an umbrella?
Child : `160.
Teacher : How many children are holding a card
having `160?
Child : 15 children.
Teacher : How many times does the number 160 occur ?
Child : 15 times
Now, we want to find the cost of 15 umbrellas. How do
you find?
We can find by multiplying 160 and 15
Observe: 160 × 15
800 Multiply 160 by 5.
1600 Multiply 160 by 10.
2400

That means, total price of 15 umbrellas = ` 2400.

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Example 1 :
A lorry can carry 142 bags of onions. What is the total
number of onion bags that 12 lorries can carry?
Total number of onion bags = 142 × 12

According the method of multiplication

12 is the multiplier. It has 1 ten and 2 ones.

First multiply the multiplicand 142 by 2 one's,

then multiply 142 by 1 ten.
142 X 2
Step 1 : Multiply 142 by 2 ones 284

142 X 10
Step 2 : Multiply 142 by 1 ten 1420
284
1420
Step 3 : When we add both the product.
1704

∴ Total number of onion bags that can be transported = 1704

Example 2 :
There are 24 pens in a packet. A shop keeper has 100 such
packets in his shop. Totally how many pens are there in the
shop?
24 X 100
Number of pens in one packet = 24
2400
Number of packets in the shop = 100

Total number of pens = 2400

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 Exercise 5.3

I. Multiply these
1) 2) 3)
31 × 4 50 × 3 210 × 40

4) 5) 6)
52 × 22 231 × 31 102 × 43

II. Solve these Problems.

1) The cost of one metre cloth is ` 32. What is the cost of
4 metre of cloth?

2) One kilogram of rice costs ` 40. What is the cost of 5

kilogram of rice ?

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 3) A cinema hall has 32 rows and each row has 42 seats.
Find the number of seats in the cinema hall.

4) Somanna manufactures 122 bricks in a day in his

factory. How many bricks can he make in 24 days?

Multiplication with carrying

Activity 1: Rama went to a

shop with her father. She
purchases 3 soaps. The cost of
each soap is `18. How much has
she to pay for the shopkeeper?
Think.

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 Rama explains the calculation to her father in this way,
Dad I have taken 3 soaps. Each soap costs `18, So I have
to pay `54 to the shopkeeper. Is it correct dad?
Father asked,
How did you calculate this my child?
By multiplying `18 by 3
Step 1 : Multiply 8 by 3
8 × 3 = 24
2
Write 4 in ones place and carry 2 to tens place 18×3
Step 2 : Multiply 1 by 3 4
1 × 3= 3 ten
Add 2 carry to the product 3 + 2 = 5
2
Write 5 in tens column. 1 8 × 3 Cost of 3 soaps is ` 54.
54

Example 1 : There are 47 coconuts in a bag. Find the total

number of coconuts in 8 such bags.
Total number of coconuts is 47 × 8
Step 1 : Multiply 7 by 8
5 7 × 8 = 56
4 7×8
Write 6 in ones place and carry 5 to tens place
6
Step 2 : Multiply 4 by 8
4 × 8 = 32 tens
Add 5 to the product
5
4 7×8 Therefore 32 + 5 = 37
376 Write 7 in tens place and 3 in hundred's
place.
Total number of coconuts = 376

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Example 2 : If one electric fan costs ` 655, what is the total
cost of 15 such fans? ` 655 × 15
Cost of 1 fan = ` 655 3275
655
∴ Total cost of 15 fans = ` 9825 ` 9825

Exercise 5.4
I. Multiply the following.
1) 2) 3)
75 × 8 627 × 7 445 × 6

4) 5) 6)
83 × 26 75 × 48 395 × 24

II. Solve the following problems.

1) A school boy saves ` 25 every month. How much does
he save in 1 year?

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2) There are 75 chocolates in a packet. How many
chocolates are there in 7 such packets?

3) A bag contains 25 kg rice. Find the total weight of rice

in 68 such bags.

4) A note book has 96 pages. Find the total number of

pages in 45 such note books.

5) The expenditure for a school programme is ` 900. Find

the total expenditure of 11 such programmes.

6) Neeta prepares 200 toys in a month. How many such

toys she prepares in 3 years?

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John Napier has discovered another method of
multiplication. Let us learn that .
4 3 Steps
2 * Draw two boxes
1
6 * Write multiplicand above
4 8 the boxes.
* Write multiplier on the right
side.
2 8 * Multiply the tens digit and
5
write the product in the first
(4+1=5)
box. 4 × 6 = 24
* Multiply the ones digit and
write the product in the
second box. 3 × 6 = 18
* Add as shown in the
example.
∴ 43 × 6 = 258
By using the above method we can find the product of very
big numbers.

Example 1 : Multiply 57 and 48

5 7

2 2
4
0 8

5
4 8
1
0 6

2
7 3 6
(1+4+0+2=7) (0+5+8=13)
∴ 57 × 48 = 2736

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Example 2 :

Multiply 273 by 36
2 7 3
∴ 273 × 36 = 9828
0 2 0
3
6 1 9

1 4 1
8 6
2 2
1
0
9 8 2 8
(1+6+2=9) (1+2+4+1+0=8) (2+1+9=12)

This method of multiplication is known as Napier or Lattice

method or diagonal method.

Exercise 5.5

I. Find the product by Lattice method.

1) 52× 9 2) 712 × 5
5 2 7 1 2

9 5

∴ 52 × 9 = ∴ 712 × 5 =

3) 75 × 36 4) 242 × 42
7 5 2 4 2
3 4

6 2

∴ 75 × 36 = ∴ 242 × 42 =

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 Estimation in Multiplication.
fig (1) fig (2)

` 99 ` 102

Observe the pictures:

What is the cost of T-shirt in fig(1)

` 99
What is the cost of T-shirt in fig(2)
` 102
While saying the prices of these some times we say ` 99 as
` 100 and ` 102 as ` 100.
Generally we say the price of T-shirt is ` 100 this value is
called the estimated value.

In this way of estimating the value of a number to its nearer

value in terms of 10,100,1000 is called estimated value

Note : 64 when estimated to tens places it becomes 60

68 when estimated to tens places it becomes 70

65 when estimated to tens places it becomes 70

observe this ≥ 5 is estimated to the next whole number.

< 5 is estimated to the previous whole number.
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Example 1 :

By estimating the multiplicand and multiplier to the

nearest ten, find the product of 76 × 34.

Estimating to the nearest 10 By actual multiplication, the

we get product is

76 → 80. 76 # 34
304
34 → 30. 2280
2584
80 # 30
2400

Example 2 :
Estimate the product of 286 × 32 by estimating the first
number to nearest hundred and second number to the nearest
ten.

Estimating to the nearest 10 and 100 The actual product is

we get 286 → 300
32 → 30 286 # 32
300 # 30 572
9000 8580
9152

Activity:
Recall any three situations in our daily life where we tell ap-
proximate values and list them below.

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 Exercise 5.6

I. Find the product by estimating multiplicand and

multiplier nearest to 10.

1) 44 × 39 2) 19 × 21 3) 23 × 28

4) 86 × 53 5) 77 × 62

II. Find the product by estimating multiplicand to the

nearest hundred and the multiplier to the nearest
ten.

1) 308 × 17 2) 240 × 42

3) 195 × 34 4) 335 × 23

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