Chapt

er–1
Sub–Geogr
aphy
Resour
ceandDev
elopment
I
ntroduct
ion:
Ever
ythi
ngavai
labl
einourenv
ironmentwhi
chcanbeusedt
osat
isf
your
needsareknownasresour
ces.
Theprocessoftransf
ormat
ionofthi
ngsavai
lablei
nourenv
ironmentinv
olv
esani
nter
-
dependentr
elat
ionshi
pbetweennatur
e,t
echnologyandi
nst
itut
ions.
Nat
ure
Humanbei
ngs–Technol
ogyandi
nst
it
uti
on
Nat
ure–Human–Technol
ogy–pr
ocess–r
esour
ce

I
nter
dependentr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weennat
ure,
technol
ogyandr
esour
ces.
Resour
ce
- Nat
ural

 Renewabl
e

 Nonr
enewabl
e
- Human

 St
ruct
uresandi
nst
it
uti
on

 Quant
it
yandQual
i
ty
Renewabl
e–
- Cont
inuousorf
lowi
ngwi
nd,
wat
er
- Bi
ologi
cal

 Nat
ural
veget
ari
an

 Wi
l
dli
fe
Non–r
enewabl
e
- Recy
cabl
eeg.–Met
als
- NonRecy
cabl
eeg–f
ossi
lFuel
s
Humanr
esour
ces–Humanbei
ngi
nter
actwi
thnat
uret
hrought
echnol
ogyandcr
eat
e
i
nsti
tut
iont
oaccel
erat
ethei
reconomi
cdev
elopment
.Resour
cesar
eaf
unct
ionof
humanacti
vi
ti
es.

Humanbeingthemsel
vesareessent
ialcomponentsofresour
ces.Theyt
ransf
orm
mater
ial
avai
labl
einourenv
ironmentintor
esourcesandusethem .

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofr
esour
ces:

(
a)Ont
hebasi
sofor
igi
n–bi
oti
candabi
oti
c

(
b)Onthebasisofexhaust
ibi
l
ity–r
enewabl
eandnon-
renewabl
e(Recy
clabl
eand
non-
recy
clabl
e)

(
c)Ont
hebasi
sofowner
shi
p–I
ndi
vi
dual
,Communi
ty,
Nat
ional
andI
nter
nat
ional

(
d)Ont
hebasi
sofst
atusofdev
elopment–Pot
ent
ial
,dev
elopedst
ockandr
eser
ves

Ty
pesofr
esour
ces

1.Or
igi
nBasi
s

(
a)Biot
icresources–Obt ai
nedfr
om bi
ospher
e,hav
eli
fef
oreg.–humanbei
ngs,
fl
oraandfauna,f
isher
ies,
li
vest
ocket
c.

(
b)Abi
oti
cresources–Thi
ngswhicharecomposedofnon-
li
vi
ngt
hingsar
e
cal
l
edabioti
cresour
cesforeg–rocksandminer
als.

2.Exhaust
ibi
l
ityBasi
s

(
a)Renewabl eresour
ces–Resour ceswhi
chcanber enewedorreproducedby
physicalormechanicalpr
ocessesareknownasrenewableorreplemishabl
e
resources,f
oreg–Sol arandwindenergy,
water
,forestandwil
dli
feetc.

(
b)Non-renewableresources–Theseoccur
sov eraver
ylonggeologi
calt
ime.
Mineralsandfossilf
uelsareexampl
esofsuchresour
ces.Thesetakemil
li
on
ofyearsinthei
rformat i
on

Fur
therdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
tsRecy
clabl
eandNon-
recy
clabl
e

(
a)Recy
clabl
e–Canber
euse,
foreg–met
als

(
b)Non-r
ecy
clabl
e–Theyexhaustaf
teruse,
cannotber
euse.Foreg–f
ossi
l
f
uels.

3.Owner
shi
pBasi
s
 (
a)I
ndi
vi
dual
resour
ces–Theser
esour
cesar
eownedpr
ivat
elybyi
ndi
vi
dual
s.

(
b)Communityownedresour
ces–Resourceswhi
chareaccessi
blet
oallt
he
membersofthecommunity.Foreg.–gr
azi
ngground,
buri
algr
ounds,
vil
lage
ponds,
etc.

(
c)Nati
onalr
esources–Techni
call
y,al
ltheresour
cesbelongtot
henati
on.The
count
ryhaslegalpower
stoacquir
eev enpri
vat
epropertyf
orpubl
i
cgood.

(
d)Int
ernati
onalr
esources–Al l
themi neral
s,waterresources,f
orest
s,wil
dli
fe,
l
andwi thi
nthepoli
ti
calboundariesandoceanicar eaupto19.2km fr
om the
coasttermedasterri
tor
ial
wat erandresourcesthereinbelongtothenati
on.

Theoceanicbeyond200km oft heExcl

usiv
eEconomi cZonebelongtoopen
oceanandnoi ndi
vidualcount
rycanuti
l
isethesewithoutt
heconcurr
enceof
i
nternat
ionali
nstr
uctions.I
ndi
ahasgotthetherighttominemanganese
modulesf r
om thebedoft heIndi
anOceanthatareawhichli
esbeyondthe
excl
usiv
eeconomi czone.

4.Ont
hebasi
sofstat
usofDevel
opment-(
Act
ual
resour
ces–Dev
elopedr
esour
ces)
(
Pot
ent
ialr
esour
ces–stock–reser
ves)

(
a)Devel
opedr
esour
ces–Resourceswhichar
esur
vey
edandt
hei
rqual
i
tyand
quant
it
yhav
ebeenknownforuti
li
zat
ion.

(
b)Potent
ialresour
ces–Resourceswhi
char
efor
medinaregi
on,buthavenot
beenutil
i
sed.Theirqual
i
tyandquant
it
yar
enotsur
vey
edforut
il
isat
ion.

(
c)Stock–Mat er
ial
sintheenvir
onmentwhichhavethepotenti
altosati
sfy
humanneedsbutwedonothav etheappropr
iat
etechnologytoaccessthese
resources.Forexample–Wat eri
sacompoundoft woinflammablegases–
hydrogenandoxy gen.Whichcanbeusedasar i
chsourceofenergy.Duet o
l
ackoft echnology.I
tcanbeconsider
edasstock.

(
d)Reser
ves–Ar ethesubsetofthestock,whi
chcanbeputintousewi t
hthe
hel
pofexist
ingtechnologybutt
heirusehasnotbeenst
arted.Thesecanbe
usedformeeti
ngf ut
urerequi
rements.

Val
uePoi
nt–

 Resour
ceConser
vat
ion

 Resour
cepl
anni
ng.

Needt
oresour
ceconser
vat
ion–I
ndi
scr
imi
nat
elyuseofr
esour
cesbyhumanbei
ngsl
ed
t
othef
oll
owi
ngpr
obl
em.

Pr
obl
ems–

 Depl
eti
onofr
esour
ces

 Accumul
ati
onofr
esour
cesoft
wohands

 Di
vi
dedt
hesoci
etyi
ntot
wosegmenti
e.Hav
eandnothav
e’sorr
ichandpoor
.

 Ledt
ogl
obal
war
ming,
ozonel
ayerdepl
eti
on.

 Env
ironment
alpol
l
uti
onandl
anddegr
adat
ion.

Resour
cespl
anni
ngi
nIndi
a–I
nvol
ves:
-

1.I
dent
if
icat
ionandi
nvent
oryofr
esour
cesacr
osst
her
egi
onsoft
hecount
ry.

 I
tinv
olv
essur
vey
ing,
mappi
ngandqual
i
tat
iveandquant
it
ati
veest
imat
ion

 Measur
ementoft
her
esour
ces.

2.Evol
vingaplanni
ngst
ruct
ureendowedwithappropri
atet
echnology
,spi
l
land
i
nsti
tuti
onal
setupfori
mplementingr
esourcesdevel
opmentplans.

3.Matchi
ngt
her
esour
cesdev
elopmentpl
answi
thov
eral
lnat
ional
dev
elopment
pl
ans.

Conser
vat
ionofResour
ces:
-Accor
dingt
oGandhi
j
i-

“
ther
eisenoughf
orev
ery
body
’sneedandnotf
orandbody
’sgr
eed”
.

- Heplacedthegreedyandself
ishi
ndiv
idualandexpeoi
l
ati
venatur
eofmoder
n
t
echnologyastherootcauseforr
esourcesdepl
eti
onatthegl
oballev
el.

Resour
cespl
anni
ngatt
hei
nter
nat
ional
lev
el.

TheclubofRome–Advocat
eresour
cesconser
vat
ionf
ort
hef
ir
stt
imei
namor
e
syst
ematicwayi
n1968.

- Schmacherwrot
eabooknamed“
smal
li
sbeaut
if
ul”i
n1974i
nwhi
chpr
esent
ed
Gandhi
anphil
osophy
.

- Theseminal
cont
ri
buti
onwithrespectt
oresour
ceconserv
ationatt
heglobal
l
evelwasmadebytheBrundt
landCommi ssi
onRepor
t,1987.Thisr
epor
t
i
ntr
oducedt
heconceptof“
Sust
ainabl
eDev
elopment
”.

Anothersi
gnif
icantcont
ri
but
ionwasmadeatt
heEar
thSummi
tatRi
oDeJanei
ro,
Brazi
lin1992.

RioDeJaneir
oEar t
hSummi tSummi t
,1992–June2t o14in1992, morethan
100countr
iesmetinthemeetingatBrazi
l,
forthefi
rstInt
ernational
Earth
Summi t
.TheRioconventi
onendorsedtheglobalf
orestpri
nciplesandadopted
st
“Agenda21”forachi
evi
ngsustai
nableDevelopmentinthe21 Cent ury
.

“
Agenda21”–Itisthedecl
arat
ionsi
gnedbyworldl
eader
sin1992att
heUni
ted
Nat
ionsConf
erenceonEnvir
onmentalandDev
elopment(
UNCED).

Whati sAgenda21?I ti
sanagendatocombatenv
ironmental
damage,pov
ert
y,
disease,
throughgl
obal co-
oper
ati
ononcommoni nter
est
s.Mutual
needsand
sharedresponsi
bil
i
ties.

Onemaj
orobject
iveofAgenda21i
sthatev
eryl
ocal
gov
ernmentshoul
ddr
awi
ts
ownl
ocalAgenda21

Exampl
e–LandResour
ce

I
ndi
ahasl
andunderav
ari
etyofr
eli
eff
eat
ures–

 Mount
ains(
30%)

 Pl
ateaus

 Pl
ains(
43%)

 I
slands

LandUt
il
isat
ion–

 For
est

 Landnotav
ail
abl
eforcul
ti
vat
ion

 Ot
heruncul
ti
vat
edl
and

 Fal
l
owl
ands
  Netsownar
ea

1.For
est

2.Landnotav
ail
abl
eforcul
ti
vat
ion

 Bar
renandwast
eland

 Handputt
onon-
agr
icul
tur
euses,
eg–bui
l
ding,
roads,
fact
ori
es,
etc.

3.Ot
heruncul
ti
vat
edl
and.

 Per
manentpast
uresandgr
azi
ngl
and.

 Landundermi
scel
l
aneoust
reecr
opsgr
oves.

 Cul
tur
abl
ewast
eland.

4.Fal
l
owl
and

Cur
rentf
all
ow–l
eftwi
thoutcul
ti
vat
ionf
oroneorl
esst
hanoneagr
icul
tur
eyear
.

Ot
hert
hancur
rentf
all
ow–l
eftuncul
ti
vat
edf
ort
hepast1t
o5agr
icul
tur
eyear
s.

5.Netsownarea–ar
easownmor et
hanoncei
nanagr
icul
tur
aly
earpl
usnetsown
ar
eaisknownasgr
osscroppedar
ea.

LANDUSEPATTERNI
NINDI
A-

Theuseoflandi
sdetermi
nedbothbyphy
sicalf
actor
ssuchast opography,cl
i
mate,
soi
lty
pesaswellashumanfact
ors-populat
iondensi
ty,
technol
ogicalcapabi
li
ty
andcult
ureandtr
adi
tionet
c.

Gener
all
andusecat
egor
ies2002–03

 For
est(
22.
57%)

 Deser
ed(
33%)

 Bar
renandwast
eland(
6.29%)

 Nonagr
icul
tur
eusedl
and(
7.29%)

 Per
manentPast
uresandgr
azi
ngl
and(
3.95%)

 Mi
scel
l
aneoust
reesandcr
opsandgr
ove(
1.10%)

 Cul
tur
abl
ewast
eland(
4.41%%)
  Fal
l
owl
andot
hert
hancur
rentf
all
ow(
3.82%)

 Cur
rentf
all
ow(
7.03%)

 Netsownl
and(
43.
41%)

Landdegradat
ionandconser
vat
ionmeasur
es:
-Atpr
esent
,ther
ear
eabout130mi
l
li
on
hect
ares

 For
estdegr
adedar
ea–28%

 Wat
erer
odedar
ea–56%

 Sal
i
neandAl
kal
i
nel
and–6%

 Wi
nder
odedar
ea–10%

Maj
orr
easonf
orl
anddegr
adat
ion

Humanact
ivi
ti
es:
-

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Ov
ergr
azi
ng

 Mi
ning

 Quar
ryi
ng

Foreg–Instat
esl
i
keJhar
khand,
Chhatt
isgar
h,Madhy
aPradesh,andOr
issa
defor
est
ati
onduet
omini
nghavecausedseverel
anddegr
adati
on.

I
nstat
esl
i
keGujarat
,Raj
ast
han,MadhyaPr
adeshandMahar
asht
raov
ergr
azi
ngi
sone
oft
hemai
nreasonforl
anddegr
adati
on.

I
nPunjab,Har
yana,
west
ernUttarPradeshov
eri
rri
gat
ioni
sresponsi
blef
orl
and
degr
adati
onduetowat
erloggi
ngleadingtoi
ncr
easei
nsali
nit
yandalkal
i
nit
yint
hesoi
l
.

Someway
stosol
vet
hepr
obl
emsofl
anddegr
adat
ion.

 Af
fi
rmat
ionandpr
opermanagementofgr
azi
ng.

 Pl
ant
ingofshel
terbel
tsofpl
ant
s.

 Cont
rol
onov
ergr
azi
ng.
  Stabi
li
zati
onofsanddunesbygr
azi
ngt
hor
nybushesar
esomeoft
hemet
hodst
o
checklanddegr
adati
on.

 Pr
opermanagementofwast
eland.

 Cont
rol
ofmi
nni
ngact
ivi
ti
es.

 Pr
operdi
schar
geanddi
sposal
ofi
ndust
ri
alef
fl
uent
sandwast
es.

Soilasaresour
ce–Animportantrenewabl
enaturalr
esour
ce.I
tisthemedi
um ofpl
ant
growthandsuppor
tsdi
ff
erenttypesofli
vi
ngorganismsontheeart
h.

Soi
lprof
il
e–Topsoil
(uppersoi
llay
er)–Subsoi
lweat
her
edr
ockssandandsi
l
tcl
ay–
Weather
edpar
entr
ockmat er
ial
–

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofsoi
l:
-

 Al
l
uvi
alsoi
l
s

 Bl
acksoi
l
s

 Redandy
ell
owsoi
l
s

 Lat
eri
tesoi
l
s

 Ar
idsoi
l
s

 Al
l
uvi
alsoi
l
s

 Khadarnewal
l
uvi
al

 Bangarol
dal
l
uvi
al

- Thi
si st
hemostwi
del
yspr
eadandi
mpor
tantsoi
lfoundi
ntheent
ir
enor
ther
n
pl
ains.

- Deposi
tedbythr
eeimpor
tantHi
mal
ayanr
iversy
stem –TheI
ndus,
TheGanga,
TheBrahmaputr
a.

- Ext
endi
nRaj
ast
han,
Guj
aratt
hroughanar
rowcor
ri
dor
.

- Al
sofoundintheeast
erncoastalpl
ains,i
nthedel
tasoft
heMahanadi
,the
Godav
ari
,theKri
shnaandKav eri
r i
vers.

- Cont
ainadequat
epr
opor
ti
onofPot
ash,
Phosphor
icaci
dandl
i
me–i
deal
fort
he
 gr
owt
hofsugar
cane,
paddy
,wheatandot
hercer
eal
andpul
secr
ops.

 Bl
acksoi
l
:-al
soknownasr
egul
arsoi
l
s.

- I
deal
forgr
owi
ngcot
ton.

- Ty
pical
oft
heDeccant
rap(
Basal
t)r
egi
onspr
eadov
ernor
thwestDeccanpl
ateau

- Madeofl
avaf
lows

- Cover
sthepl
ateausofMahar
asht
ra,
Saur
asht
ra,
Mal
wa,
Madhy
aPr
adeshand
Chhat
ti
sgar
h.

- Alsoextendi
nthesout
heastdi
rect
ional
ongt
heGodav
ari
andt
heKr
ishna
vall
eys.

- Ri
chi
ncal
ci
um car
bonat
e,magnesi
um,
pot
ashandl
i
me.

 Redandy
ell
owsoi
l
s:

- Redsoil
devel
opsoncr
ystal
li
neigneousr
ocksinthear
easofl
owr
ainf
all
int
he
east
ernandsout
her
npartoftheDeccanpl
ateau.

- Yel
lowsoilandRedsoil
arealsofoundinpar
tsofOri
ssa,Chhat
ti
sgar
h,sout
her
n
par
tsofthemiddleGangaPlainal
sofoundintheWester
nGhats.

- I
tdevel
opsar eddishcol
ourduet
odi
ff
usi
onofi
roni
ncr
yst
all
i
neand
metamorphi
cr ocks.

- I
tlooksy
ell
owwheni
toccur
sinahy
drat
edf
orm.

 Lat
eri
tesoi
l
:-

- Dev
elopsi
nthear
easwi
thhi
ght
emper
atur
eandheav
yrai
nfal
l
.

- Lat
eri
tehasbeendepr
ivedf
rom t
heLat
inwor
d‘Lat
er’
whi
chmeans‘
bri
ck’
.

- Humuscont entoft
hesoi
lislowbecausemostofthemicr
oor
gani
sm,
part
icul
arl
ythedecomposers,l
i
kebacter
ia,
getdest
roy
edduet
ohigh
temperat
ure.

- Thesesoi
l
sar
emai
nlyf
oundi
ntheKar
nat
aka,
Ker
ala,
Tami
lNadu,
Madhy
a
 Pr
adeshandt
hehi
l
lyar
easofOr
issaandAssam.

- RedLat
eri
tesoi
li
nTamil
Nadu,
Andhr
aPr
adeshandKer
alaar
emor
esui
tabl
efor
cr
opsli
keCashewnut
.

 Ar
idSoi
l
:-

- Rangef
rom r
edt
obr
owni
ncol
our
.

- Gener
all
ysal
i
nei
nnat
ure.

- Insomeareasthesal
tcont
enti
sver
yhi
ghandcommonsal
tisobt
ainedby
evapor
ati
ngthewater
.

- Thelowerhori
zonsoft
hesoilar
eoccupi
edbyKankarbecauseoft
hei
ncr
easi
ng
cal
cium cont
entdownl
oads.

- Af
terproperirr
igati
ont
hesesoi
l
sbecomecul
ti
vabl
eashasbeeni
nthecaseof
Wester
nRaj asthan.

 For
estsoi
l
s:-

- Foundi
nthehi
l
lyandmount
ainsar
easwher
esuf
fi
cientr
ainf
orestar
eav
ail
abl
e.

- Theyar
eloamyandsi
l
tyi
nval
l
eysi
desandcoar
segr
ainedi
ntheuppersl
opes.

Soi
lEr
osi
onandsoi
lconser
vat
ion

Soi
lEr
osi
on–thedenudati
onofthesoi
landcov
erandsubsequentwashi
ng
downi
sknownassoiler
osion.

Maj
orcausesofsoi
ler
osi
onduet
ohumanact
.

 Def
orest
ati
on

 Ov
ergr
azi
ng

 Mi
ning

Soi
ler
osi
onduet
onat
ural
for
ces
  Wi
nd

 Gl
aci
er

 Wat
er

Consequencesofsoi
ler
osi
on.

 Gul
l
ies

 Badl
and

 Sheeter
osi
on

- Gul
li
es:
-Runni
ngwat
ercut
sthr
ought
hecl
ayeysoi
landmakesdeepchannal
sas
gul
l
ies.

- Badl
and:
-Landbecomeunf
itf
orcul
ti
vat
ion.

- Sheeter
osi
on:
-Somet
imeswat
erfl
owsasasheetov
erl
argear
easdownasl
ope.
I
nsuchcasesthet
opsoi
li
swashedawayknownassoi
ler
osi
on.

Way
sofsoi
lconser
vat
ion:
-

 Cont
ourpl
oughi
ng

 Ter
racecul
ti
vat
ion

 St
ri
pcr
oppi
ng

 Shel
terbel
ts

 St
abi
l
isat
ionofsanddunes

Homewor
k

1.Namesomer
esour
cesy
ouf
indasschool
andy
ourhome.

2.Expl
aint
her
esour
cesont
hebasi
sofowner
shi
p.

3.I
ftheoi
lsuppl
yget
sexhaust
edoneday
,howwoul
dthi
sef
fecty
ourl
i
fe.

4.Pr
epar
eal
i
stofr
esour
cesy
ouf
oundi
nyourst
ate.