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• Activity-based
• Discovery-based
Learning
Learning
• Class Discussions • Digital Literacy
• Rootedness in India • Field Trip
• Higher Order • Real-life Situations
Thinking

Metals and Non-metals

Elements can be classified into the following I defined as elements which form positive ions
two groups depending on their physical and by losing electrons. They contain 1, 2 or 3
chemical properties: valence electrons. For example, a sodium
❖ Metals such as iron, copper, tin, silver and atom loses 1 electron, a calcium atom loses
gold. In general, metals are hard and shiny 2 electrons and an aluminium atom loses
in appearance. 3 electrons, to form the respective positively-
❖ Non-metals such as sulphur and phosphorus. charged ions.
In general, they are not so hard and dull in Non-metals are defined as elements which
appearance. form negative ions by gaining electrons.
There are also certain elements, such as They contain 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons. For
silicon, arsenic, antimony and germanium, which example, chlorine contains 7 valence electrons
have some properties of metals and some and gains 1 _ele_ctron to form a negatively-
properties of non-metals. They are known as charged chlonne 10n. Oxygen contains 6 valence
gains 2 electrons to form the
metalloids. . l and
electrons
From the electronic viewpoint, metals are negatlve y-charged oxygen ion.
IN THIS CHAPTER
OCCURRENCE OF METALS AND NON-METALS • PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-METALS • THE REAmVITY SERIE
• USES OF COMMON METALS AND NON-METALS • NOBLE METALS • CORROSION OF METALS ♦ ALLOYSS OF METALS

48 ♦ l\lAT[IUALS

,. w t•;c a
 Elements with 4 valence electrons
normally meta llo1.d s. The noble gases withare8 makes up the sun and other stars. On earth,
valence electrons do not form ions and ca t hydrogen mainly occurs in combined for~ as
really be dass1·r; ed as metals or non-m nno a constituent of water (about 11 % by wetght
. h t ls of water is hydrogen}, petroleum, natural gaS,
However, srnce t .ey. are gases they showe athe.
physical charactenst1cs of gases.\ coal, clay, and all animals and plants.

} OCCURRENCE OF METALS Nitrogen .

Nitrogen mainly occurs in the free state 1n
In nature, most metals occur in the combined
the atmosphere. About 76 % by mass of au
state as minerals. Nearly all rocks contain
is nitrogen. In the combined state, it is a
some metallic minerals. Often the amount of
constituent of minerals such as chile saltpetre
metal present in the rock is so little that it is
(NaN0 3) and nitre (KNO).
too expensive to mine these rocks and extract
the metal from them. If the amount of metal
Oxygen
is more, it is profitable to mine the rocks and
Oxygen is the most abundant element in the
extract the metal. Such rocks are called ores.
earth's crust. It occurs in the free state in
In ores, the useful metallic mineral is mixed the atmosphere, forming about 23 % by mass
with other minerals which are not of much use. of the atmosphere. In the combined state, it
These minerals, present as impurities, are called constitutes about 89 % by mass of water. It
gangue (pronounced as 'gang').
is also present in the combined state in the
Some metals, such as silver, platinum earth's crust as oxides, carbonates and silicates
and gold, are not very reactive. They occur in of metals.
the free state in nature. Their ores contain
particles of metals mixed with large quantities Carbon
1 of impurities. They are known as noble metals. In the free state, carbon occurs as graphite,
) The ores of very reactive metals, such diamond and coal Diamond and graphite are
as sodium or calcium, contain chlorides or pure forms of carbon. Coal contains 60-90 % of
carbonates of the metals, for example, rock salt carbon. In the combined state it occurs in the
(NaCl}, dolomite (CaC0 3 • MgC0 3). atmosphere as carbon dioxide. In the earth's
The ores of other metals, such as aluminium, crust, it occurs as carbonates of metals and as
iron, copper or zinc, contain mostly oxides or fossil fuels. Carbon is the central element of all
sulphides, for example, bauxite (A~O), iron living matter.
pyrites (FeS), haematite (Fe 0 ), copper glance
2 3
(Cu 2S), and zinc blende (ZnS). Silicon
The series of processes carried out to extract Silicon is the second most abundant element in
pure metals from their ores is called metallurgy. the earth's crust. It does not occur in the free
state. In the combined state, it occurs as silica
OCCURRENCE OF NON-METALS (Si0 2) and silicates. The most common form of
AND METALLOIDS silica is sand.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in Sulphur
th e universe-it is Sulphur occurs in the free state in the earth's
the chief element that
METALS ANO NON-METALS ♦ 49
 imPntal in vC'c;tigation)•
co m bi ne d stat e, it occurs in rocks A m v m 1 (Exper et al s an d no n- m et a~
crust. In the su lphides. It also of m
M al le ab il it y cts:
as metal su lp h at es an d the following obje
(HzS) which is Collect pieces of wire,
dr og en sulp hi de , thick aluminium
occurs as hy thick copper wire ite)
.
trol eu m and natural ga
s.
co al, 'le ad' of pencil (graph
sent 1n pe iron na il, te are forms
pre
s, su ch as he liu m, neon, argon, (Note that both
coal and graphi
Noble gase elemental Form in
n oc cur in of carbon.) a
krypton and xe no with the help of
Beat each of them thei ape
r sh
a1r. hat happens to
et al s from their sources ham m er. R ecor d w
Extraction of no n- m ey break or not?
N on -m etals so obtained on beating. Do th
is equally im po rtan t. s. Do they get flat
tened or not?
pr od uc tion of m any useful chemical AP[ ON B[ATING
help in the 01lJ£CT/MATf RIA
L (/1/111',( IN SH

OF METALS Copper wire

PROPERTIES
TALS Aluminium wire
AND NON-ME etals
p ro p er ti es o f metals and non-m Iron nail
Physical al s are generally solid
at Coal
ical st at e: M et
Phys on-it
pe ra tu re . M er cury is an excepti GrJphite
m and
room te m
temperature. will find that copper, aluminiu
is a liquid at room s (carbon, sulphur),
You
beating. Coal and
ned on
Non-metals oc cu r as so lid iron can be flatte ing, i.e. they are brittle.
(o xygen, nitrogen). beat
liquids (brom in e) or ga se s
. graphite break on which they can be
etal s ha ve a m etallic lustre, i.e The prop er ty of m et als by
.
Lustre: M
ap pe ar ance. Non-metals
do
th in sh ee ts is kn own as malleability
they have a sh in y are beaten into o f copper and
m et al lic lu stre . Some exceptions You h av e se en w ires
awn
not have a dine. metals can be dr
of carbon) and io aluminiu m . In ge ne ra l,
wires
graphite (a form generally ve you ever seen
es s an d st re ngth: Metals are into wir es. H ow ev er , ha
ot be
Har dn
ng . So me exceptions are
sodium
or gr ap hi te ? Non-metals cann
hard and st ro easily of coal
ss iu m w hi ch ar e soft and can be drawn into wires. ey can
and po ta
. N on -m et als are generally not e pr op er ty of m etals by which th
cut with a knife Th ctility.
ro ng . D iam on d (a form of carbon
)
aw n in to th in w ires is known as du
so hard and st be dr le and
io n. It is th e hardest substance and silv er ar e the most malleab
is an except Gold
known. to ductile metals. malleable nor
ili ty an d d u ct ility: Do Activity 1 Non-metal s ar e n ei th er
Malleab ce between metals rittle.
observe a wel l- kn ow n di ff er en ductile; they are b
and non-metals.

SILVER
GOLD MERCURY
CHROMIUM
ANTIMONY
FIG. 4.1 Some metals

50 • MAf(RJALS
 It is a good conductor of electricity.
Why are cooking utensils made of metals
and not of non-metals? However, the ha nd les
of cooking utensils are not made of metals but
of wood or plastic. Why?
Meta ls a re good conductors of hea t.
Therefore, heat gets properly conducted from
I the fire into the food being cooked. However
,
if the handles of cooking utensils were made
FtG. 4.2 Aluminium foil of metals, they would become very hot to hold
.
Therefore, handles are made of plastic or wood,
Conductivity: The following activity which are bad conductors of heat.
demonstrates another property of metals and In general, metals are good conductors of
non-metals, on which various applications in heat and electricity. Silver and copper are the
our daily life are based. best conductors of electricity, followed by gold
and aluminium. If you examine electric wires,
ACTIVITY 2 (Ex per ime nta l you will find that they are made of copper or
investigation): Elec tric al con duc tivi aluminium.
ty
of met als and non -me tals Non-metals are bad conductors of heat and
Set up an electric circuit. as shown, electricity. Graphite is an exception. It is a
by using copper wire. Test if the following
good conductor of heat and electricity.
conduct electricity or not, by putting them
in the circuit. one at a time: aluminium foil, Sonorous: When wood is struck, does it
iron nail. coal. 1ead' of pencil (graphite}. produce a ringing sound? Do the following
In which cases does the bulb light up? activity to listen to sounds produced by
Tabulate your results. different materials.
OBJlCT/IIIATUIAL co~o umiH , OR NOT
ACTIVITY 3 (Experimt:ntal inv esti gat
ion ):
Aluminium foil Sou nd pro duc ed by met als and
Iron nail non -me tals whe n stru ck
Coal Strike a metal utensil with a metal spoon.
Graphite Note the kind of sound emitted. Now strike
a piece of coal with the same spoon. Do

i~
you find a difference in the kind of sound

( - (
produced?
<;J-- -- -.

-==- / -
==- /
Most metals produce a ringing sound when
struck, i.e. they are sonorous. Non-metals are
fa. 4.3 Testing for electrical conductivity not sonorous.
What do you find?
Melting and boiling points: Metals
genera~ly have high melting and boiling points.
' Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Except10ns are sodium and potassium, which
In general, non-metals are bad conductors of
have low melting and boiling points.
electricity. However, graphite is an exception.
Non-metals have low melting and boiling
~\ETALS AND NON-MHAL'i ♦ Sl
 . . eriments with othe r metals
.
51m1lar exp t w1th O)lygen to
etal s reac
poi nts. The exc epti ons are grap hite and that mos t m
diamond, which have very high melting and basic oxides. such as [Link] an d potass
boi Ling points. tals
some me ,
·th oxygen even at room temper
react w1 .
Specific gravity and catch fire whil e react1ng.
Most metals have high specific gravities, for oz ~ 2Na 2 0
example, iron 7.8, copper 8.7, lead 11.3 , 1+Na + sodium oxide
oxygen
sodium
mercury 13.6 , gold 19.3. Exceptions are sodium
and potassium, both of which have specific To prevent this reac tion , thes e metal
gravity less than 1. Non-metals generally have stored in kerosene.
low specific gravities. Others, such as iron and copper, react
on heating at very high tem pera ture s an
Chemical properties of metals and non-metals not burn whil e reac ting .
As in the case of physical properties, metals and
non-metals differ in their ability to chemically 2Cu + 02 ~ 2Cu0
copper oxide
combine with other elements and compounds. copper oxygen

Reaction with oxygen: Oxygen reacts with

Arnvrrv 5 (f,cp erim enta [ inve stig atio n
metals and non-metals to produce oxides. Rea ctio n of non -me tals with oxyg e
,
I
4

Take a small amount of sulphur in a

ACTIVITY 4 (Exp erim enta l inve stig atio n):
deflagrating spoon. Heat it over a Bunsen
Rea ctio n of met als with oxygen
burner flame. As soon as it start s burning,
Hold a piece of magnesium wire with a pair
of tongs over a flame. After some time the introduce it into a gas jar and cove r it with
magnesium burns with a dazzling flame. a lid. After the sulphur stops burning, remov
Collect the white ash of magnesium oxide thus the spoon.
formed in a glass dish. Add a small
amount of
2Mg + 02 --.. 2Mg0
oxygen magnesium oxide water into
magnesium
the gas jar,
Dissolve a little of the magnesium oxide in quickly replace
water taken in a test tube. Test it with red the lid and
litmus. shake the jar
so that the
gas formed
dissolves in
the water.
Test the
solution with
-
blue litmus
frG. 4 .s Sulphur burns
F1G. 4.4 Magnesium burning papers. Does in air to make an
it turn red? acidic oxide.
The litmus will turn blue, showing that the
solution is a base. Thus, magnesium burns in The litm
. .
us turn s re d, show1. ng tha t
air to produce a basic oxide. .
solut1on 1s an acid. Thus , sul Ph ur burns 1n

52 • MATERIALS
 lllla:jiijifiiiifi.-

to produce an acidic oxide.

is interesting. It reacts with water to form
s + Ql s0 2 aluminium oxide which gets deposited as a
sulphur oxygen
sulphur dioxide thin layer on aluminium and prevents further
reaction from taking place.
When the sulphur dioxide is dissolved in
water, it forms sulphurous acid. 2Al + 3H,O ~ AlZOl + 3H/
aluminium water aluminium oxide hydrogen
so + H,O H2s0 1
'd
l
sulphur diox1 e water sulphurous acid Zinc reacts only with steam.
When phosphorous + Hli
. burns in air, 1·t forms Zn
zinc
+ HZO
steam
~ ZnO
zinc oxide hydrogen
phosphorous pentox1de, which is also an acidic
oxide. Iron reacts with steam when it is heated
strongly.
4P + 502 ~ 2PO
phosphorus oxygen
l \
phosphorus pentoxide
Copper, gold or platinum do not react with
water or steam.
In general, non-metals react with oxygen The reaction of metals with water show that
to give acidic oxides. different metals have different reactivities.
Reaction with water: Metals react with water Non-metals do not react with water. Very
to form oxides or hydroxides, and hydrogen. reactive non-metals such as phosphorous, which
catch fire when exposed to air, are therefore
ACTIVITY 6 (Experimental investigation): stored in water.
Reaction of sodium with water
Reaction with acids: Let us observe
(Note: This activity should be demonstrated by •
how dilute acids react with metals and non-
the teacher as it is dangerous.)
Half-fill a beaker with water. Cut a small
metals.
piece of sodium, about the size of a wheat
grain. Dry it with a filter paper. Hold it with a Arnvm 7 (Experimental
pair of tongs and gently drop it in the beaker. investigation): Reaction of dilute
acids with metals and non-metals
• Note your observations.
Take samples of the following metals and
Touch the beaker after the reaction is
non-metals: magnesium ribbon, aluminium
over. Is it hot? Test the water with red and
foil, iron filings, copper wire, charcoal
blue litmus paper. ls the solution acidic or
powder, sulphur powder. Keep the samples in
basic?
separate test tubes. To each test tube, add
Sodium, potassium and calcium react about 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. Note if
a reaction occurs. If it does, bring a burning
vigorously with water, giving off a lot of heat.
matchstick to the mouth of the test tube.
2Na + 2H 20 ~ 2Na0H + H2i What happens?
sodium water sodium hydrogen If a reaction does not occur, heat the test
hydroxide tube. Does a reaction occur now? Test with a
Magnesium reacts with hot water or steam. lighted matchstick.
Now try the same with dilute sulphuric acid
.,_ Mg + ~ H2i instead of hydrochloric acid.
H20 MgO +
) magnesium hydrogen
hot water magnesium oxide Which metals and non-metals did not react
with dilute acids at all?
The reaction of aluminium with water
METALS AND NON-METALS ♦ 53
 should not be stored in metallic utensil,
Metals react with dilute hydrochloric and made of iron and aluminium. As there isl
sulphu,,c adds to form the corresponding reaction between the acid and the metal, ,j
salt ao d to liberate hydrogen. The hydrogen
may result in the formation of a poisonou1
formed burns with a pop sound when a lighted
matchstick is brought near it. substance.
Non metals do not react wilh dilute acids.
Meta\ + Add ~ Salt + Hydrogen i Reaction with bases: Only some rnetab
such as aluminium, zinc and lead react wiul
The more reactive metals, sodium and
strong bases such as sodium hydroxide t
potassium react violently with dilute acids.
The reaction is slower for less reactive metals. release hydrogen gas.
The reaction of non-metals with sodiu~
Copper, silver and gold do not react with acids.
hydroxide is complex.
2Na + 2HCl ~ 2NaCl + H1i
sodium hydrochloric sodium hydrogen
acid chloride Displacement reactions-the reactivity
series of metals
Fe + 2HCl ~ Fe(~ + H1i
hydrochloric ferrous hydrogen
The reaction of metals with oxygen, water
\ron
acid chloride and acids shows that metals have different
reactivities. Potassium and sodium are the mo~
21\l + 6HCl ~ 2AlC~ ♦ 3H 1i
aluminium hydrochloric aluminium hydrogen reactive, whereas silver and gold are the leas1
acid chloride reactive. We can arrange the common meta~
Mg ♦ H,SO, ~ MgSO, + H1i in order of decreasing reactivity as shown il
magntsium sulphuric magnesium hydrogen Table 4.2.
acid sulphate
Such an arrangement of metals in decreasin
This is the reason why certain food items order of reactivity is called the reactivity seri :
which contain acids, like pickles and curd of metals.
TAIU 4. 1 Comparison of properties of metals and non-metals

Physical. generally solid at room temperature solid, liquid or gas at room temperature
(except mercury)
lustrous not lustrous (except graphite)
generally hard
comparatively soft (except diamond)
generally have high density generally have low density
malleable and ductile generally brittle when solid
good conductors of heat and electricity
bad conductors of heat and elect • ·ty
(except graphite) nc1
generally have high melting and boiling points
generally have low melting and b01T
sonorous not sonorous ing points
Chemical generally form basic oxides with oxygen form acidic oxides w,'th oxygen
form oxides or hydroxides with water and do not react with water
hydrogen
me~Ls ~bove hydrogen in the reactivity do not react with acids
senes displace hydrogen from dilute acids

-------
54 ♦ i\lAf[IUALS
 TAIL£ 4.2 Reactivity series of metals

Remove the nail after five minutes. Is there a

K thin layer of copper on the nail? This shows
potassium most reactive
that iron can displace copper from a solution
sodium Na
of copper sulphate.
barium Ba -t
calcium Ca Fe + CuSO4 ~ FeSO4 + Cu
iron copper iron copper
magnesium Mg
J sulphJte sulphate
I aluminium Al
zinc Zn Now take a clean copper wire and put it
Fe in a solution of iron sulphate. Remove the
iron decreasing
Ni ., copper wire after some time.
nickel redctivity
You wilt find that there is no deposit
tin Sn v
on the wire. This shows that copper cannot
lead Pb displace iron from its salt solution.
hydrogen H

copper Cu'
mercury Hg

silver Ag
gold A least reactive

Hydrogen though a non-metal is also placed

in the series because it also forms positive ions
like metals.
You have read that some metals can replace other
metals from their salt solutions. It has been observed
that a more reactive metal can replace a less reactive
metal Thus, a metal can replace another metal placed Fu;. 4.6 Iron nail in copper
sulphate solution
below it in the reactivity series, but cannot replace
a metal placed above it in the reactivity series.
The reaction in which one metal replaces another In the reactivity series, iron is placed above
from its salt solution is known as a displacement copper. Therefore, these observations prove that
reaction. a metal can replace another metal placed below
The position of hydrogen in the reactivity it in the reactivity series, but cannot replace a
series shows which metals displace it from metal placed above it in the series.
dilute acids. The metals above it in the series Magnesium, zinc and aluminium, being
will displace it ·from dilute acids, but metals above copper in the reactivity series, can
below it in the series will not. replace copper from its salt solution.
Mg + CuSO, ~ MgSO, + Cu
Amvm 8 (Experimental investigation): magnesium copper magnesium copper
Displacement reaction sulphate sulphate
/ Take an iron nail and use sandpaper to remove
I Zn + CuSO, ~ ZnSO, + Cu
dirt and rust from it. Place it in a test tube zinc copper zinc copper
containing copper sulphate solution (Fig. 4.6). sulphate sulphate

METALS ANU NON-tvlETALS • 5.5

 ORAL QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION
. t 11oug•hl it would be too l'Xpen-,;ive
• found to have a very srnall amount of iron. Geolog1,ts
1
• A roe k 1-.
to C'.\.tract iron from it. \VoulJ vou call the rock :more of iron'? . D
• I . . 11 1rd ·and ,hmv or not. o Vou
2 • An ckmcnt is a metal or n(lt is finallv . determined by whet wr it is ' • • '

agree? Give rea~ons. . • . f the m·1tni· I?

. . I 1
··'ll•wniakctllllWlrL'so • •,
3. \Vluch property mu~t a sub~tancc prn,,e-.s fnr H IO >c po,'it) l . . . ·d with hluc and
. I . I tn w·1tl'r ,11u 1 t,., l
1
..\. A meta\ was burnt in air. The ~uhstam·c fonlll·d wa,; l I ""o vu •
rcu litmus paper. \Vhat rc.,ult do you ex1wrt? . . . • the re:u.:1ivi1y '>l'ries?
I ~1., \VI • I1 •t·il will he lug1H: r upIt 111f M3 J lowevcr, mcl;t)
5. l\\ctal l\\ 1 is more reactive than nll'ta r- L. \IC rm: • J .
...o .•. f• M3 anJ M47
~·t' Th c pr£kIm·ts• Wl'fl' M-l an a s.1
(•. ?\1ctal l\-13 reacted with a sail of meta I 1v .,_
1 ay ·ibou 1 the read 1v1 1u.:s o •
?\,\4 haJ no reaction with a salt of M3. \'\ hat can yous. '

to prevent rusting of iron.

USES OF SOME METALS
..-. Aluminium alloys are light and strong. Th~
Uses of iron
are used to make bodies and engine pa
-:- Pig iron is a hard and brittle form of iron
with a high carbon content. It is used to of aircrafts and cars.
make pipes, sinks, storage tanks, railings,
cylinders, etc., by the process of c~sting: Uses of zinc
❖ Articles, such as nails, bolts, chams, w1re -:- Zinc is used in dry cells.
nets, agricultural tools, etc., are made by -:- It is used in coating iron sheets to prevent
hammering heated wrought iron. Wrought rusting of iron. The process is known as
iron is a tough, malleable form of iron with galvanizing of iron.
very little carbon content. -:- It is used in the preparation of useful allo
-:- Steel (contains 0.5-1.S°lo carbon) is used such as brass, bronze and German silver.
in construction of buildings, ships, bridges,
railway lines, etc. Stainless steel is used to Other metals
make utensils, knives, etc. Some uses of few other metals are as follows.
Lead is mainly used for making electrodes
Uses of copper for automobile batteries. It is also used for
-:- Copper is widely used to make electric wires making alloys such as solder and type metals.
and cables. Copper coils are used in several Steel or iron plates with a coating of tin are
electrical appliances. used to make food containers. Tin is also us~
❖ It is also used to make heating utensils, car to make alloys such as solder and bronze.
radiators and calorimeters. Chromium electroplated on iron gives it a
❖ It forms useful alloys. corrosion resistant shining finish, for example
in handles of bicycles, car bumpers, etc.
Uses of aluminium Nickel is electroplated on other metals to
❖ Aluminium is increasingly replacing copper give them a corrosion-resistant finish. It is als0
as an electric conductor, especially 1n used to make alloys.
overhead cables. Titanfom is a light, strong, corrosion-resista~
❖ It is used to make cooking utensils. metal. It is used to make bodies of aircrafts.
❖ Aluminium foil is used for packing food. Mercury, being a liquid at room temperaturt'
❖ Aluminium powder is used as paint is used in thermometers and barometers.;
 ·-
USES OF COMMON NON-METALS ammonia gas, which is used to manufacture
AND METALLOIDS fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulphate.
uses of silicon ❖ It is used in the extraction of metals such
❖ Silicon is extensively used in the electronic as copper, lead and tin.
and computer industries to make devices, such ❖ Oxy-hydrogen flame, obtained by burning
as transistors, microchips and solar cells. hydrogen in oxygen is used for cutting and
❖ It is used to manufacture silicones, which welding metals.
J
are used for making waterproof clothes, ❖ Hydrogen is considered to be a non-
greases and polishes, and insulating polluting fuel of the future. Considerable
material for electrical appliances. amount of research is being carried out to
use it efficiently as a fuel.
Uses of sulphur
❖ Sulphur is used in the manufacture of NOBLE METALS
sulphuric acid, which is used in several Silver and gold are present at the bottom of the
industrial processes. reactivity series of metals. They are unreactive
❖ It is used in the vulcanization of rubber, metals and do not react with water, acids and
which makes rubber hard enough to be used alkalis. They, therefore, occur in the free state in
in tyres. nature. They are known as noble metals. Platinum
❖ It is used in skin ointments because of its has similar properties and is also a noble metal.
fungicidal properties. ❖ The noble metals are mainly used to make
❖ Being an insecticide and fungicide, it is ornaments. As they are unreactive, the
used to spray fruit trees against pests and ornaments made from them do not lose their
diseases. shine easily.
❖ Gold and silver are also used to give a

Uses of phosphorus decorative and protective coating on other

❖ Phosphorus is used in making matchboxes metals by the process of electroplating.
and in the fireworks industries. ❖ Gold and silver are used for making high
❖ It is used in the manufacture of phosphate value coins.
fertilizers. ❖ Platinum is used in electrical gadgets.
The international standards of weight and
Uses of carbon measures are made of platinum-iridium alloys.
❖ Carbon as graphite is used in making the ❖ Being highly priced, a number of people
'lead' of pencils, electrodes in dry cells and invest their money in noble metals or
electric arcs, and as a lubricant. ornaments made from them especially in
❖ Carbon as diamond is used in jewellery and times when the economy is not doing well.
-
in making cutting tools.
❖ Carbon as charcoal is used in filters to purify
air and water.
) [Link]!O_N_ (IF M~ALs] I
Corrosibn lS_ the process by which mate~als,
~u!J
().).}-; ---'"'

,~~o----
❖ Carbon as coal is used as a fuel. such as metals, are slowly eaten away wnerr
exposed to air and moisture, Thu?, _rustingof
r Uses of hydrogen iro~hich_eats into the m~al layer by layer:
❖ Hydrogen is used _for the manufacture of the
... _
conversion of the surface- of- copper into a
METALSANL>NON-~l[TAL'-; ♦ 57
 1
surface). Close the test tube
\_~ ~r;~ ish p9wd Jor the coo l wa ter .
C with tap
. k Half-fill test tube
. h.
the turnin gbfac k with a cor • the nail in ,t. Close t 1s test
water an d drop
of the surface of •itt, a cork • Leave the tubes for
tube als o w
silver ornaments, and then examine them. What do
severa l dayS
are all examples of you observe?
corrosion of metals
Fie:. 4 7 A rus t :..,_
d • h •
• • non c am on· exp?s~re to air.
You will find that the nails in ~es~b es
T~e moret'--moist- the ~th e faster is the
. - heavy losses. nd 8 have not 1usted, while that m test t~
cori:_0~1on. Corros ion tauses ~ has rusted._What do you conclude?
Corrosion· is t~ublesome -and ~was t~fu~ -Th~ experiment shows that for rusting to ta
However, sometimes corrosion is useful. For place, both air (oxygen) and water are essenti
example, a newly_su.Lpie£~-~ alunffn~um
corrodes to furm-~ layer of aluminium oxide on Acnvrrv 10 (Experimen1 :1l invest igatio n):
its SU ~ -This la~protects the alumin ium \ _jlalJ Jrc of ru~t _
from further corrosion. To test the nature of rust, scrape off some
rust from an old iron gate. Collect a spoonful
RUSTING OF IRON of the rust and add a small amount of water
To investi_g_ate_ihe concfitions under wh_ich iron to it. Shake it well and test with blue and red
rusts, perform the follow ing activity. litmus. Is the solution acidic or basic?
- - - ---
-
Arnv m 9 (Expe rimen tal inves tigati on): Rust is iron oxide, that is, it is an oxide
--
Condi tions for rustin g a metal. Will it be acidic or basic~
Take three clean iron nails without any rust on
them and three test tubes with corks. In test Corrosion of other metals
tube A, put a few lumps of anhydrous calcium Copper_ gets_ corroded in the
chloride (a good drying agent which absorbs
presence of moist air. It first
water vapour from the atmosphere). Put a
layer of cotton wool and then the nail Close tarn is hes, then g ra dually
the test tube with a cork (Fig. 4.8). In test changes to dark- brown_or
tube 8, take some pure (distilled) water. Boil black, and_finalli_ to gree-ri.)
4 -9
it for one minute to drive off any dissolved The green coating is a mixtu re FIG. copper .
com
,f --
air. Then drop in the nail. To keep the air o .copper_compounds_ 2)
out, seal the water surface in the test tube by Silver does not get easily corroded
pouring molten wax on it (wax will solidify on
unpoll [Link]. However, if the air is ~.e£_llut
with sulphur ompounds such as hydrg_ge
sulphi ' SJ ver reacts with it to form a b[a
co~ting ofsilver su[pnide.
WAX 2Ag + HlS -4 Ag S) H
CALCTUH
COTTON (SEAl) - ~ 2
"'OOl CHLORIDE TAP
WATER On exposure to air, alumi nium reac
BOJLEO
[Link] with oxygen to form a protective coating
B WATER C
aluminium oxide that prevents further corrosion
fie. 4.8 Rusting of iron 'I t) 4Al + 302 ' ➔ 2Al20 l
' • J.
 Some metals
. .such as gold and plaf1num do -:./ Anodizing of aluminium: A layer o~
d
not---corro e_ 1n_au. That is why _gold orn t
. . - amen s • ½rru'minium oxide is formed 'on aluminium
do not lose then shine even aher several years. - Lipon~£._osure ~i!. This prevents furth~r -
corrosion of aluminium. If this layer 1s
Prevention of
~------ ·- --... corrosion
made more unlform, it- protects the
Rusti~g of ~on, and corrosion of other metals aluminium underneath more effe .-el . - -.
can)Je prevented by not allowing air to come ~ This is done by a process called anodizing.
-' in contact with the metal. Some methods for It consists of passing an electric curren
doing this are as given below. throughsulphuric acid using aluminium
Painting or applying oil: Painting the asanode. Oxyg':_!l.is_evolved at th~ a~oje
surfac~ of the metal after cleaning it thoroughly which [Link]-with aluminium to form a
is the most common method of preventing uniform protective layer of aluminium oxide:-
corrosion. _!he paint keeps air away from the ❖ Alloying: __ Some metals become corrosion-
metal surface. Applying grease or oil on the ( resistant w~ _aJ!oyed ~th other ~~ For
surface has ~ str1_1ila~ effect. However, if there is exampl~stainles~_steetwhich is an aJlpy ~f
a break in the layer of paint, [Link] or .oiL the.
metal s!arts corroding at that point.
Covering with another metal: Depositing a
-- • - --- iron, chromium and nickeL does not rust easily.
..,_.

ALLOYS
layer of another metal which is more resistant An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of two or
·to corrojlon is another commonly used method more metals, or one or more metals and a non-
for the prevention of corrosion of metals. The metal_J usually carbon): Alloying is used to alter·
metals mostly used are tin and zinc. Covering the properties of metals to suit certain applications.
a metal with another metal can be done by the An_alloy is usually made by mixing together metals
following ways~ __ _ in their molten form. They are also sometimes made
❖ Galva_ng!ng: Clean iron_ sheets are dipped in by mixing fl)etal powders together.
- - ---
molten zinc to deposi_t_a layer of zinc on_it. •
This process is called galvanization. The G.I. --- 1. Alloying can be used to increase hardness
of metals. Pure aluminium, iron and copper are -
--
wat~rp1pesavaila6le in the market are made of too soft for construction purposes. However,
~J'{~Jlized iron. Galvanized iron does not rust alloying them with small amounts of other
.....

even if there is a scratch on the zinc layer. metals or non-metals considera-bly increases
❖ Electroplating: The process of electroplating their hardnes~kel -~-a~o~ed wi!~~miu~
is_also used to de~it a metallic. layer_Jp~ and to
molybdenum make alloys that are-so •
pr~nt cor~~sio_n(~in~ electroplated on hard a11d_ heat-resistant that they can be used
Qr2fl. to make JQ_Q.~~ containe.!_s commonly to make the parts of jet engines that get heated
caJled tin cans. However,._if the tin laye! up to extreme temperatures.
gets scratched, the .iron starts. rusting a~ 2. Alloying is used to make metals
that place. The tin can is then no longer more resistant to attack by chemicals, and-
suitable for storing food. Chromium is atmospheric corrosion.. Chromium is alloyed wit~ --
electroplated O!)_s~l ~rniture and Qjfycle iron to produce
- ----- stainless
-· - steel which
• -.•
does not
l hand~s_.to prevent rusting. In addition, - r~st. It is also used in lining_c.ontainers used in
the chromium laye~lso gives steel an the chemicalindustry to hold corro~ive liquids.

-
attractive shine. - - - - -~-
- - Alloys of platinum are very corrosion resisfant.

)J, So"
-
 • • Superplastic, an a
3. Alloying is _a~o used to chang:m the
le wires in electric rn~,~~
of aluminiym can eor rctchealloy. d sev"eili'~
properties of-metals in other "'.a ys~ (m~ more than any meta!lloys, their compo
solder an alloy of.-.lead·and tin, has fl siti
f Some common -- -given in Table4.1.
nf
pili which is mucll lower ffia n th~ t_ o ea, p~r properties, and uses are
------
~ n This .makes solder useful for jornrng cop
~ •
rt· s and uses
4.3 Alloys, their compos,·t·10 n' propc ,e

I
TA8l[

- ·-
\ brass copper, zinc hard, corrosion·
resistant
utensils, [Link] good~
ca rt n'dge containers,. pal
of watches and mus1ca
instruments
.
/copper, tin ---..,
-
bronze

.[Link]-4efr---
..._
lead. t i n -
" ,,
hard, corrosion-
resistant
statues, bearings ,

low melting P0!!1L ioining metals

steel
-. - bodies of ships and. other
\r~n~ arboD very strong
~
vehicles, bridges, railway
lines, construction of
buildings
stainle s~ iron, chromium, st utens ~ery, surgical__
steel - nickel very rong, --.
does instruments
not rust
duralum,n
(or dura1- .
!!YJnjoium_..coppeft li- ◄ bodies o_Laeroplanes
!YJ..IJ............__ _~ and vehicles
magnesium, manganese
magna\lum aluminium, magnesium light and strong ba1ances ana-other light
f
- - - - - . . . i n_gr_urnent.s_bodies o

- ---
copper, zinc, nickel
--- high electri ~
resistance
aeroplanes and veb._icles
[Link]~e _ctric h:aters, -

-
resistors

ORAL QUESTIONS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION

I. \Vhich metalloid can be said to be the [Link] of the electron ics
industr y?
2. Steel is not a pure form of iron. What does it consist 017 What is the advant age of adding
another substance to iron?

J. Noble metals on, u,cd to make jcwelle,y because they arc ve,y reactive
4. Painting a metal p~vrnt s it from corrodin g. Why?
. Do you agree? Give reasons.

OUR HERITAGE

Recent excavations by archaeologists show that Indians were making iron implements as early
1800 BCE. Around 200 BCE, high quality steel was being produced in India by heating
wrought
iron, charcoal and glass until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. It was called faulad
It was exported to parts of Asia and Europe. .

60 • MAT[RfAiS
 NEW WORDS
METALL010s-cle 1ncnts which havr some rropenic'i of mcLal't and some of
non-n1ctals
NOBLE METALs-n1clals which
arc not very n~:1ct ivc and occur in a free slate
1n nature

I
•
·1 v,1knn· dt·t troll\
A
l, 2 or J Form l'<l\ltivc-
VJkncc 5, 6 or 7 form nq~.,t 1vc
iom hv !ming v.1knrt" ions hv ~-uning
dcctron~ ckctrom • METALLOIDS dt-cfnlll~ c:kctron~
A A A J,.
• • 00 • I A.

METALS
ELEMENTS ► NON-METALS

y
f
Physical properties Phpical pmpcrtic:s •

'(;\
-'V- .... .. ..... .............. .
'-:'

y
- Solid at
y
Hard, strong.
y
Malleable Goo<l
y y
Sonorous
y
High mdting
y
High
room mNalhc and [Link] conductors and boiling specific
temperature lustre of heat and point gravity
electricity
.. . -: ..... ... .. . .. ...... . - -··· . •~-

y '( y y y 'f y
Solid, Not so hard Brittle Poor Not Low melting Low
liquid or anc.J strong. conductors Sonorous and boiling specific
gas at room No mctal11c of heal and point gravity
temperature lustre electricity

NOW YOU KNOW

❖ Elcn1ents can be classified into metals and non-metals depending on their physical and
chemical properties.
❖ The ore of a metal consists of rocks containing minerals of the n1etal in sufficient quantities.
so that it is profitable to mine it and extract the 1nctal frorn it.
❖ Metals are generally solid at room temperature, have a metallic lustre, are generally hard and
strong ,vith high specific gravities, n1clting and boiling points. They are n1allcable and ductile,
good conductors of heat and electricity. and are sonorous.
❖ Non-metals are solid, liquid or in gaseous forn1 at roon1 te1npcrature, are not lustrous,
arc comparatively soft and have lo,v density. They arc generally brittle when solid. are
bad conductors of heat and electricity, have low melting and boiling points and arc not
sonorous.

METALS AND NON-METALS ♦ 61