International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: [email protected]
Impact of Rice Mill Wastewater on the Water
Quality of River: A Case Study from Rajim,
Chhattisgarh
Mr. Khoman Prasad Sahu
Department of Chemistry, Govt. Rajivlochan PG College Rajim, Dist. Gariaband.
ABSTRACT
The Mahanadi River, located in Chhattisgarh, is experiencing significant water pollution near Rajim,
primarily due to wastewater discharged by rice mills. This wastewater contains harmful substances such
as rice husks, dust, and chemicals, leading to the degradation of the river's water quality. The pollution
not only affects the aquatic ecosystem but also poses health risks to local communities dependent on the
river for drinking, irrigation, and other daily activities. To assess the extent of this pollution, key water
quality parameters are analyzed, including temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, alkalinity, total
dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), total hardness, chemical oxygen
demand (COD), and biological oxygen demand (BOD). These parameters help determine the level of
contamination and its impact on both the river's ecosystem and the people living nearby, highlighting the
need for effective wastewater treatment and pollution control measures.
KEYWORDS: Environmental Impact, Mahanadi River, Physicochemical Parameters, Rice Mill
Wastewater, Water Pollution.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental Pollution and Water Pollution: Environmental pollution is the introduction of harmful
substances or forms of energy into the environment, disrupting the natural ecological balance and posing
a threat to the health of living organisms. Pollution can take various forms, including air, water, soil, and
noise pollution. Among these, water pollution is one of the most detrimental to both ecosystems and
human health. Water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans are essential to the survival of aquatic life,
and they also serve as a crucial resource for human activities. Water pollution is defined as the
contamination of water bodies by pollutants, which can be any harmful substance or form of energy that
disrupts the natural properties of water. These pollutants can alter the physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of the water, rendering it unfit for human consumption, industrial use, and aquatic life.
APHA. (1985).
Water pollution can have a direct and lasting impact on human health and the environment. Polluted
water often carries pathogens, heavy metals, chemicals, and other toxins that can cause a range of health
issues, from gastrointestinal disorders to long-term diseases like cancer and neurological damage.
Additionally, water pollution disturbs aquatic ecosystems, harming fish and other species that depend on
clean water for survival. The causes of water pollution are numerous, but the most significant sources
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[email protected]include industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and urban waste. (Paul, J. et al.
2015a, b).
Industrial and domestic activities are the primary contributors to the increasing levels of water
contamination, which not only affect the quality of water but also lead to the depletion of available
freshwater resources. Contribution of Rice Mills to Water Pollution: Rice mills, which process large
quantities of rice annually, have become significant contributors to water pollution, particularly in rural
and agricultural areas. The wastewater discharged from rice mills contains various contaminants that
pose serious threats to nearby water bodies like rivers, lakes, and streams. Rice milling involves several
stages, including cleaning, polishing, and dehulling, all of which generate wastewater that contains rice
husks, dust, chemicals, and other impurities. This untreated wastewater is often released directly into
nearby water bodies, leading to contamination. Sharma & Bansal (2016).
The wastewater from rice mills typically consists of several pollutants. One of the major pollutants is
rice husks, which are small, lightweight fragments of the rice plant that can float on the surface of the
water. These husks not only degrade the water’s quality but can also lead to the blocking of waterways,
reducing the flow of water and increasing the potential for the spread of diseases. The dust generated
during the milling process is another pollutant that settles in the water, further contributing to
contamination.
Chemicals used in the milling process for cleaning and coloring rice also add to the pollution load. These
chemicals, such as alkalis, acids, and bleaching agents, can have detrimental effects on both the water
quality and the aquatic organisms living in the affected water bodies. When these chemicals are
discharged without proper treatment, they can cause toxicity, damage aquatic life, and lead to an
imbalance in the water’s chemical composition. Kaur & Singh (2014).
Impact of Pollutants from Rice Mills:
1. Rice Husks, Dust, and Other Impurities: Rice husks and dust are generated during the milling
process and are carried along with wastewater into rivers and other water bodies. These impurities
increase the turbidity of the water, making it murky and reducing the amount of light penetration,
which can affect photosynthesis in aquatic plants. Furthermore, as rice husks and dust accumulate in
water, they reduce the overall oxygen levels in the water, which can harm aquatic organisms like fish
and other microorganisms that depend on dissolved oxygen for survival.
2. Chemical Substances: In addition to the physical impurities, rice mills often use a variety of
chemicals during the milling process. These chemicals include detergents, bleaching agents, and
other substances used for cleaning and improving the appearance of rice. When these chemicals
enter water bodies, they can alter the pH of the water, making it either too acidic or too alkaline for
most aquatic organisms. The presence of such chemicals can lead to the death of fish, invertebrates,
and other aquatic species, disrupting the ecosystem. Kumar & Ghosh (2017).
3. Lack of Proper Water Treatment: One of the major issues contributing to water pollution from rice
mills is the lack of proper wastewater treatment systems. Many rice mills do not have the necessary
infrastructure to treat or filter the wastewater before discharging it into the environment. As a result,
the untreated wastewater carries high levels of contaminants into nearby rivers and streams. This
lack of treatment results in the continuous accumulation of pollutants in the water, further
deteriorating its quality and making it unsafe for both human consumption and aquatic life.
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[email protected]STUDY AREA
The study focuses on the impact of rice mill wastewater on the Mahanadi River in the Rajim-Nawapara
region of Chhattisgarh, located at 20°57'54" N latitude and 81°52'54" E longitude. The region is known
for its rice mills, which discharge untreated wastewater directly into the river, leading to significant
concerns about water quality. This wastewater often contains contaminants like rice husks, dust, and
chemicals used in the rice processing, which affect the river’s ecological balance and human health. The
study aims to examine the extent of this pollution by analyzing the effects on various water quality
parameters such as temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended
solids, and more. By understanding the impact of rice mill wastewater on the Mahanadi River, this
research will help highlight the need for effective pollution control and wastewater management
strategies to protect both the environment and public health. (Shrivastava et al 2011).
Fig1. Study area
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS FOR MEASURING POLLUTION FROM RICE MILL
WASTEWATER
To assess the extent of water pollution caused by rice mill wastewater, several physicochemical
parameters are typically monitored. These parameters help determine the impact of the wastewater on
water quality and guide efforts to mitigate pollution. The key physicochemical parameters include:
1. Temperature: The temperature of water is a critical factor that influences the rate of chemical
reactions and the metabolism of aquatic organisms. Wastewater from rice mills may increase the
water temperature, which can reduce the oxygen-holding capacity of water and disrupt aquatic life.
2. Electrical Conductivity (EC): EC measures the ability of water to conduct electricity, which
increases with the presence of dissolved salts and chemicals. High EC levels indicate contamination
by inorganic substances from industrial effluents.
3. pH: The pH of water indicates its acidity or alkalinity. Wastewater from rice mills can cause
fluctuations in pH levels, which can negatively impact aquatic organisms that are sensitive to
changes in water chemistry.
4. Alkalinity: This measures the water’s ability to neutralize acids. Alkaline substances from rice mill
wastewater can alter the natural alkalinity of water, affecting aquatic species that depend on stable
pH levels.
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[email protected]5. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): TDS refers to the total amount of dissolved substances, such as salts,
minerals, and metals, in water. High TDS levels indicate contamination and can negatively affect
water quality.
6. Total Suspended Solids (TSS): TSS measures the solid particles suspended in water. High TSS
levels can reduce water clarity, hinder photosynthesis, and affect aquatic habitats.
7. Total Solids (TS): TS include both TDS and TSS, providing an overall measure of the solid content
in water, which reflects the extent of contamination.
8. Total Hardness: Hardness is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions in water. High
hardness levels can affect the suitability of water for various uses, including drinking and irrigation.
9. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD indicates the amount of oxygen required to break down
organic pollutants in water. High COD levels suggest the presence of large amounts of organic
contaminants.
10. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD measures the amount of oxygen consumed by
microorganisms to decompose organic matter. Elevated BOD levels reflect a higher concentration of
biodegradable pollutants, leading to oxygen depletion in the water.
These parameters provide critical insights into the quality of water affected by rice mill wastewater and
help determine the necessary actions for mitigating pollution and improving water quality.
OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this study is to assess the environmental and water quality impacts of
wastewater discharged by rice mills, focusing on the Mahanadi River. The study aims to examine how
the wastewater from rice mills, containing dissolved impurities, chemicals, and organic matter,
contributes to the pollution of river water. By analyzing various water quality parameters such as
temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended
solids (TSS), total solids (TS), total hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), the study seeks to quantify the extent of contamination caused by rice mill effluents.
Additionally, the study will explore the effects of these pollutants on both aquatic life and human health
in the surrounding areas. The objective is to understand how the pollutants compromise water quality,
disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to public health. Thakur & Upadhyay (2018).).
Furthermore, this study intends to identify potential methods and technologies for effectively treating
rice mill wastewater, thereby reducing its harmful impact on the environment and ensuring the
sustainable use of water resources. Ultimately, the research aims to provide recommendations for
mitigating water pollution, enhancing water quality, and supporting the health of both ecosystems and
local communities. Rames & Singh (2019).
SAMPLING
In this study, wastewater samples were collected from the Mahanadi River to analyze the impact of rice
mill effluents on water quality. Sampling was conducted at various points along the river, extending up
to 5 kilometers downstream from the point where the wastewater from the rice mill enters the river. A
total of 7 samples were taken, with one sample collected at every 1-kilometer interval in the direction of
the river's flow. This approach allowed for a comprehensive analysis of how the water quality changes
as the wastewater mixes and disperses along the river.
The sampling points were chosen strategically to represent different stages of the river’s flow after the
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[email protected]effluent discharge. The first sample was taken directly at the point of wastewater discharge, and
subsequent samples were taken at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 kilometers downstream. This spatial distribution of
samples provided insights into the dilution and dispersion patterns of pollutants, allowing for a better
understanding of how the rice mill effluent affects water quality as it travels through the river.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EFFLUENT
To understand the impact of rice mill wastewater on water quality, the physico-chemical characteristics
of the effluent were assessed at each sampling point. These included parameters such as temperature,
pH, electrical conductivity (EC), alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS),
total solids (TS), total hardness, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD). The variation in these parameters with distance from the rice mill discharge point provided
valuable insights into the extent of pollution and its dispersal in the river system.
Sample Site Distance Location Km
Site 1 Before rice mill Rijim 1 km
Site 2 Outlet point of rice mill 0 km
Site 3 After outlet of rice mill 1 km
Site 4 After outlet of rice mill 2 km
Site 5 After outlet of rice mill 3 km
Site 6 After outlet of rice mill 4 km
Site 7 After outlet of rice mill 5 km
Table 1: sample site and Distance location
The following details are provided about Physicochemical Parameters and their Testing Methods, which
are commonly used in water quality testing:
Parameter Method of testing
temperature Thermometer
Electrical Conductivity Digital Electrical Conductivity Meter
pH pH meter
Alkalinity Titrometric Method
TDS Digital TDS meter
TSS Gravimetric Method
TS Gravimetric Method
Total Hardness Titrometric Method
COD Titrometric Method
BOD Titrometric Method
Table 2: physicochemical Parameter and method of testing.
Table 3: Physico-chemical Parameters of sample water (November-December) 2018
S. Parame Unit of WHO BIS Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Samp Sampl
NO ter measur ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 le 6 e
. ement 7
1 Colour Blac Blac Blac Blac Blac colou Colou
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[email protected] kish kish kish kish kish rles rless
colo colo colo colo colo
ur ur ur ur ur
2 Odour Unobjecti Unobjecti Foul Foul Foul Foul Foul Odou Odour
onable onable smel smel smel smel smel rless less
l l l l l
0
3 Tempe C - - 29 30 29 31 30 30 32
rature
4 Electri µs/cm 750 - 142 863 531 447 261 181 230
cal
conduc
tivity
5 pH pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8 8.1 7.8 7.4 7.8 6.8 6.7
scale
6 Alkalin mg/L 500 200- 40 120 90 100 90 70 68
ity 600
7 Total mg/L 300- 600 200- 250 250 145 210 155 155 320
Hardne 600
ss
8 D.O. mg/L >4-6 >4-6 14 12 9 11 8 12 13
9 C.O.D. mg/L <20 <20 19 20 20 19 20 19 18
10 TDS ppm 500- 500- 72 265 115 223 129 90 432
2000 2000
11 TSS mg/L - - 142 223 218 97 117 110 768
12 TS mg/L 1000 150 250 230 120 130 120 120
Table 4: Physico-chemical Parameters of sample water (February- March) 2019
S. Parame Unit of WHO BIS Sam Sam Sam Sam Sam Samp Sampl
NO ter measur ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 le 6 e
. ement 7
1 Colour - - Blac Blac Blac Blac Blac colou Colou
kish kish kish kish kish rless rless
colo colo colo colo colo
ur ur ur ur ur
2 Odour Unobjecti Unobjecti Foul Foul Foul Foul Foul Odour
onable onable smel smel smel smel smel less
l l l l l
0
3 Tempe C - - 29 30 29 30 30 30 31
rature
4 E.C. µs/cm 750 - 185 668 416 446 608 340 373
5 pH pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8 7.5 7.5 7.1 7.1 7.2 7.2
scale
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[email protected]6 Alkalin mg/L 500 200- 50 120 100 80 80 70 70
ity 600
7 Total mg/L 300- 600 200- 260 255 150 200 160 165 320
Hardne 600
ss
8 D.O. mg/L >4-6 >4-6 13 11 9 11 9 11 12
9 C.O.D. mg/L <20 <20 22 30 25 20 29 29 20
10 TDS ppm 500- 500- 92 135 208 223 304 170 187
2000 2000
11 TSS mg/L - - 150 265 212 127 139 143 141
12 TS mg/L 1000 160 270 240 150 170 160 160
November- December
1000
900
800
700
mg/L and EC Πs/cm
Temp.
600
EC
500 Alkalinity
TH
400
TDS
300 TSS
TS
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sample
Analysis of Temp., EC, Alkalinity, TH, TDS, TSS and TS
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[email protected] February- March
800
700
600
mg/L and EC Πs/cm
500
Temp.
400 EC
Alkalinity
300
TH
200 TDS
TSS
100 TS
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sample
Analysis of Temp., EC, Alkalinity, TH, TDS, TSS and TS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of wastewater discharged from rice mills into the Mahanadi River was conducted to
examine the impact of rice mill effluents on the water quality. The results of the study, based on various
physicochemical parameters, are presented and discussed below. The parameters assessed include
Electrical Conductivity (EC), pH, Alkalinity, Total Hardness (TH), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Solids
(TS). The results for different sampling sites and seasons (November-December and February-March)
are summarized in Table 1, while the methods used for testing are shown in Table 2. The permissible
limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) are
presented in Table 3 and Table 4.
1. Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Electrical conductivity (EC) measures the ability of water to conduct electrical current, which is a
reflection of the concentration of dissolved salts and ions in the water. The EC values ranged
significantly across the sampling locations. In the period of November-December, the minimum EC
value was found to be 142 µS/cm at site 1, while the maximum value was 863 µS/cm at site 2. During
the February-March period, EC values ranged from 185 µS/cm (site 1) to 668 µS/cm (site 2). The
increase in EC at certain sites is an indication of higher concentrations of dissolved ions, possibly due to
the effluents discharged from the rice mills. Higher EC values suggest contamination from organic and
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[email protected]inorganic pollutants such as salts, minerals, or chemicals, indicating deterioration in the water quality at
those sites.
2. pH
The pH of the water is a critical parameter that reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the water. It plays an
essential role in determining the solubility and availability of nutrients and metals in the water, which
can significantly affect aquatic life. In the November-December period, the pH values ranged from 6.7
(site 7) to 8.1 (site 2), while in the February-March period, the pH ranged from 7.1 (site 4 and site 5) to
8.0 (site 1). The pH values remained within a neutral to slightly alkaline range throughout the study,
indicating that the water is not excessively acidic or alkaline. This is a positive factor for the health of
aquatic ecosystems, as extreme pH values could harm aquatic organisms. The slight fluctuation in pH
across different sites suggests that there may be local variations in pollution levels, but overall, the pH
does not present a major environmental concern in the river.
3. Alkalinity
Alkalinity is a measure of the water's ability to neutralize acids and maintain pH stability. Alkaline
substances are vital for buffering the water against sudden changes in pH, which is important for
maintaining the health of aquatic life. In the November-December period, the alkalinity values ranged
from 40 mg/L (site 1) to 120 mg/L (site 2). In the February-March period, alkalinity values ranged from
50 mg/L (site 1) to 120 mg/L (site 2). Alkalinity levels remained within a moderate range, which
suggests that the water quality is being maintained well in terms of buffering capacity. However, at
certain sites, especially near the rice mill outlets, the higher alkalinity values could be indicative of
effluent contamination from the rice mills, as certain chemicals used in rice processing may alter
alkalinity levels.
4. Total Hardness (TH)
Total hardness in water is primarily due to the presence of calcium and magnesium salts. High hardness
levels can affect water usability for various purposes such as drinking, irrigation, and industrial
processes. In the November-December period, the total hardness ranged from a minimum value of 145
mg/L (site 3) to a maximum value of 320 mg/L (site 7). During the February-March period, the hardness
ranged from 150 mg/L (site 3) to 320 mg/L (site 7). The variation in hardness across the sampling sites
suggests that certain sites are more affected by the effluent discharge, as rice mill wastewater can
contain high concentrations of dissolved salts, leading to increased hardness levels. Elevated hardness
values can also indicate the presence of dissolved minerals that may impair water quality for agricultural
or domestic uses.
5. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key parameter that indicates the health of aquatic ecosystems. Higher DO
levels are favorable for aquatic life, while lower levels can signify the presence of organic pollution,
which consumes oxygen as it decomposes. In the November-December period, DO values ranged from a
minimum of 8 mg/L (site 5) to a maximum of 14 mg/L (site 1). During February-March, the DO ranged
from 9 mg/L (site 3) to 13 mg/L (site 1). Higher DO levels are generally considered to be beneficial for
aquatic organisms, but the decrease in DO levels at certain sites, particularly those located farther
downstream, could be indicative of organic pollution from the rice mill wastewater. The variation in DO
suggests that the rice mill effluent may have a localized effect on water quality, but overall, the river
remains conducive to aquatic life in many areas.
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[email protected]6. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the amount of oxygen required to oxidize the organic
matter present in water. High COD values suggest the presence of organic pollutants, which can deplete
oxygen levels in the water and negatively affect aquatic life. In the November-December period, COD
values ranged from a minimum of 18 mg/L (site 7) to a maximum of 20 mg/L (site 2). In the February-
March period, COD values ranged from 20 mg/L (site 7) to 30 mg/L (site 2). The increase in COD
values, particularly at sites closer to the rice mill discharge, suggests that the wastewater contains
significant amounts of organic pollutants. This is a serious concern, as it could lead to oxygen depletion
and the deterioration of water quality over time.
7. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
TDS measures the concentration of dissolved solids in water, including salts, minerals, and organic
matter. High TDS values can reduce the water's suitability for drinking and agricultural uses. In the
November-December period, TDS values ranged from a minimum of 90 mg/L (site 6) to a maximum of
432 mg/L (site 7). In the February-March period, TDS values ranged from 92 mg/L (site 1) to 304 mg/L
(site 5). The higher TDS values at sites near the rice mill discharge indicate a significant increase in the
concentration of dissolved solids, which is a direct consequence of the effluent's impact on the river's
water quality. Elevated TDS levels can also impair the aesthetic qualities of the water, making it unfit
for consumption and other uses.
8. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) refers to the particles suspended in water, including silt, organic matter,
and pollutants. High TSS levels can lead to water turbidity, reducing light penetration and negatively
impacting aquatic life. In the November-December period, TSS values ranged from a minimum of 97
mg/L (site 4) to a maximum of 768 mg/L (site 7). In the February-March period, TSS values ranged
from 127 mg/L (site 4) to 262 mg/L (site 2). The elevated TSS values, particularly near the rice mill
discharge sites, suggest contamination by rice husks, dust, and other particulate matter from the milling
process. These pollutants contribute to the degradation of water quality and could have harmful effects
on aquatic organisms, as well as water clarity.
9. Total Solids (TS)
Total Solids (TS) is the sum of TDS and TSS. Elevated TS values indicate the presence of dissolved and
suspended solids in the water, which can lead to reduced water quality. In the November-December
period, TS values ranged from a minimum of 120 mg/L (site 4) to a maximum of 250 mg/L (site 2). In
the February-March period, TS values ranged from 150 mg/L (site 4) to 270 mg/L (site 2). The increase
in TS values, particularly at sites closer to the rice mill effluent, indicates the accumulation of both
dissolved and suspended solids, which may degrade water quality and limit its use for various purposes.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study on the impact of rice mill wastewater on the Mahanadi River indicate that the
discharge from rice mills significantly affects water quality, particularly in terms of Electrical
Conductivity (EC) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The parameters of Alkalinity, pH, Total
Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Total Solids (TS) in both well
water and river water samples were found to be within the permissible limits set by regulatory
authorities such as WHO and BIS. This suggests that, in general, these parameters do not pose
significant threats to the environment or public health.
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[email protected]However, the values of EC and COD were found to exceed the acceptable limits, indicating the presence
of excessive dissolved salts and organic pollutants in the wastewater. While the EC values showed minor
variations from permissible limits, the COD values exhibited significant deviations. This suggests that
the rice mill wastewater contains high levels of organic matter, which can lead to oxygen depletion in
the river and harm aquatic life. In the case of well water samples, higher EC and COD values were
observed closer to the rice mill, indicating local contamination due to the wastewater discharge.
For river water, the highest EC and COD values were recorded at the discharge point and downstream,
compared to upstream samples. This further emphasizes the negative impact of the rice mill effluent on
the water quality of the Mahanadi River. Despite the treatment of wastewater before discharge, the
variations in certain parameters suggest that the current treatment methods employed by rice mills are
not fully effective.
Therefore, it is confirmed that the wastewater treatment processes in place are insufficient to mitigate the
pollution caused by rice mill discharges. It is essential for the rice mills to implement more efficient
treatment systems to ensure that the wastewater meets the required standards before disposal. Improved
treatment methods will help in minimizing the environmental impact and safeguarding the water quality
for both aquatic life and human consumption.
REFERENCES
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Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., 197-1157.
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mills on groundwater and surface water. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Research, 3(1), 11-15.
3. Sharma, R., & Bansal, S. (2016). Physicochemical analysis of rice mill effluents and its impact on
water bodies in Haryana, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(12), 678-684.
4. Kaur, G., & Singh, J. (2014). Impact of industrial effluents on surface water quality and aquatic life:
A case study of water quality in Patiala, Punjab. Journal of Environmental Biology, 35(4), 851-858
5. Kumar, M., & Ghosh, S. (2017). Evaluation of water quality parameters and their impact on the
aquatic ecosystem: A case study of rice mill discharges in southern India. Water Science and
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6. Shrivastava, P. V., Soni, A. B., & Kumar, H. (2011). Treatment of rice mill effluents for pollution
control. Industrial Pollution Control, 27(1), 19-22.
7. Ramesh, K., & Singh, R. (2019). Environmental hazards of rice milling and its impact on
groundwater quality: A review. Environmental Sustainability, 7(3), 129-137.
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