Purpose and Structure of Narrative Writing

The Purpose of Narrative Writing

Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell stories. Any time
you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or incident in your day, you engage in a
form of narration. In addition, a narrative can be factual or fictional. A factual story is one that is based
on, and tries to be faithful to, actual events as they unfolded in real life. A fictional story is a made-up, or
imagined, story; the writer of a fictional story can create characters and events as he or she sees fit.

The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on a writer’s purpose. The writers of
factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened.

Narrative writing tries to relay a series of events in an emotionally engaging way. You want your
audience to be moved by your story, which could mean through laughter, sympathy, fear, anger, and so
on. The more clearly you tell your story, the more emotionally engaged your audience is likely to be.

Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order, the order in which events unfold
from first to last. Stories typically have an introduction, a rising action, a conflict, a climax, a falling
action, and a resolution and these events are typically organized by time.

To create strong details, keep the human senses in mind. You want your reader to be immersed in the
world that you create, so focus on details related to sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch as you describe
people, places, and events in your narrative.

As always, it is important to start with a strong introduction to hook your reader into wanting to read
more. Try opening the essay with an event that is interesting to introduce the story and get it going.
Finally, your conclusion should help resolve the central conflict of the story and impress upon your
reader the ultimate theme of the piece.

List of Adjectives, and Adverbs and for a successful Narrative

Adjectives

Adorable Intrepid

Adventurous Joyful

Acclaimed Jubilant

Accomplished Keen

Acrobatic Kooky

Brave Lanky
 Bright Lazy

Brilliant Limp

Composed Luxurious

Concerned Mediocre

Concrete Mellow

Conventional Miserable

Delirious Nocturnal

Demanding Organic

Flustered Ornate

Focused Ordinary

Foolhardy Powerless

Gregarious Practical

Grim Precious

Handsome Puzzled

Handy Questionable

Intelligent Quirky

Adverbs

Angrily Meagerly

Apathetically Methodically

Amusingly Neglectfully

Assertively Normally

Begrudgingly Pointlessly

Blissfully Quickly

Coolly Rapidly
 Dutifully Rashly

Eagerly Seriously

Faintly Tactfully

Frivolously Tragically

Greedily Vacantly

Hastily Vividly

Intelligently Weirdly

Kindly Zealously

Lazily

Examples of Figurative Language for a successful Narrative

Simile
Definition of Simile

A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different
things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as.”
Therefore, it is a direct comparison.

We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like, “John is as slow as a
snail.” Snails are notorious for their slow pace, and here the slowness of John is compared to that of a
snail. The use of “as” in the example helps to draw the resemblance. Some more examples of common
similes are given below.

Common Examples of Simile

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.

• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Simile introduces vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize simile to convey their sentiments
and thoughts through vivid word pictures.
Short Examples of Simile in Sentences

1. The glow of the tube-light was as bright as sunshine.

2. In winter, when it rained he climbed into bed, and felt as snug as a bug in a rug.
3. At exam time, the high school student was as busy as a bee.
4. The beggar on the road looked as blind as a bat.
5. When the examination finished, the candidate felt as light as a feather.
6. When the teacher entered the class, the 6th-grade students were fighting like cats and dogs.
7. The diplomat said the friendship of the two countries was as deep as an ocean.
8. The desert traveler’s hopes were dashed, as when at last he reached a well, it was as dry as a
bone.
9. His opponent was trying to infuriate him, but he remained as cool as cucumber.
10. The laborer remained busy at work all day long, and slept like a log that night.
11. The audience listened to his spellbinding speech as quietly as mice.
12. The young athlete looked as strong as an ox.
13. The student moved as fast as lightning after getting permission from the teacher for an early
release.
14. The history paper was as tricky as a labyrinth.
15. The boys in the playing field were feeling as happy as dogs with two tails.

Metaphor
Definition of Metaphor

Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two
things that are unrelated, but which share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance
of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

In simple English, when you portray a person, place, thing, or an action as being something else, even
though it is not actually that “something else,” you are speaking metaphorically. For example,
the phrase, “My brother is the black sheep of the family,” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep, nor is
he black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that
person. A black sheep is an unusual animal, which typically stays away from the herd, and the person
being described shares similar characteristics.

Furthermore, a metaphor develops a comparison that is different from a simile, in that we do not use
“like” or “as” to develop a comparison in a metaphor. It actually makes an implicit or hidden comparison
and not an explicit one.

Common Speech Examples of Metaphors

Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do
with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write, and think in metaphors. We
cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language, and they are
called “conventional metaphors.”
For instance, calling a person a “night owl,” or an “early bird,” or saying “life is a journey,” are common
examples of metaphors heard and understood by most of us. Below are some more conventional
metaphors we often hear in our daily lives:

• My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)

• The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
• It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is
going to be without hardships)
• The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the
coming times are going to be hard for him.)
• Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)
• He saw the soul of dust when passing through the dust storm.
• Chaos is the breeding ground of order.
• War is the mother of all battles.
• Her dance is a great poem.
• A new road to freedom passes through this valley of death.
• My conscience is my barometer.
• His white face shows his concern.
• He married her to have a trophy wife.
• Laughter is the best medicine.
• Words are daggers when spoken in anger.
• His words are pearls of wisdom.

Personification
Definition of Personification

Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing – an idea or an animal – is given human attributes.
The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human
beings. For example, when we say, “The sky weeps,” we are giving the sky the ability to cry, which is a
human quality. Thus, we can say that the sky has been personified in the given sentence.

Common Examples of Personification

1. Look at my car. She is a beauty, isn’t she?

2. The wind whispered through dry grass.
3. The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.
4. Time and tide wait for none.
5. The fire swallowed the entire forest.

We see from the above examples of personification that this literary device helps us relate actions of
inanimate objects to our own emotions.

Short Examples of Personification in Speech

1. The shadow of the moon danced on the lake.

 2. There was a heavy thunderstorm, the wind snorted outside, rattling my windowpanes.
3. The flowers were blooming, and the bees kissed them every now and then.
4. The flood raged over the entire village.
5. The tread of time is so ruthless that it tramples even the kings under its feet.
6. It was early morning – I met a cat yawning and stretching in the street.
7. The skyscraper was so tall that it seemed to kiss the sky.
8. The tree was pulled down, and the birds lamented over its dead body.
9. The tall pines in the hilly area fondled the clouds.
10. The long road to his home was a twisting snake, with no visible end.
11. The full moon peeped through partial clouds.
12. His car suffered a severe stroke in the middle of the road, and refused to move forward.
13. The ship danced over the undulating waves of the ocean.
14. When he sat the test, the words and the ideas fled from his mind.
15. When he came out of the house of his deceased friend, everything looked to him to be weeping.

Onomatopoeia
Onomatopoeia Definition

Onomatopoeia is defined as a word which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound
effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.

For instance, saying, “The gushing stream flows in the forest” is a more meaningful description than just
saying, “The stream flows in the forest.” The reader is drawn to hear the sound of a “gushing stream,”
which makes the expression more effective.

In addition to the sounds they represent, many onomatopoeic words have developed meanings of their
own. For example, the word “whisper” not only represents the wispy or breathy sound of people talking
quietly, but also describes the action of people talking quietly.

Common Examples of Onomatopoeia

• The buzzing bee flew away.

• The sack fell into the river with a splash.
• The books fell on the table with a loud thump.
• He looked at the roaring
• The rustling leaves kept me awake.

The different sounds of animals are also considered as examples of onomatopoeia. You will recognize
the following sounds easily:

• Meow
• Moo
• Neigh
• Tweet
 • Oink
• Baa

Groups of Onomatopoeic Words

Onomatopoeic words come in combinations, as they reflect different sounds of a single object. For
example, a group of words reflecting different sounds of water are: plop, splash, gush, sprinkle, drizzle,
and drip.

Similarly, words like growl, giggle, grunt, murmur, blurt, and chatter denote different kinds of
human voice sounds.

Moreover, we can identify a group of words related to different sounds of wind, such as swish, swoosh,
whiff, whoosh, whizz, and whisper.

Oxymoron
Definition of Oxymoron

Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The common
oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, such
as “cruel kindness,” or “living death”.

However, the contrasting words/phrases are not always glued together. The contrasting ideas may be
spaced out in a sentence, such as, “In order to lead, you must walk behind.”

Common Examples of Oxymoron

1. Open secret
2. Tragic comedy
3. Seriously funny
4. Awfully pretty
5. Foolish wisdom
6. Original copies
7. Liquid gas

The above oxymoron examples produce a comical effect. Thus, it is a lot of fun to use them in your
everyday speech.

Short Examples of Oxymoron in Speech

1. There was a love-hate relationship between the two neighboring states.

2. The professor was giving a lecture on virtual reality.
3. Paid volunteers were working for the company.
4. The channel was repeating the old news again and again.
 5. The contractor was asked to give the exact estimate of the project.
6. A lot of soldiers have been killed in friendly fire.
7. The doctor was absolutely unsure of the nature of his illness.
8. All the politicians agreed to disagree.
9. There was an employee in the office who was regularly irregular.
10. The hero of the play was so dejected that he was the perfect embodiment of being alone in a
crowd.
11. The heads of state gathered to determine an approximate solution to the crisis.
12. The green pasture surrounded by hills was teeming with a deafening silence.
13. The political scientist was asked to give his unbiased opinion on the current issue.
14. The CEO of a multinational company said, “We have been awfully lucky to have survived the
disastrous effects of the recent economic recession.”
15. The program was not liked by the people, for a lot of unpopular celebrities were invited.

Hyperbole
Definition of Hyperbole

Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting,” is a figure of speech that involves
an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long
time, you say, “It’s been ages since I last saw you.” You may not have met him for three or four hours, or
a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait.
Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. Some other common
Hyperbole examples are given below.

Common Examples of Hyperbole

• My grandmother is as old as the hills.

• Your suitcase weighs a ton!
• She is as heavy as an elephant!
• I am dying of shame.
• I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison, like
simile and metaphor. Rather, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement. Let us see
some examples from Classical English literature in which hyperbole was used successfully.

Short Examples of Hyperbole

1. A ton of worry was lifted from the beggar’s back when he received the alms.
2. He saw a man as tall a power pole.
3. He saw his childhood friend after ages.
4. The weather was so hot that literally everything was on fire.
5. The boy was dying to get a new school bag.
6. The teacher told his students not to repeat that mistake for the umpteenth time, but to no avail.
 7. He was in such a hurry that he drove his car at a bazillion miles per hour.
8. The minister told the guests that the couple’s friendship was deeper than the sea, and sweeter
than honey.
9. The blacksmith’s hand was harder than the rock.
10. Their headmaster was omnipresent, as he seemed to be all around the school all the time.
11. The businessman was so busy that he was attending to a million calls simultaneously.
12. The old man was older than the Himalayas.
13. The mule is able to lift tons of weight uphill.
14. His classmates laughed at him, saying he had a pea-sized brain.
15. John was called the elephant of the class for his clumsiness.

Samples

FEAR

It was one beautiful day as I recall, where the birds were humming a beautiful, yet familiar song
and the sun was smiling down upon us. It took me minutes to leave my blue, cozy bed but when I
remembered that my family and I were going to go to the mall, I jumped out of my bed like a kid on
Christmas Eve. I washed my face, brushed my teeth and went to my room to put on my clothes. A blue
sweater and a pair of skinny jeans – the 80s style. After combing my hair, I went to the rest of my family.
My father, Martin, was an astronomer working at NASA. My mother, Maria, was a mathematics teacher
at Manhattan High School. Furthermore, my older brother – Jake- was a computer science student at
Harvard. In fact, Jake was a fine-looking young man with blue eyes, blond hair and a strong, rigid body
built with long hours at the gym. During my ride to the mall, everything seemed calm and jubilant. What
could go wrong on such a day?

Thirty minutes later, we arrived at the mall. Abraham Lincoln Mall was as wide as the sea. With
its huge shop collection and diversity, it was definitely every shopper’s dream. After passing the security
checkpoints, we proceeded to the nearest store in our location, acknowledging the fact that the mall
was bustling as New York City. In fact, it was so crowded that it seemed like an entire country had
gathered at once! After entering and leaving countless stores, my heart started pumping adrenaline
through my body. Tall scarred men started entering the mall. My father assured me that these are
normal people like us, and that I shouldn’t judge a person based on how he looks. But, it turned out that
I was right. The security guard at one of the gates allowed a one-eyed man into the mall without
investigating his baggage. The guard opened his bag and showed us what it feels like to be affrighted.

The south end of the mall went in a big boom! The one-eyed man and the security officer took
out their AK-47s and started to shoot anyone in their way. It was a massacre. Blood was everywhere… it
was everywhere… it was everywhere. That scene, that memory still haunts me today. The other
members of this cult took over sections of the mall, blowing themselves up and killing hundreds of
people. We ran and ran and ran, looking for a symbol of hope, looking for someone to show them what
fear is. But I knew that that wasn’t going to happen, and all we could do was to see who would perish
last.
 As we were running, 3 of the terrorists in front of us were shot by a team of SWAT officers.
They entered all the sections of the mall, clearing out all the opposition in each single shop. After
containing the mall, the bomb squad went in to try to find and disable all the devices dispersed by the
terrorists. Roughly two hours later, the mall was under the direct control of the NYPD (New York Police
Department) and the United States Armed Forces.

Twenty years later, I still remember this day with all of its events and details. It was a day
when I learned that terrorism cannot be tolerated in all of its’ shapes and forms. I know that dad
would’ve been proud of me for fighting this problem, and maybe you dear reader, can someday join the
fight for the world’s future!

A Pie Problem

It was a cold rainy day in New York City. The sun was hiding behind the clouds that were as fluffy as
cotton candy. That day was the annual pie baking competition that my family held every year. I was very
excited. However, I didn’t get much sleep as the rustling of the leaves kept me awake.

After getting ready, it was time for me to embark on my expedition. The event was happening at my
grandmother’s house that was very close to mine. In a couple of minutes, I was there. My grandmother
welcomed me warmly as I entered. “Good morning, sweetie,” she said

“Morning grandma,” I replied.

“You look like you had trouble sleeping last night.”

“Yeah, anyways, what will the challenge be this year?”

“Cooking without a recipe!”

“What!” I exclaimed trying to keep my cool. “Are you sure?”

“Yup,” she replied casually.

“Oh well,” I thought to myself “looks like we are not going to win it this year.”

After a couple of hours of preparation, everyone was ready. “Welcome competitors,” my grandma
began, who was also the judge, “Today you will be cooking the pie of your choice…,” she continued. Loud
silence commenced. “…but without a recipe!” I already knew that though so when she announced the
start of the competition I sprang into action. Firstly, I was going to prepare a dough. I started pouring flour,
water, and a little bit of salt into the bowl and started mixing. Thank god, it was working! My dough was
as smooth as silk, and I was loving it! After that, I put my dough into a baking pan and smoothed it with
butter. Today, I was baking pumpkin pie which means that the dough should be cooked alone first. As I
was putting my dough into the oven, I remembered something. On TV shows many chefs and bakers tend
to use pie weights to make sure that the dough doesn’t over-inflate. I thought that was a great idea.

After adding the pie weights, I placed my dough into the oven and started preparing my filling. I
added pumpkin spice, pumpkin, and basically anything I saw with the word pumpkin on it. I tasted it and
I was enlightened! “Holy pies!” I thought to myself “It tastes great!” As I was congratulating myself, I
realized that time was running out and that I had to get my filling into the pie. I approached the oven and
saw something weird. “Why does my dough look so abnormal?” I thought to myself. As I opened the oven
door, I found my answer. “The weights cooked into my dough!” I screamed with frustration. I was an angry
bull waiting to be unleashed. “What am I going to do?” I thought to myself. Thoughts were rushing through
my mind, my head started hurting as I was trying to find a solution for my disaster. Suddenly, an idea
popped into my head.

I cut out some of the scraps of my dough failure that were not affected by the disaster. Instead, of a
huge pie, it was turning into a mini-dish pie. I added all my scraps to the small dish, praying that nobody
will realize. After filling my pie up, I decided to just insert my pie into the oven and pray. In about half an
hour, it was time for judging, and my pie looked horrendous. However, it was go time!

“Welcome competitors to the judging ceremony,” my grandma began, “today I will be judging
your pies with respect to four categories: effort, taste, presentation, and its credibility as a pie. Lets
begin!” First pie was my brother’s, it looked very good, but it was obvious that he did not put any effort
into it due to the lack of taste. “Sorry Zach, this pie won’t cut it” said my grandma. Next up was my Uncle
Ned’s pie and it was the best yet. It was called the Pi pie because he engraved the Pi sign into his project
which he got high creativity points for. After that was my cousin eugene’s pie. His pie tasted great, looked
phenomenal, but unfortunately turned into cocktail due to all the liquids he put in. Finally, it was my turn.
I approached the judge and began: “This is my pumpkin pie. It was created with love and lots of effort,
but I ran into a mishap in the kitchen so please take that into mind.” “I will” replied my grandma. Suddenly,
she tasted my pie. The sound of silence filled the room. “Keith, I am happy to announce that your pie is
destined for greatness!” she exclaimed. “I could eat a ton of this!” “Thanks!” I replied. Fortunately, my
pie was the last one, so I didn’t have to wait much more for the results. “All of you did an amazing job
today, but unfortunately we can only crown one winner,” the judge said with a mysterious tone in her
voice. “and the winner is……”

“……. Keith!” Oh my goodness, I won! I couldn’t believe it! Turns out I didn’t need a huge pie to win,
all I needed was to try my best and forget the rest! That was a great lesson that was going to be
remembered for the rest of my life.

My Top Destination Where Few People Go

I have always been keen on traveling. Seeing new sights always inspires me, regardless of whether it is
nature or urban landscapes. Being a little under 30, I had already been almost everywhere in the US, as
well as in Canada, Mexico, and most Caribbean countries, but I was still only dreaming and vaguely
planning to cross the Atlantic and visit Europe. I dreamt of seeing London, Paris, Venice, etc., but my first
real chance came as a surprise.

A friend with whom we haven’t talked for ages wrote to congratulate me on my birthday. We started
taking, and it turned out that he now works as a volunteer for a human rights NGO in Lviv, Ukraine! He
invited me over, and I thought to myself, “Let’s do this now! No point delaying your trip to Europe any
further!” I immediately went on to book a plane ticket and found out that the best price ticket was in
only one week! I saw it as yet another sign telling me that I must travel there as soon as possible. I knew
little to nothing about Ukraine and its culture and had no time to research it properly, which added to
my excitement.

Needless to say that what I saw in Ukraine turned out to be completely different from any place I had
visited so far. Ukraine occupies the territory a little smaller than Texas, which is big by European
measures. As my friend explained to me, every region has its significant peculiarities, and West Ukraine
(where Lviv is situated) is no exception.

Lviv is a beautiful medieval city full of Gothic churches, not unlike Prague or Budapest. I saw flowerbeds
and little statues of Jesus Christ and Virgin Mary on every corner. The people are very fond of their
roots, and many of them are wearing vyshyvanka – embroidered shirts. All people I met were friendly
even when they didn’t speak English. On the whole, Lviv impressed me as a very spiritual city.

My friend and I both thought that it would be great for me to visit some other places in Ukraine. But
with the little time I had, we figured that I can’t go too far, so we decided to go hiking in the Carpathian
Mountains. Their authentic breathtaking beauty looks like the progress of modern life will never make it
to these places. Remote villages with traditional wooden churches and houses, rapid mountain rivers,
forests and meadows of brightest green amazed me with their untouched pureness.

By the end of my stay, I was so full of impressions that I couldn’t believe that Ukraine remains so
unknown to the rest of the world. It was a real discovery for me, and I am happy that my friend wrote to
me on that day and that my acquaintance with Europe began here and not in some more mainstream
places. I have a strong drive to come to Ukraine again and see more of it, and I advise it to everyone!

This is a pleasant read that deserves a firm B+. It starts off strongly with a promising a tale of an exotic
destination, and it delivers. So many examples of a narrative essay about traveling fall into the trap of
promising something exciting and not delivering. A walk to a secluded part of the beach can be exciting
and provide a meaningful experience, but it is not a journey to an exotic destination. A spontaneous
flight to Ukraine, on the other hand, is. The author does, however, falls into another trap. There are too
little details – no name of a church, a river or a village is mentioned. In good narrative essay examples, a
reader gets more concrete information to re-live the author’s experience.
Let’s Practice!

The Adventure That Went Wrong

Introduction

It all started when I bought my first ever hybrid bicycle and cheerfully rode it back home. Many possible
adventures laid ahead. I had always loved nature, and now I had the means in which I could experience
the thrill of cycling through rivers and clambering over boulders. Several weeks later, it seemed as the
perfect time for an adventure. It was a beautiful summer’s day and with all the eagerness of a fast
flowing mountain stream, I could barely wait to experience some thrills.

Rising Action

A friend had already shown me the location of an abandoned coal mining pit. It was the perfect place to
experience my own adventure that quiet Saturday afternoon. My friend was unable to join me, so I
decided to venture out alone. I couldn’t see any real danger at the time, although danger there certainly
was. After a hard exam week in school, it was a wonderful feeling to roam freely and soak in the
wonderful countryside. For a couple of hours or so I just ambled around. In the distance, I could see a
hilly area where I thought I could have a lot more fun and challenge my off-roading skills a bit more.
There was one rather unfortunate obstacle in my path though - a deep, muddy ditch. Adrenaline
flowing, I approached the ditch and decided I would try to descend into it and then cycle out unscathed
on the other side. This turned out to be a very costly mistake. I got so far into the ditch, beyond the
point of no return, and then found my hybrid bike stubbornly stuck in the mud. I did all I could to climb
out of the pit. A fountain of mud gushed out from the wheels every time I pushed the pedals. Worst of
all, I had no telephone to call for help.

Conflict

I felt I had to do something. I left my beloved brand new bike where it was and tried to find help. I could
see a youngster on a motorbike in the distance, who, like me, had clearly come to enjoy the thrills of off-
roading.

“My bike is stuck in a ditch!” I exclaimed. “Are you able to help, please?”

“No, sorry,” he replied.

“Do you know anyone who could come and tow my bike out?” I asked, somewhat desperately.

“No, I don’t.”

“OK, thanks anyway.”

With that, we parted, never to see each other again. The conversation between us was very brief and
with very little empathy shown on his part. I then decided I must find help so I walked back home. Home
wasn’t that far away, but the walk seemed to take forever. When I finally arrived, I called my father to
explain what had happened. He immediately seemed to know my bike wouldn’t be where I left it. His
grim prediction got my heart racing, but I still couldn’t really believe this would be true.

Climax

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Falling Action

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Resolution

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