RAMRAO ADIK INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
PROJECT ON
ALLOYS

NAME: ADITYA KUMAR YADAV

ROLL NO. : 24CE1235
DIV/BATCH: F F-3
SUBJECT: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to

our Engineering Chemistry teacher, [Link]
Agme, for assigning us this project on Alloys. This
project has greatly enhanced our understanding of
the various topics such as functions of carbon in
steels and types of alloys. We are especially
thankful for the continuous guidance and support
provided throughout this project. Our appreciation
also goes out to our families and friends for their
relentless support, encouragement and various
resources and articles that have helped us bring
this project to life. Thank you for allowing us to
make this enriching and educational journey
 TABLE OF CONTENTS:

[Link] TO ALLOY
 Definition
 Purpose of Alloys
2. TYPES OF ALLOYS
3. COMMON ALLOYS AND THEIR
COMPONENTS
[Link] OF CARBON IN STEELS
[Link] OF STEELS DEPENDING
UPON CARBON CONTENT
 Introduction to Alloys
Definition:
 Alloy: A material composed of two or more elements, where at
least one is a metal. These elements are combined to enhance the
material's properties beyond those of the individual components.
Purpose of Alloys:
 Improved Properties: Alloys are designed to achieve superior
mechanical, chemical, and physical properties compared to pure
metals. Common enhancements include:
o Strength: Increases the overall strength of the material.
o Corrosion Resistance: Alloys can resist rust and
degradation from environmental factors better than pure
metals.
o Hardness: Many alloys are harder and more wear-resistant
than their base metals.
o Ductility & Malleability: Some alloys can be more easily
shaped or stretched without breaking.
Role in Engineering:
 Alloys are crucial in engineering because they allow materials to
be tailored to specific needs, whether for aerospace, automotive,
construction, or medical applications.
 Types of Alloys
1) Based on the principal metal in the alloy:
Alloys combine a base metal with other elements to change its
composition and strengthen its intrinsic properties. There are many different
types of metal alloys, and the combinations within are nearly endless. Here are
some of the most popular alloys and their applications. For e.g. Stainless Steel
Alloys, Aluminium Alloys.

2) Based on phases:
There can be single phase alloys (consist of a uniform face) and double phase
alloys ( consist of two different phases). Example of single phase alloy is
brass which has 30% Zn + 70 % Cu. Example of Double phase alloys is muntz
metal which has 60% Cu + 40% Zn.
3) Based on iron content:
On the basis of iron content, Alloys are classified as ferrous alloys and non
ferrous alloys. The alloys which contain Fe as a constituent are known as
ferrous alloys whereas the non-ferrous alloys do not contain Fe as a
constituent. Example of ferrous alloys is Stainless steel made of Fe + Cr.
Example of non-ferrous alloys is Solder which has Pb + Sn.
4) Based on Application:
- Stainless steel is utilized in its wire and ribbon forms for screening,
staples, belts, cables, weldments, catheters, and suture wires.
- Gold and silver alloys are used to create jewelry. White gold, an alloy
of gold, silver, palladium, and nickel, is often utilized as a less
expensive alternative to platinum.
- Numerous industries employ a variety of alloys in welding
applications.
- Alloys are useful in situations where there is a lot of moisture
because they are corrosion-resistant materials.
Many petrochemical and aeronautical industries require high-temperature
alloy. Additionally, these alloys have been applied to the welding of wire in
difficult conditions at high temperatures.
 Common Alloys and Their Components
1. Steel

 Composition: Primarily Iron (Fe) and Carbon (C), with small amounts of other elements
like manganese, silicon, and chromium.
 Properties: High strength, hardness, and versatility. The carbon content can vary to
create different types of steel (mild, carbon, alloy steel).
 Applications: Used in construction (bridges, buildings), machinery, automotive parts,
tools, and infrastructure.
2. Bronze

 Composition: Primarily Copper (Cu) and Tin (Sn), with sometimes small amounts of
other metals like phosphorus or aluminum.
 Properties: Corrosion-resistant, durable, and has excellent casting properties.
 Applications: Used for coins, sculptures, electrical connectors, bearings, and marine
applications.
3. Brass

 Composition: Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn), with varying zinc content.

 Properties: Excellent corrosion resistance, good malleability, and attractive gold-like

appearance.
 Applications: Used in musical instruments, fittings, electrical connectors, and decorative
items.

4. Stainless Steel
 Composition: Iron (Fe), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni). Other elements may include
molybdenum or titanium.
 Properties: Corrosion-resistant, strong, and durable, especially against rust and staining.
 Applications: Kitchen appliances, medical tools, architecture (facades), and automotive
exhaust systems.
5. Aluminum Alloys

 Composition: Primarily Aluminum (Al), mixed with elements like Copper (Cu),
Magnesium (Mg), or Silicon (Si).
 Properties: Lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and good thermal/electrical conductivity.

 Applications: Used in aerospace, packaging (foil), construction, and electrical

conductors.
 Functions of Carbon in Steels
Carbon steels are iron–carbon alloys that may contain
appreciable concentrations of other alloying elements.
Plain carbon steels are iron-carbon alloys in which the
properties are primarily derived from the presence of
carbon. Some incidental elements like manganese,
silicon, sulphur and phosphorus are present in small
amounts due to the method of making steels and, not to
modify the mechanical properties. Adding a small
amount of non-metallic carbon to iron trades its great
ductility for the greater strength. Due to its very-high
strength, but still substantial toughness, and its ability to
be greatly altered by heat treatment, steel is one of the
most useful and common ferrous alloy in modern use.
There are thousands of alloys that have different
compositions and/or heat treatments. The mechanical
properties are sensitive to the content of carbon, which
is normally less than 1.0 wt%.
Classification of steels depending upon carbon
content
1. Mild Steels:
Mild steel is an iron alloy with carbon as its main alloying
element. It is one of the most widely used forms of steel and
can be applied to a range of general-purpose applications. Mild
steel owes its popularity to its adequate strength at low cost, in
addition to its excellent machinability and weldability. Various
grades of mild steel have differing amounts of carbon with
higher carbon contents wrestling in increased strength at the
expense of ductility. In some cases, additional alloying
elements are added to improve properties such as tensile
strength, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance.

2. Medium Carbon Steels:

Medium-carbon steel has a carbon content of approximately
0.25–0.50%. It is stronger and harder than mild steels but has
less ductility, toughness, and malleability. It is used in making
steel ropes, wire, garden tools, springs, and the like.
3. High Carbon Steels:
High-carbon steels contain carbon from 0.60% to 1.00%, and
the manganese content ranges from 0.30% to 0.90%. High-
carbon steels are used for some hand tools, spring materials,
and high-strength wires, etc.
 References
The information for this project is obtained from our college material.
Additionally, the following sites were also used as sources of information:

- [Link]
steel/#:~:text=Mild%20steel%20is%20made%20up,element%20is%20
manganese%20(Mn).
- [Link]
- [Link]
- [Link]
alloy/#:~:text=Definition%20of%20Alloy%3A%20An%20alloy,ductility
%2C%20opacity%2C%20and%20luster.