MECHANISMS OF

EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE
 NATURAL
SELECTION

What human traits do you think lead us to be

more advance than other species?
Do you think were better
than any species?
What if all the laws and
knowledge we have of
science is not true?
 FOUR PRINCIPLES MODES OF SPECIATION
ADAPTATION
SELECTION

FITNESS IN THE Variation Directional, Species, Hybrids,

ENVIRONMENT Heritability Stabilizing, Reproductive
“Survival of the Disruptive, sexual Isolation
Fittest” and artiicial
 Experiments of spontaneous
generation lead us to understanding
that living things come from living
things, and that observation and
several trials is a good way of
understanding phenomena
Page 272
What is his theory of use and disuse?
Compare and Contrast

LAMARCK DARWIN
● Theory of Use and ● Evolution by Natural
Disuse Selection
● Theory of Inheritance ● Four Principles of
and of Acquired Natural Selection
Characteristics
What are the faults
found in Lamarcks
theory of use and
disuse?
 NATURAL
SELECTION

What are Charles Darwin’s observation?

Iconic example of
natural selection
 CHARLES

01
DARWIN’S
JOURNALS
FINCHES IN GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS-COAST OF SOUTH
AMERICA.
Finches increased fitness
to their environment
which is the relative
ability to survive and
produce offspring

Adaptation - Fitness
Four Principles of
Natural Selection
 Principles of Natural Selection

SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

VARIATION
Phenotype Struggle of resources
(humans got plague and
famine when overpopulated)

HERITABILITY SURVIVAL &

REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS
Passed on to
offspring
The favored specie
will continue the
population
Apply the four principles
of Natural Selection
 The theory of Natural Selection is
not just like we are evolving but
more of the actual shift of the entire
population
 Modes of Natural Selection

● Directional Selection
● Stabilizing Selection
● Disruptive or diversifying
selection
 Modes of Natural Selection

DIRECTIONAL STABILIZING
Changes in the Intermediate phenotype
environment cause a fits in the environment
change in the
observable
DIVERSFYING
phenotypes(population)

Extreme phenotypes are

more likely to adapt.
MODES OF NATURAL SELECTION

DIRECTIONAL STABILIZING
Height of giraffe Offspring sizes
MODES OF NATURAL SELECTION

DIVERSFYING

Both extreme
Open Grass
Land
 Acacia
Woodland
Watery
holes
Urban Downtown: Characterized by bustling streets, high-rise buildings, and cultural diversity, downtown areas
offer job opportunities, entertainment options, and access to public services. However, competition for jobs and
housing is intense, and poverty, crime, and homelessness are prevalent challenges.
Suburban Residential: Suburbs provide a quieter, more family-friendly environment
with spacious homes, green spaces, and good schools. Residents enjoy a higher
standard of living and greater safety compared to downtown areas, but commuting
distances and access to public amenities may be limited.
Industrial District: Industrial zones are dominated by factories, warehouses, and transportation hubs, offering
employment opportunities but also exposing residents to environmental hazards such as pollution and noise.
Workers may face job insecurity, low wages, and unsafe working conditions.
 Rural Farmland: Rural areas consist of agricultural lands, small towns, and natural landscapes, providing
opportunities for farming, outdoor recreation, and a close-knit community. However, residents may
experience limited access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities, leading to challenges such
as poverty and isolation
Choosing your
partner
 Candidate 1

Ambitious, adventurous, and independent. Someone who brings

excitement and energy to the relationship, encouraging personal
growth and exploration. May prioritize career and personal goals over
the relationship, leading to potential conflicts over time
commitments and priorities, values personal freedom and individual
autonomy in matters of spirituality and belief.
 Candidate 2

Intelligent, intellectually stimulating, and committed to personal

growth. Engages in thought-provoking conversations and encourages
intellectual curiosity and exploration. May become overly absorbed in
academic pursuits, leading to neglect of emotional needs and
difficulties in balancing work-life priorities. Approaches life with a
skeptical and rational mindset, prioritizing evidence-based reasoning
and critical thinking over religious beliefs.
 Candidate 3

Compassionate, nurturing, and family-oriented. Provides emotional

support and stability, fostering a strong sense of connection and
shared values. May become emotionally drained from their work in
social services, leading to periods of stress and burnout that impact
the relationship, finds strength and guidance in his/her faith, seeking
a partner who shares her/his beliefs and values the importance of
spirituality in their relationship.
 Candidate 4

Creative, sensitive, and emotionally expressive. Brings beauty and

inspiration to the relationship, fostering a sense of wonder and
appreciation for the arts. May struggle with self-doubt and mood
swings, leading to periods of insecurity and emotional volatility that
affect the stability of the relationship, finds peace and mindfulness
through meditation and spiritual practices, seeking a partner who
shares his/her values of compassion and inner peace.
 Candidate 5

Compassionate, dependable, and trustworthy. Provides a sense of

security and reliability, offering unwavering support and commitment in
the relationship. May struggle with work-life balance, leading to
potential conflicts over time management and priorities between
personal and professional responsibilities. Finds strength and guidance
in his faith, prioritizing prayer, community, and moral integrity in his
daily life and relationships.
Artificial
Selection
 These examples demonstrate the diverse
applications of artificial selection across
different domains, all driven by human
intervention to achieve desired outcomes in
plants and animals.
 Sexual
selection
Nonrandom mating
Inbreeding Outbreeding
 Overpopulation

Will we ever reach a maximum population

when economies will decline?
Famine and War
Genetic Drift
Population Bottle neck
Founder
Effect
Summary of
Natural
Selection
 What positive changes would you want to be
incorporated into your genes and why?

What is your position regarding people who undergo

facial transplants or other cosmetic surgeries? Justify
your answer
 THEORIES OF
EVOLUTION AND
THE EVIDENCE
SUPPORTING THEM
 DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

JOHN RAY CARL

LINNAEUS
Fossils are Modern
remnants if taxonomy
organisms that system
were once alive.
 DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

GEORGES LOUIS
LECLERC ERASMUS
DARWIN
Grand father of
Contributed to Charles Darwin.
the age of the
Earth.
Charles Darwin
EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
Comparative Anatomy
CETACEANS
 CETACEANS FAMILY

Milk-Placenta-Give Birth-Hair-Don’t have

gills-Warm blooded

WHALES
Look like giant fish but they are
actually mamals
 CETACEANS FAMILY

They breath in their blow holes which looks

like pair of nostrils

skeleton
Arm – Wrist – Finger bones
 Hip

Leg bones? Thigh bone

Shin bone
Embryology and Development
CETACEANS
 DOLPHIN
EBRYO

Embryology is the study Arm and leg

bud
of how creatures are
born or even hatch from
an egg. HUMAN
EMBRYO
Arm and leg
bud
 DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMON DOLPHIN

Migrate to
Two the top to
nostrils become
blowholes
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology
Fossil Records
CETACEANS
 BASILOSAURID WHALE

30-40 million years

Two extinct
basilosaurid whale
fossils

NASAL OPENINGS
Nasal openings are not
on top.
 BASILOSAURID WHALE

30-40 million years

Two extinct
basilosaurid whale
fossils

NASAL OPENINGS
Nasal openings are not
on top.
Comparison of fossils
Basilosaurid whale
fossils

Compared to other
mammals

Their nostrils sit right in the middle

At the back of the Basilosaurus whale is fully
developed hip, leg and toe bone.
 MAIACETUS INUUS

HOW DID THEY KNOW IT WAS A WHALE?

Fossils are found among fossils of sea

creatures, strong and short legs are for
swimmers, webbed hand and feet Teeth are matched with
basilosaurus whales
DNA COMPARISON
CETACEANS
DNA match
Genetically match both of
them came from the same
ancestor.
 Common features

Hippopoamus

Shape of ankle bones Ankle bone

Shape of ankles which

are found only in hippos
From all the lessons that
we discuss, pick one that
you can relate to your
life/faith.
 QUIZ
True or False: Write Biology if the statement is true and General if the statement is false.

1. Founder effect occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population,
leading to a loss of genetic diversity.

2. Variation refers to the differences in traits among individuals of a population, which is

essential for natural selection to occur.

3. Adaptations are traits that evolve to enhance an organism's fitness in its environment.

4. Evolution always results in organisms becoming more complex over time.

5. Mutations occur randomly and can lead to both beneficial and harmful effects on an
organism.
Direction: Identify what mode of selection is being described and graph it. (2pts
each)

6. Winglessness is a mutation seen in fruit flies. In nature, these flies are quickly
killed. In a captive environment, however, they can function and reproduce with no
hardship. A population of fruit flies exists in a captive environment with no
predators, and plenty of food. Half the flies have wings, the other half do not. A
new predator, the dart frog, is introduced into the captive environment and the
population drifted into winged flies.

7. Light-colored oysters blend in with the sand in the shallow water and dark-
colored oysters blend into the shadows in dark water. Medium-colored oysters
show up against both background is easily selected.
8. In a population of rabbits living in a forest, predators primarily target rabbits with
lighter fur, making them easier to spot against the dark forest floor.

9. In a population of birds, individuals with medium-sized beaks are more

successful at foraging for food, as they can efficiently crack open both small and
large seeds

10. In a population of finches on an island, there are two distinct types of beaks: one
group has large, sturdy beaks capable of cracking open large seeds, while the other
group has small, delicate beaks suitable for consuming small seeds. Medium-sized
seeds are less abundant, and individuals with beaks of intermediate size struggle to
effectively feed on either large or small seeds.
Direction: Identify what type of selection is being described.

1. Selectively breeding dogs to have longer tails:

2. Crossing two different breeds of cattle to produce offspring

with desirable traits:

3. Mating closely related individuals within the same breed of

horses to maintain specific traits:

4. Choosing the largest and fastest-growing plants for seed

production in agriculture:
5. Breeding only the most colorful fish in an aquarium to
produce vibrant offspring:

6. Breeding corn varieties that are resistant to pests and

diseases:

7. Pairing closely related individuals within a population of

mice to create a strain with uniform characteristics:
8. Crossing two purebred dogs of different breeds to create a
new hybrid breed:
9. Selecting only the tallest and most robust trees for
replanting in a forest:

10. Mating two unrelated individuals within a population

of butterflies to increase genetic diversity: