Module 1: "Introduction to Programming" and "Input/Output Statements in C++.
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Introduction
Programming is the process of designing and building computer programs to solve
specific problems or perform tasks. It involves writing instructions in a programming
language that the computer can understand and execute. C++ is one of the most
widely used programming languages, known for its efficiency and support for both
procedural and object-oriented programming.
Origins (1972): C++ evolved from the C programming language, created by Dennis
Ritchie for system programming.
Birth of "C with Classes" (1979–1983): Bjarne Stroustrup developed "C with Classes" to
add object-oriented programming (OOP) features to C, including classes, inheritance,
and type-checking.
Renamed to C++ (1983): The name "C++" symbolized an incremental improvement over
C.
First Release (1985): The first official version introduced OOP features, function
overloading, and basic I/O.
Key Milestones: C++ 2.0 (1989): Added multiple inheritance, abstract classes, and
templates.
Modernization:
C++11 (2011): Introduced smart pointers, lambda expressions, and range-based
loops.
C++17 (2017): Added filesystem library and enhanced compile-time
programming.
C++20 (2020): Introduced concepts, modules, and coroutines.
C++23 (2023): Further refined the language.
Today: C++ remains a versatile, high-performance language for system programming,
games, and large-scale applications. Its ongoing updates ensure its relevance in
modern software development.
C++ Directives (#include)
C++ directives are commands used to include specific functionalities in a program. The
most common directive is #include, which allows the program to include header files
necessary for input, output, and other operations. For example:
#include <iostream>
This directive includes the iostream header file, which is essential for input and output
operations.
Header Files
Header files in C++ contain declarations of functions, classes, and constants that can
be reused across multiple programs. Some commonly used header files include:
<iostream>: For input and output operations.
<cmath>: For mathematical functions.
<string>: For string manipulation.
Using header files helps modularize the program and avoid rewriting code.
Variables
Variables are placeholders used to store data in a program. They are given a name
and a data type. For example:
int age = 25;
float height = 5.9;
char grade = 'A';
Data Types
C++ supports various data types to define variables. Common data types include:
int: For integers (e.g., 10, -5).
float: For decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14).
char: For single characters (e.g., 'A').
bool: For boolean values (true or false).
string: For strings (e.g., "Hello, World!").
Syntax and Format
The syntax and format of C++ refer to the rules and structure that a program must
follow. Key components of C++ syntax include:
Statements must end with a semicolon (;).
Curly braces {} define blocks of code.
Functions like main() are used as entry points.
Example of a simple program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!";
return 0;
}
Input/Output Statements in C++
Output Statement
Output statements in C++ display information to the user. The cout object, along with
the insertion operator (<<), is used for output:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << "This is an output statement." << endl;
return 0;
}
The endl manipulator moves the cursor to the next line.
Input Statement
Input statements allow users to provide data to the program. The cin object, along with
the extraction operator (>>), is used for input:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "You entered: " << age << endl;
return 0;
}
