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Document on Note-Making Techniques

The document is an email containing a link to a Word document titled 'Notes making.docx'. It includes HTML and CSS content related to the display and functionality of the document on the web. The email was sent on December 15, 2024.

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22 views78 pages

Document on Note-Making Techniques

The document is an email containing a link to a Word document titled 'Notes making.docx'. It includes HTML and CSS content related to the display and functionality of the document on the web. The email was sent on December 15, 2024.

Uploaded by

sureshchandra2702
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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style="height: 0px;"></div><div class="pageNumV2">1 / 10</div><div id="p1"
name="p1"><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Question 1. <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Read the passage
given below and answer the questions that follow: <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Effective
speaking depends on effective listening. It takes energy to concentrate on hearing
<span style="direction:ltr;">and to concentrate on understanding what has been
heard. Incompetent listeners fail in a <span style="direction:ltr;">number of ways.
First, they may drift. Their attention drifts from what the speaker is saying.
<span style="direction:ltr;">Second, they may counter. They find counter-arguments
to whatever a speaker may be <span style="direction:ltr;">saying. Third, they
compete. Then, they filter. They exclude from their understanding those <span
style="direction:ltr;">parts of the message which do not readily fit with their own
frame of reference. Finally, they <span style="direction:ltr;">react. They let
personal feelings about a speaker or subject override the significance of the <span
style="direction:ltr;">message which is being sent.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">What can a listener do to be more effective? The first key
to effective listening is the art of <span style="direction:ltr;">concentration. If
a listener positively wishes to concentrate on receiving a message his <span
style="direction:ltr;">chances of success are high.
<br></span></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">It may need determination. Some speakers are difficult to
follow, either because of voice <span style="direction:ltr;">problems or because of
the form in which they send a message. There is then a particular <span
style="direction:ltr;">need for the determination of a listener to concentrate on
what is being said. <br></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Concentration is
helped by alertness. Mental alertness is helped by physical alertness. It is <span
style="direction:ltr;">not simply physical fitness, but also positioning of the
body, the limbs and the head. Some <span style="direction:ltr;">people also find it
helpful to their concentration if they hold the head slightly to one side. <span
style="direction:ltr;">One useful way for achieving this is intensive note-taking,
by trying to capture the critical <span style="direction:ltr;">headings and sub-
headings the speaker is referring to.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Note-taking has
been recommended as an aid to the listener. It also helps the speaker. It <span
style="direction:ltr;">gives him confidence when he sees that listeners are
sufficiently interested to take notes; <span style="direction:ltr;">the patterns of
eye-contact when the note-taker looks up can be very positive; and the <span
style="direction:ltr;">speaker’s timing is aided-he can see when a note-taker is
writing hard and can then make <span style="direction:ltr;">effective use of
pauses. <br></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Posture
too is important. Consider the impact made by a less competent listener who <span
style="direction:ltr;">pushes his chair backwards and slouches. An upright posture
helps a listener’s <span style="direction:ltr;">concentration. At the same time it
is seen by the speaker to be a positive feature amongst <span
style="direction:ltr;">his listeners. Effective listening skills have an impact on
both the listener and the speaker. <br></span></span></span></span></div></div><hr
class="pageHrV2"></div><div id="pc2"><div class="pageNumV2">2 / 10</div><div
id="p2" name="p2"><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">(a) On the basis of your
reading of the &nbsp;above passage, make notes on it using headings <span
style="direction:ltr;">and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations wherever
necessary. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span style="direction:ltr;">5
<br></span></span></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Answer: <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Title: The Art of
Effective Listening &nbsp;<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Notes: <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">1. Eff. Speaking
depends on: <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">1.1 eff. Listening <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">1.2 concen. On
listening <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">1.3 concen. On understanding what you hear
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">2. Reasons why incompetent listeners fail:
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.1 their attention drifts <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">2.2 they find
counter arguments <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.3 they compete &amp; then filter
&nbsp;<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.4. they react <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">3. Ways for a listener to be more eff.:
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">3.1 concen. On the msg. Reed.
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">3.1.1 mental alertness <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">3.1.2 phys.
Alertness-positioning body <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">3.1.3 note-taking-aid to listener helps
speaker-gives him confidence encourages the <span style="direction:ltr;">eye
contact <br></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">4. Impce. Of posture <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">4.1 helps listeners in concen. <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">4.2 seen by spkr.
As a +ve feature among his listeners <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">♦ List of Abbreviations <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div id="pc3"><div
class="pageNumV2">3 / 10</div><div id="p3" name="p3"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Eff. – effective
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Concen. – concentrating <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Msg. – message
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Reed. – received <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Phys. – physical
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">+ve – positive <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Impce. –
importance <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Spkr. – speaker <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">(b) Write a summary of the
passage in not more than 80 words using the notes made <span
style="direction:ltr;">and also suggest a suitable title.
<br></span></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Answer: <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Title: The Art of Effective Listening
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Summary: Effective speaking and effective listening are two
sides of the same coin, both <span style="direction:ltr;">equally important. An
incompetent listener will always fail as he drifts away from counters, <span
style="direction:ltr;">competes and finally filters what the speaker is saying. To
be a good listener concentration <span style="direction:ltr;">is important combined
with mental and physical alertness. The importance of other factors <span
style="direction:ltr;">like note-taking and posture cannot be ignored. All these
are effective listening skills and <span style="direction:ltr;">are viewed as a
positive feature by the speaker among his listeners. They have an impact <span
style="direction:ltr;">not only on the listener but also on the speaker.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Question 2. <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Read the passage
given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2010 )
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Despite all the research every one of us catches cold and
most of us catch it frequently. <span style="direction:ltr;">Our failure to control
one of the commonest of all ailments sometimes seems ridiculous. <span
style="direction:ltr;">Medical science regularly practises transplant surgery and
has rid whole countries of such <span style="direction:ltr;">killing diseases as
Typhus and the Plague. But the problem of common cold is unusually <span
style="direction:ltr;">difficult and much has yet to be done to solve it. It is
known that a cold is caused by one of <span style="direction:ltr;">a number of
viral infections that affect the lining of the nose and other passages leading to
<span style="direction:ltr;">the lungs but the confusing variety of viruses makes
study and remedy very difficult. It was <span style="direction:ltr;">shown in 1960
that many typical colds in adults are caused by one or the other of a family <span
style="direction:ltr;">of viruses known as rhinoviruses, yet there still remain
many colds for which no virus has <span style="direction:ltr;">as yet been
isolated. <br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></
span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div id="pc4"><div
class="pageNumV2">4 / 10</div><div id="p4" name="p4"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">There is also the
difficulty that because they are so much smaller than the bacteria which <span
style="direction:ltr;">cause many other infections, viruses cannot be seen with
ordinary microscopes. Nor can <span style="direction:ltr;">they be cultivated
easily in the bacteriologist’s laboratory, since they only grow within the <span
style="direction:ltr;">living cells of animals or plants. An important recent step
forward, however, is the <span style="direction:ltr;">development of the technique
of tissue culture, in which bits of animal tissue are enabled <span
style="direction:ltr;">to go on living and to multiply independently of the body.
This has greatly aided virus <span style="direction:ltr;">research and has led to
the discovery of a large number of viruses. Their existence had <span
style="direction:ltr;">previously been not only unknown but even unsuspected.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">The fact
that we can catch a cold repeatedly creates another difficulty. Usually, a virus
<span style="direction:ltr;">strikes only once and leaves the victim immune to
further attacks. Still, we do not gain <span style="direction:ltr;">immunity from
colds. Why? It may possibly be due to the fact that while other viruses get <span
style="direction:ltr;">into the bloodstream where anti-bodies can oppose them, the
viruses causing cold attack <span style="direction:ltr;">cells only on the surface.
Or it may be that immunity from one of the many different viruses <span
style="direction:ltr;">does not guarantee protection from all the others. It seems,
therefore, that we are likely to <span style="direction:ltr;">have to suffer colds
for some time yet. <br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">(a) On the basis of your
reading of the above passage, make notes on it in points only, <span
style="direction:ltr;">using abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, suggest a
suitable title. 5 <br></span></span></div></li></ul><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Answer:
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Title: No Control over Common Cold Notes:
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">1. How to control com. Cold:
<br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">1.1 No cure to control it <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">1.2 Cure avail,
for Typhus &amp; Plague <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">1.3 Prob. Of com. Cold not yet solved
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">2. Reasons for cold:
<br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.1 It is a viral infec. That affects nose-lining
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.2 Caused by fmly. Of viruses called Rhinoviruses
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.3 For certain colds no viruses hv yet bn isolated
<br></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div id="pc5"><div
class="pageNumV2">5 / 10</div><div id="p5" name="p5"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">3. Prob. Of identifying
viruses: <br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">3.1 Smaller than bacteria so can’t be seen with ordinary
microscopes <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">3.2 Cannot be easily cultivated in bacteriologists lab. V
grow within the living cells of plants <span style="direction:ltr;">&amp; animals.
<br></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">4. Div. Of tissue culture aided
by: <br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">4.1 bits of animal tissue go on living <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">4.2 multiply
independently off the body <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">4.3 has led to the discovery of large no. Of
viruses <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">4.4 their existence previously unknown and unsuspected
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">5. No imm. From cold:
<br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">5.1 viruses causing cold attacks only on surface &amp; not
bloodstream <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">5.2 cannot be opposed by anti-bodies <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">5.3 imm. From one
virus doesn’t guarantee protection from all <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">5.4 you hv to
suffer from cold for some more time <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">♦<span style="direction:ltr;"> List of Abbreviations
<br></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Eff. – effective <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Com. – common
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">&amp; – and <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Avail. –
available <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Prob. – problem <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Infec. –
infection <br></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div id="pc6"><div
class="pageNumV2">6 / 10</div><div id="p6" name="p6"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Fmly. – family
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Hv – have <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Bn – been <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Lab. – laboratory
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">V – because <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Dev. –
development <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">No. – number <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Fm – from
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Imm. – immunity <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">(b)Write a summary of the passage in not more than 80 words
using the notes made. 3 <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Answer: <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Summary: Despite
having the cure to killing diseases like Typhus and Plague it seems <span
style="direction:ltr;">ridiculous that medical science has not done much yet to
solve the problem of common <span style="direction:ltr;">cold. This is because the
study of viruses remains confusing as they cannot be seen with <span
style="direction:ltr;">ordinary microscopes. Now with the development of the
technique of tissue culture a large <span style="direction:ltr;">number of viruses
have been discovered whose existence was earlier unknown. We keep <span
style="direction:ltr;">catching cold and never become immune to it because the
viruses causing cold attack only <span style="direction:ltr;">on the surface unlike
other viruses that &nbsp;get into the bloodstream and so can be opposed by <span
style="direction:ltr;">anti-bodies.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Question 3. <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Read the passage
given below and answer the questions that follow: (Delhi, All India 2011 )
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">There is nothing more frustrating than when
you sit down at your table to study with the <span style="direction:ltr;">most
sincere of intentions and instead of being able to finish the task at hand, you
find your <span style="direction:ltr;">thoughts wandering. However, there are
certain techniques that you can use to enhance <span style="direction:ltr;">your
concentration. “Your concentration level depends on a number of factors,” says
</span></span></span></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div
id="pc7"><div class="pageNumV2">7 / 10</div><div id="p7" name="p7"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Samuel Ghosh, a
social counsellor. “In order to develop your concentration span, it is <span
style="direction:ltr;">necessary to examine various 2 facets of your physical and
internal environment,” she <span style="direction:ltr;">adds.
<br></span></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">To
begin with one should attempt to create the physical environment that is conducive
to <span style="direction:ltr;">focussed thought. Whether it is the radio, TV or
your noisy neighbours, identify the factors <span style="direction:ltr;">that make
it difficult for you to focus. For instance, if you live in a very noisy
neighbourhood, <span style="direction:ltr;">you could try to plan your study hours
in a nearby library. <br></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">She disagrees
with the notion that people can concentrate or study in an environment with <span
style="direction:ltr;">distractions like a loud television, blaring music etc. “If
you are distracted when you are <span style="direction:ltr;">attempting to focus,
your attention and retention powers do not work at optimum levels,” <span
style="direction:ltr;">cautions Ghosh. “Not more than two of your senses should be
activated at the same time,” <span style="direction:ltr;">she adds. What that means
is that music that sets your feet tapping is not the ideal <span
style="direction:ltr;">accompaniment to your books.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Also do not place
your study table or desk in front of a window. “While there is no cure for a <span
style="direction:ltr;">mind that wants to wander, one <br></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Should try and
provide as little stimulus as possible. Looking out of a window when you are <span
style="direction:ltr;">trying to concentrate will invariably send your mind on a
tangent,” says Ghosh. <br></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">The second important thing, she says, is to
establish goals for oneself instead of setting a <span
style="direction:ltr;">general target and then trying to accomplish what you can in
a haphazard fashion. It is very <span style="direction:ltr;">important to decide
what you have to finish in a given span of time. The human mind <span
style="direction:ltr;">recognizes fixed goals and targets and appreciates schedules
more than random thoughts. <span style="direction:ltr;">Once your thoughts and
goals are in line, a focussed system will follow.
<br></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">She recommends that you divide your schedule
into study and recreation hours. When you <span style="direction:ltr;">study,
choose a mix of subjects that you enjoy and dislike and save the former for the
last <span style="direction:ltr;">so that you have something to look forward to.
For instance, if you enjoy verbal skill tests <span style="direction:ltr;">more
than mathematical problems, then finish Maths first. Not only will you find
yourself <span style="direction:ltr;">working harder, you will have a sense of
achievement when you wind up. <br></span></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Try not to sit
for more than 40 minutes at a stretch. Take a very short break to make a cup of
<span style="direction:ltr;">tea or listen to a song and sit down again. Under no
circumstances, should one sit for more <span style="direction:ltr;">than one and a
half hours. Short breaks build your concentration and refresh your mind. <span
style="direction:ltr;">However, be careful not to overdo the relaxation. It may
have undesired effects. <br></span></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">More than
anything else, do not get disheartened. Concentration is merely a matter of <span
style="direction:ltr;">disciplining the mind. It comes with practice and patience
and does not take very long to <span style="direction:ltr;">become a habit for
life. <br></span></span></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div
id="pc8"><div class="pageNumV2">8 / 10</div><div id="p8" name="p8"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">(a) On the basis of your
reading of the above passage, make notes on it in points only, <span
style="direction:ltr;">using abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also suggest a
suitable title. 5 <br></span></span></div></li></ul><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Answer:
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Title: Techniques to Enhance Concentration Notes:
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">1. Hurdles to Concen.
<br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">1.1 wandering thoughts <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">1.2 radio or TV
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">1.3 noisy environ. <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">1.4 distracting
environ. <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">2. Techniques for enhancement
of Concen. <br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">2.1 examine the environmental factors- both
phys. &amp; internal <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">2.2 identify the distracting factors
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">2.3 activate one sense at a time <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">2.4 keep study
table away from the window <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-
left:33px;"><li><div style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">3.
Managing concen. <br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">3.1 estab. Specific goals rather than gen.
Targets <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">3.2 set your thoughts &amp; goals in line
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">3.3-time mgmt. <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">4. Recommendations
<br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">4.1 estab. Your goals &amp; schedules <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">4.2 plan your
study and [Link] hrs. <br></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div
id="pc9"><div class="pageNumV2">9 / 10</div><div id="p9" name="p9"><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">4.3 make concen.
A habit for life <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><ul style="margin-left:33px;"><li><div
style="direction:ltr;"><span style="direction:ltr;">5. Ultimate help
<br></span></div></li></ul><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">5.1 don’t get disheartened <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">5.2 discipline
the mind <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">5.3 practice &amp; develop patience <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">List of Abbreviations <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Concen. –
concentration <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Environ. – environment <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Phys. – physical
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">&amp; – and <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Mgmt – management
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Estab – establish <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Gen. – general
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">[Link] – recreational <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Hrs. – hours
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">(b)Write a summary of the above in 80 words.
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">Answer: <br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">Summary: There can be many hurdles to
concentration. Your wandering thoughts, radio, TV <span style="direction:ltr;">and
a noisy or distractive environment. But one can overcome these hurdles by following
<span style="direction:ltr;">certain techniques to enhance concentration.
<br></span></span></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">The
environmental facets-both physical and internal need to be identified and dealt
with <span style="direction:ltr;">separately, one at a time. Concentration can also
be managed by establishing specific <span style="direction:ltr;">goals instead of
setting general targets. Our goals and thoughts should be set in line and we <span
style="direction:ltr;">also need to manage time. The recommendations for improving
concentration are that one </span></span></span></span></div></div><hr
class="pageHrV2"></div><div id="pc10"><div class="pageNumV2">10 / 10</div><div
id="p10" name="p10"><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;">should establish goals and schedules and plan his study and
recreational hours. This will <span style="direction:ltr;">make concentration a
habit for life. <br></span></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-
top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div><div
style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span style="direction:ltr;">
<br></span></div><div style="direction:ltr;margin-top:5px"><span
style="direction:ltr;"> <br></span></div></div><hr class="pageHrV2"></div><div
id="m_endBuffer" style="height: 200px; display: none;"><img src="[Link]
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