bloat Mnces « « ° Rhowledge = Pease ‘ — pe U 2 ee) The fanowledge base OS U i a + s4o0age 5 peed d frat ~ Store Anowledge a3 acyrised wm aidgesere d eepesd on sSimilay to Oodabme drat Fil Comaing intosmation kaule g Of poariculas — domain « Pe a ~ at has Collection SH Object ei and afttarbute ° CS ag a] = gripenge SY KB eal L atty bs a + dacfual ae: based on dactd and »r a accepia bx now ledcye el engineers ss a5 c q 5 > HewsisHe 29 bad on -poacise, the WE fe abiGty fo guen -s T a -———4 Ss eSbb Advantage) ’ ae ; F ° ACCte yace Scat (ily , Muotible eepeap “HIgh aelrabiliy - Haindence ou » k + Develobmens @4 incséade aeceypibily , > High Speed 4, aeopord §— Query +f Limitatory *Not have Gmmon- Scrwe aa ~ development coat high: efile ion “No 4leibi doy -Uder’ i prouledie acquisten fos leaigning on ch lit cueh: C427 * Cannaoh lenan team 140d i Apblications megs Lerma, audomadilc dei» te a a / ° ¥ - an designing and oe domain - Laudamoli ly) Hales) Diagnosis Verto yw ; 190 ea id Artaadey §1 b, aera e Contsal - EOP Al « AI9h Cahicer oy * Dutsucton fas, [OUr Gmerr Accel) * ecbeat se in dave oa 4 Pe Le ©No memary e t ache ; Penni rate 4M) Inaud . 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St we diqererd abpycach ml a to sthawert — rmcoledge a Aeyralized = -S Gbitue the delationshipy peda PH Congtsains awith — pablem 1a Space: A wae odes an te Complet apap / » Hoe eerible = (ea Teanapoagency » dyame- bred? | Cond” Yul yo] - Yybaid €5° Ul Above = dda) na 8 8114.8) ODD) ADDL) @ADNAM| Thee ase give maja dlaga = fhe Aevelopmey a an erpcat Stoge 408 a own unique featuae wilh othey stages System €ach ¢ iC Joey) (Gepeut ) (ant keg Engine) Stoge*4 | Pyoblerm | ? a | Fdentigication |, f ye ome a cHege:? | Conceb ent ahion| Syege3 ee A ol ey ? fosrradioation | dtage4 Fn mae - | Implemerdation | ay SHage:5: y lead ing |+ STolendi Hon? 5 qa mls figuac let the SpecHic Detearin eke Th bebe we wore fo éalve ( : waing {nega s | . ‘ Fracen___p| Domain ecbead ert es begind §— J dexaiber Ge eis pee” clextaiptia dey(atbe Problem No Heatarption complete ; Bore eee) b Cset a _flan and ASAMero 4oy Oa EL >What te Wan to achicve, St goad ) » finding tne Concer to fprodiee the galutioh % problem: er pes) L acts IMoymastay {30m Deigning Seed exbesd in “prob lem — clomain fo oganne Ire ord organic Mo yucky. dU - foo) ct do Solve _broblem << LADS ee VPP? T POLAT PPP IAPPDS Woesence Saw ee ee ee ee PPPPWAADASL FELL FFETOE LT MY Hey U0) UNO al - ~~ vs ewuUU 1 7 - ] al iodenti ficattar }Conceprua.ls LHOn | plete i l | Vi 4c ‘ition clentiqZan << adequatk Mo J J Yeo ( eon Conblehe_ Domplemendation , Tr, pase tohewe Wwe have 4g ‘twaie down +e Code yox the given Qablem- \mp: Stage bein (ete He eu 77 Whae Ds “He Covaect > | Technique 7 Cheat SE ig)St enauae &5 4funclion propaly j - &4 ld proctucey accurate coud and —peafaam =— weld in 4eacet SCenaaiad * Bact -(Je Qlbo Look fox Oh CxAard wu 03 thad need 1 be gre? hy) Fh 4o \abidaie the System, bestosmanc and mabe “jmpaovemery 14 needled! ° SP Yessonned —involwat In es s Aevevopi mg “9 “Amain Ooer yen ahem, fa nowlatge hae’ itn “ERINA cep ; Womainetpedt, were ws holute a 4 System Haintenance pexsonned: te Cabeilides ( i ‘ 4 ( ¢ ( ( ‘ ‘ 4 « ; * - advising | een OE erp ‘ ry 4 ¢ e « ‘ 4 * ‘ < ¢ ¢ dhe query rd ae: ~Yoovide deci sion- Mabin = Veoblem Solvih CR epplyirg _* > JDemonatyate a dlevite °° “th Explaining ie Paoblem l eid ge ” ea, Oneley ae Joattgy, Concbusfen,’ mre a7 dui)i The aigha adel § Chytoxy doy 140d indersdac envisonmert 40 Coram uni @de Hedbs in dabid probty bing fe 1) Rnawleolg Acawis itor a fa tre pave a eHratting, omganiring and = Styuctuse de Aaron Fonowl eatge ~The p oCeoo ‘oor human into the I, QCQU aig Ano tealge peso = anal Ch caching ad Anow cor baves-oe Sy Ok by HEB acre =e Al Gnd c\easth ‘Yoocead 4 jolve a ya h -Evay Al Progam yoy to cdo pooceas 708 searthing jos ~ the = dolwion ditbs Axe not Explicit in nature T co a search -p590ee } the follotwing State = axe Needed: A Trion State: dvciptin oy freien = 7 initiao’ positon 4 ie vt in Cheas boas # Seto lempe opceater ’ ehange the % ie ie. 1 Dhe~ mleo C4 (aime ~ & Finol o% gece State: that a paoblem a ‘ = golver ag to seach in osdes to succeed’ 4p Seaaching Seasching Can be dletined ay a seguerce _ Sith tod taandfosmy the initiad Gia ip. ine Gee State. Prude tore Heuriste Seach Technique 4 Seaaching . o Py \ jl POPPI as onasapas cn AAT PP) WPI Yiby bnown a4 4 enindo ct feaachs "tind faach awe Commonly ded seach pyocauit I i, HVE psi which = explore — all. the adreanakye during the taxh pasatds They do not have any domain ~ Sp ecq¢ c Briow)| ala ¢ Al thee nie Aye he Initiad State 1 The tired ~ Gate! and =a Set 4) Legal opeords come Imbowartt 4 echniquey 1) Qepth - Hast deaach a) Baradin = Fast Seasch - an Gwe Of Qbgoainm : that eepare @ Seah Space without ead any addi Honal infosmaHon “About the problem > Meee oat Syotemati ae Gerevate ind “Teat Ql possibk Golution until A debis}acdara one 1 faind ] Gore state). - C2 4o implemen? o but nat te e444 Gere Space aw O02 Cases ytWhen tre Seah in (ange expensive in Poaeye problem Space give ge congeera) Heuristic Seaach) alas tndon 04 “intoamecl Search” + Me boule Seach tare pop domain- Specye — Rnowledge The praceay be genaching Q@n be drat q seluced the tae @ peuyisho * Te nd Sot? - The ave — Clamain- Sbec4rc ouleage ~The heusiste Gee heeled toy ve) s Aa re pxsblems age ‘ue seb yeacnted Qa Newagistic nich map the problem ws into Numbes- ~ dome — impoatant — techniques ESatne qui f dill Climbing &) Bea - tisot Seaach 3) A® £ Qa” AG oxithm : 4) Constraint — Sabidaction - E an G ox % esi 45% additional infamatin™ a to ide. the Scaxh PrN TINT Fg ane te mote. Pwcey THI —_ infomation (ndeaeigens Aecisionn Called heusiSHOy Heusistic pie Soh ar xe eatimatey or thot = providea a meaaude how, Claoe Q State ae) G04 Sate: + Hose sais than uninfosmed — Seaach: i upon (Wait UY heuyithe ged: 0d. gucaniee: mrp yppprepepsa RDS Se Ee se SE ae aE aE ST tb Yxobeatien G Scare * Comblepencas > Opdimadite “oC ape Comp lerity hing + Space Gynplerity He Diggeaenee bly 4oamel A Inf omrned tosmal Staach - Q000 brown Gd Baute dowe Search - Skhuaued @bpsoach' St follow a qystematic And Steuctused fpsoces Follow det ot Geudeline > Expliat Qitcaia: Spectic Car teria And -Paximeer ase detind ih advane Th&e Cattesia -h&p hawow down he Seach - Database Ghd Codalong Ugage: asclies on Coda raze 1 Catalona - « Ri gosouw analy sia _ yidhud — thf YemaHe ~ Qn heuaishey goat Zev Congein «Qlo known Trfoamal Seach ag heuristic Search: - ONstauctiisel @pfsoacn’ eon Stauctuacd — And ollolo the dtth 0 Guidentiine + detible Citesa' St [ach ecblict Caiteaay Uoes Conduct SHathes with ie: Geneare Seach Chg tho: Ube Qoogle cteaignal {03 bwad ~ (nfowrmron > (ee formal analysig Sete value : Qwa4 ! nln)© Debth — divi cSeqach*) ! * , >Thio io very Simple | tybe Oh Byete- V7 foace Search — ¢echnique « ~The Again 7 Gteblt Put te initia node on a Bite START Siepd* a4 CSTART ia Cmpky) ox (START =Geat) 4 teri {nate witnsearch Steps: Remove the fisar nate foam START, E a them = re Sep 34 (a= Goal) teaminaze with Succews SepS* St 2 tag Stucreegos, mes Go 4 a trem § add them @ ~ tHe begibni START Sieb6 Go to dtp a > Eanple: Bee anne RA ne ena meenn se anan nes = D (S7N2 D> ER Fg) t K Gent -= Two impostany actos do be considescd 19 any deoachi pr yCCOLLISC Ny r A a : lime Conplerity) [Space Complerify | “a Mmenoure o OF maximum Stomg dime fos an aequised G4 ant ago to camplete point dual the HO” acta Search » . a oe glee Ce ad He Deawbach > Mot ind Shovitoh atin - Defeaminagion o depth unt twhicn the Search fay fo -psoctsa Called Ad— Of) debih: > Sf Gd-ofs debin ig mallesy doth may not be found - : 8h Aub-o Aebth fa lasge s dire— ne will be move aqme pg 2 § —r A> > C—-eG ep satel ag Tyaverse Lp oe (s fe G) i Ss sA—>8>¢C >g 2 G www t QO UU SS UUY Ow UY wereep eenctin Hvar Seaach *) ‘ oe paggaease in levee bevel: + follow "dixection Hast ian diver goad: ancl 9¢ nesate 00 posible Childe @ hade £ inptererect ace Q ENS => Algexidhira: Bose Step | fut the inilad node on List START Sey 34 (START to empty) os (START = Goal) Zz feaminate toith = duceéod- cepa Rernove the isa node fom TART- Cobh «them rte | Step? a4 (a=Goal) teminate senach with duces § Steb5: BY a hay Sucranst 1 Generate ad? the E trem %& add them ad ine il START- SPS Go Atha: T Gon Neale search face fo B-F-5sflaa to OFS, the two maps actos” > Time Comp letity: o(bt) 2 Space Canplerily ol b*) > Poablem “Amount Hine om 4 ae at Jee RBecue 04 fine _“ompeityy ee oy wie —> leveld 5) ) 2 levety (4) > leet Pog % id to fe Mac te ip Quaanniee fo detusn 2 ve he odteaat any Sal" aS @ alt yandom =fer UN iacaence BES + both aye — qundamente Garb — taavered 009 > Outer a Etblosatan: “MH Crboren rede Cevee buy Leva: Ob Slash the woat necle and erplore ao2 Ws heighbauw “Dara Staucttre Use queue * Gmplefeness in Quaardedd to ding the —Shoytéat - Hemaxy eng e ue a Sight! Qre amoung me me) : Time Campler iy bites op Hmatity 2 a4 Q Gleaanace (lowe fain J ara such abfo sol” then op Hae OPS Same ~ qundamendae. daph +oaqvessal alga ~ Sade Ci Etp lotaton “Mt Ctplosea na nade by follaving a dingle baanch Go dethly a ee -passible befaye Clea chir a tf “Date Stauctuse « -uaes S4aCh ¢ ~Camp|efeneay $ hot Gusantee dining o tre “Shoyeeat path = $ © eee s = Mock Gaon = Cyne 2 5 5 > Time Completi ty ~ Losey: 2 im > Sl" dos an % > b be bet fi” AR oder Sol. lo Sait to be = (h- xe So el“Yuill COimbin enh Fes fai sap ty a heuristic Search Wwe F2 Hathemnat cae opHim t2@dHen -paobiems > Hill COimbing§ adooaithm i @ G2 Search osidhm — {yhith CordinaaHaly rove fh the — vect on jn @eadi value to find the eat fol “to the —paoblen- > St teaminate when seachy @ poh Value adhese no neighbos hay a fe heghes yolue: baa Fa ing men problem In. Which i pea ee = 2 minimize the stance b eed teaveled by safeaman’ ke ‘d “Types © Simpli ,. Grew Gbpwoacl oe a) No Backtsacking Stochastic 3) Generate A Tear ~ Space Olagxam ote Da aaphial aepaearntation Gy Sep Slat ed 3 Séaach 0° Qn ~ seach iz “the e function which —Liarimi2e value Folob2e'] ¢ atenote Sbace Sate: dence “Vote abyective den ction ea ot, sees | load Het ela « og |! « “Qeay, ve a étvg, BoyT2495 Yooblem coith — hill Coimbra J 4) Locad Harimum => a» ig -peab Slate in landacape Which fo ‘betes than each OL ita Neighloaterine Habe Sol Bachraacking dechnique. gal” & (owl Z Har in’ State spac landsapc Locak Maaimunm oN \ Q) Plateau: dlat aac a Seaach Space in a which @Q2 neighbs Sjaleo Cuxserd Saty cordain the dame fe Value became alog no? thd any beat = dsecHon to” Hove: Se SU Jabe a dieps ca aiHee Seb) While i S@wehin a 2, Pee A Plakeru y ea anes 7 3) Ridges Serial —toam G4 lorat ao 0) ear) area Matimum twhich 1 hignes than — Surroundine 0S asta. 1 bit Tekh -hoa Q shobe, and = @mnnat be ds€adhed in Sirgic 4 move ol" Use bi-dactHon Seaxh oy be Movin - ; 0 in A ssenered —-higect and se) 4ke Cona toaint Satisfaction OF fo a technique ded win ident qying conotsaint which d@ag = and tind ot tre dolton = tat atisdHim @ Set oy Gndtoainds + bechdaacking, a2 > Conatsaint Component — > en emis C 4) Vasiable: Thee ax the Meities whode Vadue heal fo be deteuminer. « PDenoted AV, C Viv 1 V3 i= Vn}*Domain: The Oomain a @ \asteble ig the -siniie Set a yatue t Gn abe Ungidite *Denoted by O ~ Condinuols k E Dione O° o8 1On 3 > Conataaine: Conotaaints Gre deytaiCHona o8 se Cond” trot Limit the possible Combination 4 Value tog VG s1able * Denoted by g Cni@e -- Ghd ~— WR Y Gropsosne ” PUNO 2 ake dingie vaeiobe: > Binay 23 will tue two Vasiable « Glebar:> Will fake Moxe then Vaalable 2 va) 4 J PSS MWe eens anne co. and — Shea mp let > dCLation ~ HE Representation [vow to Consizaind aac = Bist uae SaHdGiOL 4 Ss “Vv jo Se Vagiable Va--V oa ~ £ WiiVa-- Vn? = - oO is St oH Domina £ D, ,D2~ Dn? S one “for €20h ~—Vasiahle ~~ "Cin Ser 4 Corstens nat spcciy I agpowjable Combination a4 Values. OF CizC Scope » selatoranip ) Tay: > Scope: SA VYaslable +rat Pasticbate 2 fn Congtaairey 2 Relastionahipicei ne the value that vartable Or ee Gn Aare. om ~e€0, Constaaint £0, C2,C33 Vi Ve U ope) Cui2) A B_ CHR) [Oomaing a iF NOH 5) Gt £8 Cvs V2 1M £Ve7 5} RE Cy 1 V2) CAB) 3 tf aarea Obl ying Some domain valys Cr = Cys, Cu2) C42) Cat) > Conatani > SAW Ae & SLBOKV 1; Gasph lori" SOHN Q CQ Rl aq ve Et, 213/43 we D> EReds Gace, Bluez ee Cz C142, 143 LA 2d SHE aS 8 Cuse Backtaaca thy) TAL | Leen, “lpg \RaB [ROB |ea8 Ay R 148 GB GB | y p16 14618 Vem ei¢ | 8 4 7 fs ie Give blue (e) 1B) es 10 pny, oe on te "pik Lach 184 chi hos wcuxa 4f Ja- Glele [4/3| Divo, chen lige eWe ave to Jo Upto the hode wher a ‘onqeicl - lime € faery iBeam Seach - Seaaching algoarthm tsa to find Shoxtet Path ~tohicn wen Obs Hance | dG Heuristic > Tha seach — procedune yan Cvaluation- function —vadians “| Dreadth- fisar Seaach > The ‘hetaishe uncon Used here Galled Cvatuation funcHon 10 an tndicaor hoo fax the hele Ia fam +e ao Mode tHEHC) Otbd) y oCbd) Florin mies tage tee % Arvin, : Algoxt fanthan Vadur of Peg | Gebl: Ye the fnitted “rade on a Bie START 3 ay GSTART in ernply) og (START = Goak) degminate twith fUcceo4 1 Remove the diva node fom START Ge | them nae @° tuith success: | Succearods 1 genewcte | od to _¢ ' ee Cott a te | a [ty the yemaining | ty mused 1: a% ? BPS fo erblanna tying a Seach gpabh ~» T@> €— Goal Ake. Node being Childaen Available ede Expand Node Che0gh _ ic (4:3),CB:6) |CA:3), (B26), | CA:3) C25 CC:5) A (D:4) 1CE:8) ~— |CB:6),€C: 5),(0:9) CC: 5) CEz8) Cc (4:7) Cais hEoia),(ea) (B:g oT B (P12), (G24) | (0:4), (8) OFD| C27) i CF 12), (Qa) H €1:5),(7:6) (0:9); (€8) Fa) (1:5) CG) Ci 5 )T8) Ti (Kl), CLe0) C09), Cee S(F:0)| Seach (19) GU), (EOiCiel) | Sob © (+0), CH:2) Gee io deachedAiat the staat node Sig €tpanded > Bthisdsen [Ar BC] vid 3 6 & 3 Value « These value or indi@re hao 4a the, {wm goal State Ce Child wrt minimum — Value nate ia Chosen « Me Chii{dsen of A we Seb adeag ! 4 > Value = Same aocess: Eumnich jie Io minimal arc? ecard thay BPS “qumps @00 round! in the Sener Qaaph “to ideniijy the nate with Mminimar _ evaluation qemdton value p a ayaa 4 oh ene ‘ a v NUNES Ht ‘a Vo enstic value Which : Coe of Bichon | 10 Te fo a pristiule = 1 Cheapeat yom dnc - noche: 3 0 Sjast node yY = > Algoatinin ~ 2 Stebl: Pub the initiaL thode on Udt START Beda 84 COTART fo crmply) os CATAL ® Goak) 2 : fearninate with — Sucreas c 2 Gieba- Rernove tre fisor node fom START VG 3 : them = Node A : GPU 84 Ca = Goal) fesminate dtaxch tutto sd Succes Seps loc ig note a hag oe’ ane a them: Estimate the “ 4itn ts humbes the — Slucceasowy by totaling the valuation —fencHon_ value dhe Coat duncton value. Soat te Lice by qrin@a — humbed ~ 2 one ee ae) ca OB SPT Replace START with SraRry Sips G0 Sib a. ° f : A Time Complerity = ocetd) o 3 - Space, Gmpieity + o(b'd) lebih o Sou" 2 rds eyex? The theesiste val Oo ahh Hate i J Ove au Car Calculate 4(n) @ ting An) = gin) +hch) ea | p a N a ROK a \ Or : ) Ay 4 oC30n)) oY) n ra. Sol 4 Hevation: 5 set il Soa = 143 =[4\ S3G = loto =ffo)\ hot 4 Hesation'9 an SSAPB JQ 424 =f7\ SAA3C =e+d = H Ltexation3 : a ee [a S35 0 SG>G 2 (2) is Ig opivat path with Aa) G Goat [6] | Branching Fechos Pinik} PPT VLA YALA LLAA PRAA LPAI VASE WEES seo rn ss (; ~A Ve index gtin oboes vation abot this , Asoblem ia fed [AS ia aamissible} p84 the hemaiste «function ip admissible, ; ae ae dye deach will always . i the 4 , : ee ee : He Hew to Yaoug AY iy pimissibe Hoty we reed fo wundeatand what 4 % “ underestimation | and “ ovestatimation - 4) hn) ¢t%(n) — Lundeaeatimation) % hn) 7 b(n) Coveatimason - rs (e e- a fran actual Vane moll ° 3 : HF Ondleseatimation: 4 the catimateal value ip ~~ i “H(n) << h(n) Pie actual value fe 00-6) Ho EH] * Qa) oo B)* ite 23.60 coy 500") “(@ HCA) = 380 ACB) = do GA) = 904) thO) Coe = §oo + 80 =[930) ate + §(B) = det 8 = [So] 6 bt O40" ACG) o> Gite Bs — 4 ps ec?- but we hese, we will hat Stop, bedaude, nave a A dat Whach nea value (eas than = 4(q) +E “Oveseatimation 4 a Two though (A) 4(q) = ca) 44) = gto to [aC@) = ao ; opined anaes > Of estimated Value Mox +nan adctiad valu “A(n) 7 h*Ch)> o " - 9A) =@c0 a Be 6 asi eg @)— Sone) EEE GW = 0 by h [B) = Io 4A) = dao + & = do GB) = aot To =9T0 4@ = Aa) 4 44) 2 Jbo tO > 450" hee 1Q™ will Stop TWH MANN HO, APP PKPIADAAIMVIDAT WPAN MANTAWINIT MAO Ded a a 2 2 2 eeoH > Advan gy) “ObHmad and complete “Use in Shortest farth algo 1 Solve Compler —- paoblem {fs Disadvantage “Vom etaa = Hemoly ea compased to BFS TeQLUIC Some Complete ingues i em AO © Algosithr ) -Meurishic” Senach » alo altel frnowwledg € povedl ' , -Ao™ define And- OR Seaach___8¢ oadtim Pe ee bent th Atacl)y go that ‘in nowy 2) knowlege -Boged fechnigie: Thop means the Siaxp State and Qoal Sate Axe Alseady eine A the bet Poth fo found Laing the Aeugistica * . g(r) =9 Cn) thn):“Woh on Gaoblem accomposition “Ot tse the concebh @ AWD —OR goebha Clemmbose — He complet problem Trt neu | O Swp- pooblem fo seach aed the goat State ANT Set GA faoh that ax done to be yeached to goa Slate tF OR Te cuggesent Coty that Gn be: = \ ‘ Jalen fo aeacheld fo Ppa Sete: , —=—=———— poi TE aT "FE Appucohin, » Vehicle your pxoblem ° Post folio oP mi axon AFAANNF AANNG BAAN anaes edeq ( \ f pean end Anak sid -Hean- €nd- @naltssia fo pyoblem Solving waed fn Rati fia ago Seasch in techniques tor Dimiting Al Paac an “Ob a Mire =O Bachumd f foaword Starch technique: 1Q6} 4 Allen Newero The NEA anatysia paces bly the Guayert Sjate A goal Sate ce How es) tuayh) # i a - dizat 1 evalecte the chiffescnce bl iniviae Siete and final Hate > Scbewe the vasioly aperatag (hich @n be applied tox ach = abi¢jeaence: * Apbly the opesatos at a ach bidferertes Which reduce the _liteerne bil, athe Cuasert Sate and Goad Hete- é Sif ee en ge 1°) Initial Stee