Design Against STATIC Load
ME252 Analysis and Design of Machine Components
Dr. P. Jeyaraj
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NITK Surathkal, Mangaluru-575025
Static Load
Applied gradually to a mechanical component.
Magnitude and direction of the force does not change with time.
Static Load
Applied gradually to a mechanical component.
Magnitude and direction of the force does not change with time.
Modes of Failure
• A mechanical component may be unable to perform its function
satisfactorily, then the component may fail in one of the following
three modes:
• By elastic deflection
• By general yielding; and
• By fracture.
Failure by Elastic Deflection
• In the transmission shaft shown, the maximum force acting on the shaft is
limited by the permissible elastic deflection.
• Lateral or torsional rigidity is considered as the criterion of design.
• Sometimes, the elastic deflection results in unstable conditions, such as
buckling of columns.
Failure by General Yielding
• A mechanical component made of ductile material loses its engineering
usefulness due to a large amount of plastic deformation after the yield
point stress is reached.
• Considerable portion of the component is subjected to plastic deformation,
called general yielding.
• The localized yielding in the region of stress concentration is restricted to
a very small portion of the component.
• Yield strength of a material is considered.
Failure by Fracture
• Components made of brittle material cease to function
satisfactorily because of its sudden fracture without any
plastic deformation.
• The failure in this case is sudden and total.
• Ultimate tensile strength is considered.
Factor of Safety
• Necessary to provide sufficient RESERVE strength in case
of an accident.
𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒇𝒂𝒊𝒍𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒇𝒔 =
𝒇𝒔 = 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
• used to determine dimensions of component.
• will not exceed under normal operating conditions
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔
fs = f𝒚𝒕 / σ fs = f𝒖𝒕 / σ
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝒇𝒔 =
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
Why different Strength for Ductile and Brittle Materials ?
• Brittle materials, are designed based on their ultimate tensile strength because
they do not exhibit a distinct yield point.
• On the other hand, ductile materials, are designed based on their yield strength.
• Yield strength is the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically,
indicating the onset of permanent deformation.
Axial Load
• The load is applied through
the area centroid of the
element
• Two opposing forces are
colinear.
• At some distance away from
the ends where the forces are
applied, the stress distribution
across the cross section is
essentially uniform.
• Occurs in cables, struts, bolts
and many other axially loaded
elements.
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = σ = P/A
Direct Shear Direct Shear
• Application of equal and opposite forces so nearly colinear that
the material between them experiences shear stress, with
negligible bending.
• A pair of scissors also called a pair of shears is designed to
produce direct shear on the material being cut.
Direct Shear Direct Shear
• Application of equal and opposite forces so nearly colinear that the material
between them experiences shear stress, with negligible bending.
• A pair of scissors also called a pair of shears is designed to produce direct
shear on the material being cut.
• The shear blade is tight against the jaws that hold the workpiece.
• Thus, the two forces P are in the same plane and do not create a couple.
• This provides a condition of direct shear with no bending.
Shear with Bending
• A small gap (x) between the shear blade and the jaws creates a moment arm,
turning the pair of forces P into a couple and thus bending, rather than direct
shear.
• There will be significant shearing stresses developed in addition to the bending
stresses.
Shear with
Pure bending
Shear
Single Vs Double Shear
• Single shear: only one cross-sectional area of the parts needs to be severed to break it.
• Double shear: Two areas must fail before it separates.
• Double shear is preferred over single shear for pivot-pin designs.
• Bolted and riveted joints are in single shear when only two flat pieces are fastened together.
Single Double
Shear Shear
Direct Bearing
• A pivot pin in a hole may fail in
other ways than in direct shear.
• The surfaces of the pin and hole are
subjected to a direct bearing stress
which is compressive in nature.
• Bearing stress occurs whenever two
surfaces are pressed together.
• This stress tends to crush the hole or
pin rather than to shear it.
• If the pin is a close fit in the hole
with essentially no clearance, the
area used for the stress calculation
is projected area of contact of pin
and hole, not the circumferential
area.
Abearing = length of the bearing contact x diameter of the pin
Direct Bearing
• A pivot pin in a hole may fail in
other ways than in direct shear.
• The surfaces of the pin and hole are
subjected to a direct bearing stress
which is compressive in nature.
• Bearing stress occurs whenever two
surfaces are pressed together.
• This stress tends to crush the hole or
pin rather than to shear it.
• If the pin is a close fit in the hole
with essentially no clearance, the
area used for the stress calculation
is projected area of contact of pin
and hole, not the circumferential
area.
Tear out Failure
• Another possible mode of failure
for pinned joints is tear out of the
material surrounding the hole.
• This will occur if the hole is
placed too close to the edge.
• This is a double shear failure, as
it requires both sides of the hole
to separate from the parent
material.
Atearing = 2 x link thickness x dimension from
the edge of the hole to the outside of the part
Pure Bending of Straight Beams
• Consider the simply supported beam with two identical,
concentrated loads as shown.
• The center section of the beam between the points A and
B has zero shear force and a constant bending moment.
• Important assumptions are:
• The segment analyzed is distant from the applied loads or
external constraints.
• The segment is subjected to pure bending with no shear and
axial loads.
• The material of the beam is homogeneous and obeys Hooke’s
law.
• Stresses remain below the elastic limit and deflections are
small.
• The beam is initially straight.
• Cross-section remain plane and perpendicular to the neutral
axis during loading.
Pure Bending of Straight Beams
• Consider the simply supported beam with two identical, concentrated loads
as shown.
• The center section of the beam between the points A and B has zero shear
force and a constant bending moment.
• Important assumptions are:
• The segment analyzed is distant from the applied loads or external constraints.
• The segment is subjected to pure bending with no shear and axial loads.
• The material of the beam is homogeneous and obeys Hooke’s law.
• Stresses remain below the elastic limit and deflections are small.
• The beam is initially straight.
• Cross-section remain plane and perpendicular to the neutral axis during loading.
Pure Bending of Straight Beams with Two Axes of Symmetry
Pure Bending of Straight Beams with One Axis of Symmetry
Pure Bending of Straight Beams
𝑀𝑦
Bending Stress = 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐼
Pure Bending of Straight Beams
distance from the
neutral surface
Maximum bending moment
𝑀𝑦
Bending Stress = 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐼
Moment of inertia of
the cross-section
about the neutral axis
Pure Bending of Pure
Straight Beams
Bending with OneBeams
of Straight Axis of Symmetry
𝑀𝑦
Bending Stress = 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐼
𝑀
Maximum Bending Stress = 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑍
𝐼
Section Modulus = Z=
𝐶
C- Distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber
