Project Details
This is a four story building
construction project.
Civil division of Sri Lanka ports
Authority is conducting the
construction works of this building.
Project Name : Building for CIW
stores, PH? And stress Bed staff in
ports of Colombo.
Project value : Rs 100 million.
Project duration : 2 years
Project type : Design and Build.
Design Engineer : Sri Lanka ports
Authority (SLPA) (C&D Division)
Contractor : SLPA (Civil Division)
Employer : SLPA (Civil Division)
As this site Random Rubble masonry
foundation is used as the wall
foundation. Random Rubble masonry
foundation is ancient stone foundation
method where rough, uneven stones
are used to make the foundations.
This construction approach is both
environmentally friendly and
economically. This foundation is
incredibly strong and durable because
stone is the main material used.
Therefore, they used this foundation
method for this four story building.
Construction of RRM foundation for
walls :-
1. Excavation :-
The ground is excavated to
create a trench after the wall
placements have been marked
on the site.
2. Laying stones :-
In order to create a level
foundation on which to place
larger stones, for lay a layer of
small stones. This process is
more critical. Because building
is stability depend on this
directly.
Staircases
Staircases are series of steps leading
from one level of a building to
another.
To construct a staircase needs a
standard staircase dimension
measurements.
The following diagram shows the
reinforcement arrangement of the
staircase of this site.
Reinforcements of staircases
For staircases they used 12 mm and
10 mm diameter Reinforcements.
Here the thread was 275 mm.
Staircase 01
Staircase 02
Reinforcements of the landing of the
staircase 02.
Formwork of the staircase :
Concreting the staircase :
Here we calculated the concrete
volume for each staircases. Slump
was 190 mm.
Concrete was poured using the boom
truck.
It was vibrated for the good
distribution, remove air voids and
compaction. And it is improved the
quality (concrete) and durability.
Then it should be leveled on the
thread of the staircase.
After finishing the concreting, leave
to dry.
Columns
In our site we used the dimensions of
the columns as following cross
section.
Column formwork.
20 mm thickness plywood sheets were
selected to create the column
formwork.
The dimensions of the plywood sheet
was selected as follows.
Timber Reapers
Timber reapers were added according
to the dimensions. If the dimension is
more than 400 mm, we need to add at
least 3 timber reapers.
Therefore 3 Timber reapers were
added for 400 mm side and 2 timber
reapers were added to 300 mm side.
Timber reapers were sized.
(sized – Thickness should be same
for all timber reapers.)
Dimension of the timber reapers –
1``x 2``
Timber reapers were connected to the
plywood sheets by using nails. Nails
were added inside of the formwork
and the head of the nail was
hammered to the plywood. Otherwise
a crack may appear in the concrete.
Timber Batons
Timber batons were added
perpendicular to the timber reapers.
Dimensions of the timber batons -
2``x 2 ``
Timber batons were created with a
length of 590 mm.
3/8 nail (Mild steel bar – MS bar) was
selected and thread was cut by the
machine. It is called as BS thread.
And also BS nut was connected to
that.
The total length of a nail :-
o300 mm side of the column – 550
mm
o400 mm side of the column – 650
mm
Six timber batons (2``x2 ``) were
added to the plywood sheet with of
the space of 18``; therefore the total
height of the plywood sheet should be
96``.
Cools section of the column formwork.
Slum Test
Slump test was done by us for the
concrete order on 09th of June at lab
test.
Slump test – A concrete slump test
measures the consistency of a
concrete batch to see how easily the
concrete will flow.
Slump test equipment.
Slump cone
Base plate
Tamping rods.
Procedure
1. Base plate was put on a horizontal
land.
2. The mold was filled with the
prepared concrete mixture.
3. This was tamped with 25 strokes
of the rounded end of the tamping
roding a uniform manner over the
cross section of the mold.
4. The excess concrete was removed
and the surface was leveled.
5. The leaked water and cement was
cleaned away between the mold
and the base plate.
6. The mold was raised from the
concrete immediately and slowly
in vertical direction.
7. The slump was measured.
Backfilling and soil
compaction.
Backfilling is the process of filling in
the excavated area around a
foundation or structure.
In our site a backfilling process was
done to compact the ground floor
before Concreting it.
First filled the ground using normal
soil.
Then soil was compacted using a
rammer compactor.
There are various kinds of
compactors.
oSoil stabilizer
oSheep foot roller
oCompact roller
oRammer compactor
oPlate compactor.
Then ABC sand was used upto 150
mm thickness.
ABC - Aggregate Base Concrete.
Each layer was compacted using this
rammer compactor normally 1 feet
thick of loose soil is compacted to
form 1 inch layer, and it was
continued until about 300 mm below
from the top of the plinth beam.
ABC - Aggregate base course :-
Aggregate base course often
referred simply as ABC, has
certain desirable properties. Base
course in pavements refers to the
sub-layer material of an asphalt
road way and is placed directly on
top of the Undisturbed soil (sub-
grade) so as to provide a
foundation to support the top
layers of the pavement.
Material used for backfilling
oCompacted stone backfill
o Native soil
ocommercial by product
(Slug and fly ash)
Beams – First floor beam formwork
The thickness of the plywood sheet is
20 mm.
Slab thickness – 175 mm
20 mm plywood sheet
After finishing the formwork of first
floor beams.
First floor beam Reinforcements.
Beam dimensions :-225 mm x 400
mm
Beam at the edges consists of 5
Reinforcements bars, at the top 2, 20
mm bars.
Lap length = 800 mm.
Reinforcement are essential parts of a
concrete beam. Reinforcement
prevent cracking of concrete due to
shear stresses, shrinkage and
temperature stresses.
Bottom Reinforcement :-
Resist The beam from bending
stresses and tension cracks at bottom
of beam.
Top Reinforcement :-
Resist the bending stresses produced
at the supports.
Stirrups :-
Resist the shear stresses in the beam.
Here, we used two legged, closed
loop stirrups.
Spacing for stirrup – 200 mm
Diameter of stirrups – 8 mm
SLAB
Here is the reinforcement
arrangement for first floor slab.
Lap length = 50 x bar diameter
= 50 x 10 mm
= 500 mm
Thickness of the slab = 150 mm
Required total concrete volume for the
first floor slab
Slab
16.3 x 18.3 x 0.15 = 44.74
8 x 16 x 0.15 = 19.2
13.68 x 4 x 0.15 = 8.21
5.68 x 0.9 x 0.13 = 0.66
7 x 0.9 x 0.13 = 0.82
5.68 x 0.9 x 0.13 = 0.66
8 x 0.9 x 0.13 = 0.94
Titanium water proofing
In this process, the using material that
contains titanium dioxide (TiD2),
polymers, binders.
Here using this waterproofing for
washroom. This is cost effective.
Implemented titanium waterproofing
to ensure durability and moisture
resistance in the washroom areas.
The process followed the below
steps:-
oSurface preparation :-
The washroom surface were
cleaned through to remove any
dirt, debris, or old coatings.
And any cracks or damages
areas were repaired to ensure a
smooth surface.
Applying Titanium
waterproofing layer on the
Plastered surface. A Titanium
based waterproofing compound
was evenly applied across the
prepared surface.
The waterproofing system was
left to cure for the
recommended period to ensure
complete sealing before further
work.
