Communication and human relation
Communication
Prepared by
Dr. Amal Sobhy Mahmoud
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Communication and human relation
Outlines
Introduction
Meaning of communication
Definition of communication.
Purpose of communication.
Goals of communication.
Purpose of communication
Component of communication
Communication cycle
Process of Communication
Types of communication
Introduction
Communication is an essential part of human interaction. Communication is the
basic element of human interaction that allows people to establish, maintain and
improve contacts with others.
It is the foundation of society and the most primary aspect of a nurse patient
interaction.
Communication is a basic for human relationship, without it, there is no sort of
relation will developed. As a psychiatric nurse, it is very important to understand the
client and being understood by the client. This can be attained through studying
communication process.
Establishing a therapeutic relationship is one of the most important responsibilities
of the psychiatric team when working with client.
Meaning of Communication
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Communication and human relation
The English word „communication‟ is derived from the Latin noun „communis‟ and
the Latin verb „communicare‟ that means „to make common‟ which means “to make
common” or “to share.”
Definition of communication
Communication is an interpersonal process that involves verbal and nonverbal exchanges
of information and ideas. Communication refers not only to content but also to feelings and
emotions that people may convey in a relationship. Therapeutic communication is an
ongoing process of interactions through which client needs are identified.
Other definition
The process of transmitting information from one person to another or group of people.
Or
Is the art of transferring or exchanging information ideas or thoughts easily and correctly
through verbal or non-verbal language?
Importance of communication:
Establishing a therapeutic provider-client relationship.
Identify client‟s concerns and problem.
Assess client‟s perception of the problem.
Recognize client‟s needs.
Guide client towards a satisfying and socially acceptable solution
Importance of communication:
1. Understand and be understood.
2. Communicate our beliefs and values.
3. Communicate perceptions and meanings.
4. Convey interest and understanding or insult and judgment.
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Communication and human relation
5. Interaction with others gives the individual sense of identity and being a
person‟s.
Components of communication
Sender
Receiver
Message
Channel
Feedback
Example communication process
The sender sends a message to the receiver. Communication takes place only if the
receiver understands the sender‟s message. It requires the participation of both sender
and receiver.
Communication Process (Model)Levels of communication:
Berlo, 1960 models identify the parts and interaction as following:-
1. Sender
A person or groups who wish to convey a message to another can be considered the
source-encoder. A Person or group who initiates or begins the communication process.
Is the person who initiates the transmission of information (verbal and nonverbal).
2. Encoding
The sender encodes the message, the process of selecting and organizing message.
Involves the selection or specific signs or symbol (codes) to transmit the message such
as which language.
Putting meaning into symbolic forms," Speaking, writing, or nonverbal behavior ".
(Understood manner)
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Communication and human relation
3. Message
The message itself-what is actually said or written. It is the information sent or
expressed by other.
4. Channel (Mediums)
A message can be sent through an auditory (hearing), visual (seeing) or tactile
(touch) medium.
E.g. A person may send a very clear message through silence, body language, or hug.
The sender selects the appropriate channel for transmitting the message.
5. Receiver
Person or group translate and interpret the message sent. Through the translation of
message, the receiver must then make a decision about an accurate response
6. Decoding
The receiver decodes the message, the process of interpreting and translating the
message into meaningful information.
Receiver (decoder): Is the person who receives the message. The receiver may then
respond to the sender by giving feedback to the sender
7. Response (feedback)
Evidence that the message is correctly understood by the receiver; the intended
meaning is translated and interpreted. Feedback can be either verbal or non verbal or
both. Nonverbal examples are a nod of the head
Types of Communication
Communication consists of verbal and nonverbal types. 10% verbal and 90%
nonverbal.
Effective communicator means using both verbal and nonverbal cues.
1-Verbal communication
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Communication and human relation
Verbal communication is exchange of information using words and includes both
spoken and written word. Consists of all wards a person speaks language is expression
of ideas and all written wards. It include
Oral communication: such as discussion between two persons and telephone call.
Visual communication: such as maps, traffic signal, etc…
Written communication: such as letters report and paper.
Electronic communication: which is communication facilitated by interface with
computer, telephone fax, E-mail, etc…
Verbal Communication is largely conscious because people choose the words they
use. The words used vary among individuals according to: Culture socioeconomic
background, age, and education.
Verbal communication
Is what is said and heard. It is the content of communication:
Use an appropriate tone of voice.
Give verbal encouragement.
Ask questions.
Paraphrase.
Seek clarification.
Verbal Communication forms:
Talks
Reading.
Mass Media
2. Non-verbal communication
Is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages.Is
what is observed and send.
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Is often more important than verbal communication it includes
Paralanguage:
It includes tone of voice, spacing of wards and it includes non language vocalizations
such as sobbing and laughing (Tone of voice, stream of talk).
Kinesis:
It refers to the study of body motion, the face and body communicates even when
people are silent (Body motion: all body languages and facial movement).
Proxemiecs:
It is the study of distance zones between people during communication. Use of
space which depending on people's cultural background (the distance between the sender
and the receiver).
Touch.
Cultural arte facts:
The way a person dressed, make up.
Nonverbal Communication:
Transmission of information without the use of words. Nonverbal communication is
sometimes called body language.
Body movements and use of Hand.
Gestures.
Posture and gait
Facial expression.
Eye contact and movements.
Use of touch
Physical (personal) appearance
Gestures
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Communication and human relation
Using various parts of the body can carry numerous messages. Are our legs crossed or
our arms folded? Such postures convey a degree of formality in the communication
exchange.
Example:
Thumbs up (victory), kicking an object (angry); wringing the hands or tapping a foot
indicates anxiety.
Body movement and gestures
Hand gestures can convey indifference, relaxation, excitement or agitation. (e.g., a
clenched fist)
Posture and Gait
The ways people walk and carry themselves are often reliable indicators of self
concept current mood and health.
E.g. withdrawn clients often walk or sit in closed position.
Facial expression
It is the most important source of nonverbal messages. No part of the body is as
expressive as face suggests happiness, sadness, anger and fear can be conveyed by facial
expression.
Eye contact
Can communicate level of interest or depression. Lack of directed eye contact may be
communicating avoidance, shame or embarrassment.
Can communicate level of interest or depression.
However eye contact may be culturally related shame, low self-esteem or
embarrassment.
Touch
Touch communicates feeling ranging from:
Tenderness and warmth.
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The use of touch is determined by cultural norms.
The nurse physical appearance influences the clients perception of care received.
Each client has a preconceived image of a nurse.
The traditional uniform can be a symbol of cleanliness and competence.
Appearance
It refers to the way in which people use clothing to convey a message.
The ways we address communicate something of us. E.g. work clothes.
Our dress reflects our respect for those whom we visit.
It refers to the way in which people use clothing and other objects to convey a
message. Appearance can confirm or deny verbal messages. Clothing, hairstyles,
makeup, eye glasses are some articles that people put together in unique ways.A
change in person‟s appearance can indicate developing problems.
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