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BOILER CALCULATIONS
A boiler (evaporator) is a device in which the steam is generated
The five auxiliaries in a steam plant:
I. Economizer
II. Evaporator
III. Superheater
IV. Air-pre-heater
SUPERHEATER
V. Turbine Superheated
steam h4 hg Cp s (t ss t s )
hsup from sup erheatedsteam
EVAPORATOR
h3 hf xhfg
Wet steam
h2 hf @tw2
ECONOMISER
h1 hf @tw1
h1 hf @tw1 = the enthalpy of steam entering the plant or economizer
h2 hf @tw2 = the enthalpy of steam entering the evaporator or leaving the
economizer
h3 hf xhfg = the enthalpy of the steam leaving the evaporator or entering the
superheater
h4 hg Cp s (t ss t s ) = the enthalpy of the steam produced by the plant or enthalpy
leaving the superheater, superheated enthalpy of the steam
ms h4 h1
E.E = equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
m f 2257
ms h4 h1
thermal 100 = the thermal efficiency of the boiler
m f CV
If the plant doesn’t have the superheated meaning superheated part is not given
which means h3 hf xhfg is the final enthalpy of the steam, then
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ms h3 h1 ms h3 h1
E.E And thermal 100
m f 2257 m f CV
msteam h2 h1
Qecon = heat absorbed by the economizer
m fuel
msteam h3 h2
Qevap = heat absorbed by evaporator
m fuel
msteam h4 h3
Qsup er = heat absorbed by superheater
m fuel
POSSIBLE QUESTIONS:
1. A boiler has a pressure of 1 400 kPa evaporates 8 kg of water per kg of coal burnt
from the feed water temperature entering the plant at 39 C , while the dryness
fraction of steam leaving the evaporator is 95% dry
Calculate the following:
1.1. The thermal efficiency of the plant
1.2. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
2. A boiler must supply 2 200 kg of steam per hour, at a pressure of 1 000 kPa and
the temperature of 350 C . The feed water temperature enters the economizer at
26, 7 C and the thermal efficiency of the boiler is 72%. The calorific value of the
coal burnt is 35 MJ/kg.
Calculate the following:
2.1. The mass of coal used per hour
2.2. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
3. A boiler generates 2 400 kg of steam every hour at the pressure of 1 250 kPa and
a temperature of 400 C . The temperature of the feed water is 26, 7 C and the
thermal efficiency of the boiler is 68%. The S.H.C of superheated steam is 2, 312
kJ/kg. C and the calorific value of coal is 36, 4 MJ/kg
Calculate the following:
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3.1. The mass of coal which will be consumed every minute
3.2. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
4. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C of a boiler plant is 10, 05. The
pressure in the plant is 2 MPa and the temperature of the steam leaving the
plant is 250 C . The temperatures at the inlet and outlet of economizer are 43,
8 C and 81, 4 C respectively. The calorific value of the fuel is 32 MJ/kg and
the dryness fraction of the steam entering the superheater is 0, 948.
Calculate the following:
4.1. The mass of steam generated per kg of steam
4.2. The thermal efficiency of the plant
4.3. The heat absorbed by:
4.3.1. Economizer
4.3.2. Evaporator
4.3.3. Superheater
5. A boiler plant supplies 5 600 kg of wet steam every hour at a pressure of 800
kPa. The steam is 9% wet and the supply water enters the boiler at 29 C . The
boiler consumes 11 kg of coal every minute, which has the heat value of 35
MJ/kg
Calculate the efficiency of the boiler
6. Feed water with a temperature of 40, 3 C enters a boiler which is processing
steam with a dryness fraction of 93% at a pressure of 2 300 kPa. The steam
flows through a superheated at a constant pressure while the temperature
increases to 260 C
- The steam delivery is 8, 5 kg/kg of fuel
- The coal has the calorific value of 33 MJ/kg
- The specific heat capacity of superheated steam is 2, 14 kJ/kg.K
Calculate the following:
6.1. The heat absorbed by evaporator
6.2. The heat absorbed by superheater
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6.3. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
6.4. The efficiency of the installation
7. A boiler plant supplies 5 200 kg of wet steam is at pressure of 780 kPa every
hour. The steam is 3% wet and the feed water temperature is 40, 3 C . The
boiler uses 660 kg of fuel to supply 5 200 kg steam and the fuel has the heat
value of 30 MJ/kg.
Calculate the following:
7.1. The boiler efficiency
7.2. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
7.3. An economizer is installed and the feed water temperature in QUESTION 7.2
is increased by 28, 8 C . The efficiency of the boiler increases by 7, 25%
and all other conditions remain the same.
Calculate the mass of fuel saved every hour
8. A boiler produces 18 000 kg steam every hour at a pressure of 2, 5 MPa. The
feed water to the boiler has a temperature of 37, 7 C . Fuel which has a
calorific value of 30 MJ/kg, is consumed at a rate of 1 775 kg every hour. The
equivalent evaporation of the boiler from and at 100 C is 11, 2 kg steam/ kg
fuel.
Calculate the following:
8.1. The efficiency of the boiler
8.2. The conditions of the steam produced and state the reason based on the
calculations
8.3. The dryness fraction percentage of the steam
9. The feed water to the boiler enters the economizer at 26, 7 C and leaves at 98,
2 C and enters evaporator. The pressure of steam is 3 000 kPa and has the
quality of 0, 97. The steam then enters superheater where its temperature is
increases to 350 C at constant pressure. The boiler produces 10 kg steam for
every kg fuel burnt and heat value of fuel is 32 MJ/kg.
Calculate the following:
9.1. The energy absorbed by:
9.1.1. Economizer
9.1.2. Evaporator
9.1.3. Superheater
9.2. The equivalent evaporation from and at 100 C
9.3. The efficiency of the boiler
