Here is a detailed breakdown of notes based on the syllabus provided in
the screenshot:
### **1. Internal Combustion Engine (16 Lectures, 20 Marks)**
#### **1.1 Classification of IC Engines**
- **Types of IC Engines**:
- **Based on Fuel Used**: Petrol engines, Diesel engines, Gas engines
(CNG, LPG).
- **Based on Ignition**: Spark Ignition (SI) engines, Compression Ignition
(CI) engines.
- **Based on Number of Strokes**: Two-stroke engines, Four-stroke
engines.
- **Based on Cooling System**: Air-cooled engines, Water-cooled
engines.
- **Based on Cylinder Arrangement**: Inline engines, V-type engines,
Opposed cylinder engines, Radial engines.
- **Categories**:
- **Stationary vs. Mobile Engines**: Stationary engines are used in power
plants, while mobile engines are used in vehicles.
- **Low, Medium, and High-Speed Engines**: Classification based on the
operating speed (RPM).
#### **1.2 Engine Terms**
- **Bore**: The diameter of the cylinder in which the piston moves.
- **Stroke**: The distance covered by the piston from Top Dead Center
(TDC) to Bottom Dead Center (BDC).
- **Dead Centers**:
- **Top Dead Center (TDC)**: The highest point in the cylinder that the
piston can reach.
- **Bottom Dead Center (BDC)**: The lowest point in the cylinder that
the piston can reach.
- **Compression Ratio**: The ratio of the total cylinder volume when the
piston is at BDC to the clearance volume when the piston is at TDC. It
affects the thermal efficiency and power of the engine.
- **Piston Displacement**: The volume displaced by the piston during one
stroke.
- **Piston Speed**: The average speed of the piston, typically given by the
formula: \( \text{Piston Speed} = 2 \times \text{Stroke} \times \
text{RPM} \).
#### **1.3 Power Cycles**
- **Otto Cycle** (used in petrol engines):
- **Processes**: Isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition,
isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.
- **Representation**: P-V and T-S diagrams.
- **Derivation**: Efficiency is given by \( \eta = 1 - \left(\frac{1}{r^{\
gamma-1}}\right) \), where \( r \) is the compression ratio and \( \
gamma \) is the specific heat ratio.
- **Diesel Cycle** (used in diesel engines):
- **Processes**: Isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition,
isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection.
- **Representation**: P-V and T-S diagrams.
- **Derivation**: Efficiency is given by \( \eta = 1 - \frac{1}{r^{\gamma-
1}} \times \frac{\gamma(\frac{T_3}{T_2}) - 1}{\gamma(\frac{T_3}
{T_2}) - r^{1-\gamma}} \).
- **Dual Cycle** (combination of Otto and Diesel cycles):
- **Processes**: Combines constant volume and constant pressure heat
addition.
- **Representation**: P-V and T-S diagrams.
- **Derivation**: Efficiency combines aspects of both Otto and Diesel
cycles.
- **Numerical Problems**: Practice problems to calculate work done,
efficiency, and power output for different cycles.
#### **1.4 Two-Stroke & Four-Stroke Engines**
- **Construction and Working**:
- **Two-Stroke Engines**: One power stroke for every crankshaft
revolution. Simpler design, lightweight, but less fuel-efficient and higher
emissions.
- **Four-Stroke Engines**: One power stroke for every two crankshaft
revolutions. More complex design, heavier, but more fuel-efficient and
lower emissions.
- **Comparison**:
- **Power Output**: Two-stroke engines have higher power output due to
more frequent power strokes.
- **Fuel Efficiency**: Four-stroke engines are more fuel-efficient.
- **Emissions**: Four-stroke engines produce fewer emissions.
- **Valve Timing Diagram**: Illustrates the timing of valve operations
concerning the piston position.
- **Turning Moment Diagram**: Represents the variation of torque
generated during the engine cycle.
#### **1.5 IC Engine Combustion Stages**
- **SI Engines (Spark Ignition)**:
- **Stages**: Ignition, flame propagation, and afterburning.
- **Scavenging**: Removal of exhaust gases from the cylinder.
- **Pre-ignition and Detonation**: Uncontrolled combustion causing
knocking.
- **CI Engines (Compression Ignition)**:
- **Stages**: Ignition delay, uncontrolled combustion, and controlled
combustion.
- **Supercharging and Turbocharging**: Methods to increase the intake
air pressure to enhance power output.
#### **1.6 Fuels, Lubricants, and Additives**
- **List of Fuels**: Petrol, Diesel, CNG, LPG, Biofuels.
- **Lubricants**: Engine oils, gear oils, greases.
- **Additives**: Octane boosters, cetane improvers, anti-knock agents.
- **Advantages**: Improved engine performance, reduced wear and tear,
enhanced fuel efficiency.
#### **1.7 Engine Parts**
- **Location and Functioning**: Key engine parts include the cylinder,
piston, crankshaft, camshaft, valves, etc.
- **Materials Used**: Common materials include cast iron, aluminum, steel
alloys, depending on the part and its required properties (e.g., strength,
heat resistance).
### **2. IC Engine System, Testing, and Pollution Control (16 Lectures, 20
Marks)**
#### **2.1 IC Engine Systems**
- **Carburetion System**:
- **Function**: Mixes fuel with air in the correct ratio for combustion.
- **Components**: Carburetor, throttle valve, fuel jet, choke.
- **MPFI Layouts**: Multi-Point Fuel Injection systems deliver precise fuel
amounts to each cylinder.
- **Sensors**: Oxygen sensor, throttle position sensor, mass airflow
sensor.
- **Common Rail Direct Fuel Injection (CRDI)**:
- **Function**: High-pressure fuel injection system controlled by an
electronic control unit (ECU).
- **Piezoelectric Injectors**: Provide faster and more precise fuel
injection.
#### **2.2 Ignition System**
- **Battery Ignition**: Common in cars, where a battery provides the
electric spark.
- **Magneto Ignition**: Generates its electricity, often used in small
engines (e.g., motorcycles).
#### **2.3 Lubrication System**
- **Principles of Lubrication**: Reduces friction between moving parts,
prevents wear and tear, and cools the engine.
- **Types of Lubrication**: Splash lubrication, pressure lubrication.
#### **2.4 Engine Testing**
- **Indicated Power**: Theoretical power based on cylinder pressure.
- **Brake Power**: Actual power output measured at the crankshaft.
- **Mechanical Efficiency**: Ratio of brake power to indicated power.
- **Thermal Efficiency**: Ratio of work output to heat input.
- **Volumetric Efficiency**: Ratio of actual air intake to the theoretical air
intake.
- **BSFC (Brake Specific Fuel Consumption)**: Measure of fuel efficiency;
lower BSFC indicates better efficiency.
- **Morse Test**: Used to determine the power output of each cylinder.
- **Heat Balance Sheet**: A summary of heat input and output in an
engine.
- **Performance Curves**: Graphical representation of engine
performance metrics.
#### **2.5 Pollution Control**
- **Pollutants**: CO, NOx, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter.
- **Measurement**: Methods include exhaust gas analyzers, opacity
meters.
- **Control Methods**:
- **BS6 Norms**: Indian emission standards that limit pollutants.
- **EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation)**: Reduces NOx emissions by
recirculating a portion of the exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders.
- **SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction)**: Reduces NOx using a catalyst.
- **Euro IV & VI Norms**: European emission standards; Euro VI is more
stringent than Euro IV.
### **Note Structure:**
1. **Key Definitions and Concepts**:
- Ensure clear definitions of all technical terms.
- Relate terms to practical examples and real-world applications.
2. **Diagrams and Graphs**:
- Include detailed and labeled diagrams (P-V, T-S, Valve Timing, etc.).
- Use color coding to distinguish different stages and processes.
3. **Engine Comparison**:
- Use tabular formats to compare different engines (Two-Stroke vs. Four-
Stroke).
- Highlight key differences in performance, efficiency, and emissions.
4. **Numerical Examples**:
- Provide step-by-step solutions for sample problems.
- Include a variety of problems to cover different aspects (work,
efficiency, heat balance).
5. **Pollution Norms**:
- Explain in simple terms the importance of emission standards.
- Provide examples of how these norms are applied in modern engines.
These detailed notes will cover all the essential topics in the syllabus and
provide a solid foundation for exam preparation.
Based on the syllabus and the detailed notes provided, here is a sample
question paper for 20 marks. The question paper includes 2-mark and 4-
mark questions, as requested:
---
## **Sample Question Paper (20 Marks)**
### **Part A: Short Answer Questions (2 Marks Each)**
1. **Define the following engine terms:**
- Bore
- Compression Ratio
2. **Differentiate between SI engines and CI engines based on their
combustion process.**
3. **What is the significance of the valve timing diagram in a four-stroke
engine?**
4. **Explain the function of a carburetor in an internal combustion
engine.**
5. **List two advantages of using multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) systems
over traditional carburetion systems.**
6. **What is pre-ignition in SI engines, and how does it differ from
detonation?**
7. **Explain the role of lubricants in an IC engine. Mention two types of
lubricants.**
8. **Describe the purpose of the heat balance sheet in engine testing.**
9. **What is the main difference between Euro IV and Euro VI emission
norms?**
10. **Explain the working principle of turbocharging in CI engines.**
### **Part B: Descriptive Questions (4 Marks Each)**
11. **Describe the Otto cycle with the help of P-V and T-S diagrams.
Derive the expression for its efficiency.**
12. **Compare and contrast two-stroke and four-stroke engines in terms of
their construction, working, and applications.**
13. **What is the Morse test, and how is it used to determine the power
output of individual cylinders in a multi-cylinder engine?**
14. **Discuss the various pollutants emitted by SI and CI engines and
explain the methods used to control these pollutants.**
15. **Explain the working of the Common Rail Direct Fuel Injection (CRDI)
system. How does it improve engine performance compared to
conventional fuel injection systems?**
---
### **Instructions:**
- **Answer all the questions.**
- **For short answer questions (Part A), provide concise definitions and
explanations.**
- **For descriptive questions (Part B), use diagrams wherever necessary
and provide detailed explanations.**
---
This question paper is designed to assess your understanding of key
concepts, engine components, cycles, systems, and pollution control
methods related to internal combustion engines.
