3-R Mechanism for Water Management

Abstract
India has 16% of the world’s population and only 4% of the world’s water

resources, which are depleting rapidly. The demand for water is expected to grow

from 40 billion cubic metres (bcm) currently to around 220 bcm in 2025. Water is

one of the most important inputs essential for crops. Both it’s shortage and excess

affects the growth and development of the plants, yields and quality of produce.

There are numerous methods to reduce such losses and to improve soil moisture.

These are mulching, cropping, planting of trees, utilization of fog or dew by net-

surfacing traps or polythene sheets, contour farming, transfer of water from

surplus areas to deficit areas by inter-linking water systems through canals,

desalination technologies such as distillation, electro-dialysis and reverse osmosis,

use of efficient watering systems such as drip irrigation and sprinklers will reduce

the water consumption by plants. The most important step in the direction of

finding solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change

people's attitudes and habits; this includes each one of us. In this project we are

using 3R mechanism – Reduce, Recycle & Reuse. For reducing waste of water, we

have installed a sensor which detects user there. If no one is there, tap will stop

the flowing of water automatically. We will collect the used water in a container
and we recycle it and again it will get pumped in water chamber for reuse. In this

way we are using 3R Mechanism to control wastage of water.

Introduction:

Water, Paani, Jal, Tanni, Wasser, Acqua perhaps the most familiar and widely used

word in the world. Water needs no introduction, the importance of this is known

to one and all. However, despite water being the basic human need, this precious

resource is being wasted, polluted and getting depleted. Every drop of water is

precious but we continue to waste it like it is a free natural commodity. 98% of

water on this planet is salty and is not fit for human consumption. Out of the 2%

of fresh water reserves, 1% is locked up in form of ice in various regions around

the world. Hence, only 1% of total water reserves are available for our domestic &

industrial use. Many cities in India and around the world are already facing sever

water shortages due to reduced rainfall, man-made climatic changes, reduction in

ground water levels, population explosion, industrialization and staggering

amount of water wastages because of negligence by users & dilapidated water

supply systems. The importance of water in a country’s economic growth should

not be undermined. Water pollution, unavailability of drinking water, inadequate

sanitation, open dumping of wastes, loss of forest cover are some of the problems

faced by many parts of India. Heavy toll of infant mortality due to water borne

diseases, the daily struggle for procuring water, mismanagement of waste water,

improper sanitation are common features and are leading to 76 serious

consequences on human health and the economy of the country. The situation

demands immediate intervention in the management of these rapidly growing

problems, especially through an integrated approach for water, sanitation and

related issues.

WATER CONSERVATION

Water conservation can be defined as:

1. Any beneficial deduction in water loss, use, or waste.

2. A reduction in water use accomplished by implementation of water

conservation or water efficiency measures; or,

3. Improved water management practices that reduce or enhance the beneficial

use of water a water conservation measure is an action, behavioral change,

device, technology, or improved design or process implemented to reduce water

loss, waste, or use. Water efficiency is a tool of water conservation. That results in

more efficient water use and thus reduces water demand. The value and cost-

effectiveness of a water efficiency measure must be evaluated in relation to its

effects on the use and cost of other natural resources.(e.g. energy or chemicals)

GOALS

The goals of water conservation efforts include:

 Sustainability- To ensure availability for future generations, the

withdrawal of fresh water from an ecosystem should not exceed its

natural replacement rate.

 Energy conservation- Water pumping, delivery, and wastewater

treatment facilities consume a significant amount of energy.

 Habitat conservation- Minimizing human water use helps to preserve

fresh water habitats for local wildlife and migrating waterfowl, as well as

reducing the need to build new dams and other water diversion

infrastructure.
CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES

Process of conservation may be synonymous of preservation against loss or waste.

Briefly stated it means putting the water resources of the country for the best

beneficial use with all the technologies at our command. Water conservation

basically aims at matching demand and supply. The strategies for water

conservation may be demand oriented or supply oriented and/or management

oriented.

The strategies may vary depending upon the field of water use, domestic,

irrigation or industrial use.

1Rainwater harvesting- Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting

rainwater on the roofs of building and storing it underground for later use. Not

only does this recharging arrest groundwater depletion, it also raises the declining

water table and can help augment water supply. Rainwater harvesting and

artificial recharging are becoming very important issues. It is essential to stop the

decline in groundwater levels, arrest seawater ingress, i.e. prevent seawater from

moving landward, and conserve surface water run-off during the rainy season.

Advantages
1. Provides self-sufficiency to water supply

2. Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water

3. Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals

4. Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when recharged

5. Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas

6. The rooftop rainwater harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct, operate

and maintain. In desert, RWH only relief.

7. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rainwater provides good quality water

Better Irrigation Practices- Conservation of water in the agricultural sector is

essential since water is necessary for the growth of plants and crops. A depleting

water table and a rise in salinity due to overuse of chemical fertilizers and

pesticides has made matters serious. Various methods of water harvesting and

recharging have been and are being applied all over the world to tackle the

problem. In areas where rainfall is low and water is scarce, the local people have

used simple techniques that are suited to their region and reduce the demand for

water. For crop irrigation, optimal water efficiency means minimizing losses due to
evaporation, runoff or subsurface drainage. An evaporation pan can be used to

determine how much water is required to irrigate the land. Flood irrigation, the

oldest and most common type, is often very uneven in distribution, as parts of a

field may receive excess water in order to deliver sufficient quantities to other

parts. Overhead irrigation, using center-pivot or lateral-moving sprinklers, gives a

much more equal and controlled distribution pattern. Drip irrigation is the most

expensive and least-used type, but offers the best results in delivering water to

plant roots with minimal losses4 .

)Use of Saline Water for Irrigation- Saline water is widely available but rarely used

for agriculture because it restricts plant growth and yield. Salt resistant varieties of

crops have also been developed in recent times.

Mulching, i.e., the application of organic or inorganic material such as plant

debris, compost, etc., slows down the surface run-off, improves the soil moisture,

reduces evaporation losses and improves soil fertility.

Fog and dew contain substantial amounts of water that can be used directly by

adapted plant species. Artificial surfaces such as netting-surfaced traps or

polyethylene sheets can be exposed to fog and dew. The resulting water can be

used for crops.

Contour farming is adopted in hilly areas and in lowland areas for paddy fields.

Farmers recognize the efficiency of contour-based systems for conserving soil and

water.

Tippy Tap for water conservation: - Tippy Tap is a simple device which dispenses a

limited amount of water slowly and facilitates a thorough hand wash. In case of

piped water supply, every time the tap is opened for a hand wash, an average of

300 - 500 ml of water is utilized. Using Tippy Tap it is possible to have a good hand

wash with only 60 to 80 ml of water

Propagation of Dry Garden / Eco Lawns- As a step towards water conservation

and propagation of native plant species, drought resistant plantation (plants

requiring less water) should be carried out.

Soak pit construction- Water run offs and water logging are combated by

constructing soak pits near water points like hand pumps. This is a sanitation

measure and also helps in recharge of ground water.

Tree plantation in water catchments area/riverbanks and clean-up drives near

water bodies are some of the other initiatives taken up to preserve our water

resources.

Desalination- To augment the depletion of fresh water resources in coastal areas

due to excessive abstraction, desalination like distillation, electro-dialysis and

reverse osmosis are available. Selection and use of these processes is site specific.

Long Distance Transfer of Water- Transfer of water from surplus basins by creating

storage at appropriate locations and inter-linking various systems is yet another

strategy for increasing the benefits considerably5 . MEASURES OF WATER

CONSERVATION Water conservation measures in industries should include: (i)

review of alternate production processes and technologies from water

consumption point of view; (ii) ensuring sound plant maintenance practices and

good house keeping, minimizing spills and leaks; and (iii) optimization of

treatment to achieve maximum recycling. Another established technique for

maximum water recovery is the water pinch analysis technique. However, this

technique only focuses on maximizing freshwater and wastewater reduction via

reuse and regeneration .

WHAT WE CAN DO TO CONSERVE WATER?

 Use only as much water as you require. Close the taps well after use. While

brushing or other use, do not leave the tap running, and open it only when you

require it. See that there are no leaking taps.

 Use a washing machine that does not consume too much water. Do not leave

the taps running while washing dishes and clothes.

 Install small showerheads to reduce the flow of the water. Water in which the

vegetables & fruits have been washed - use to water the flowers & plants.

 At the end of the day if you have water left in your water bottle do not throw it

away, pour it over some plants.

 Re-use water as much as possible

 Change in attitude & habits for water conservation

 Every drop counts! IMPROVE WATER MANAGEMENT

 The close link between forests and water, and the traditional relationship

between agriculture and water, need to be recognized and protected to ensure

sustained productivity.
 National water management policies should take account of the impact of trade

in water-intensive goods on water availability and ecosystems integrity. For

example, in water scarce regions, people should grow crops with low water

requirements, or of high value compared to the water used. Options for improving

the water balance by importing water intensive goods from water-rich regions

should be explored, where appropriate and cost-effective.

 The potential of rainwater harvesting for augmenting rural and urban water

supply is increasingly becoming recognized. This alternative should be further

explored and utilized.

 Proper water pricing must be an integral part of water policies. However, care

must be taken to ensure that the poor and socially disadvantaged are not denied

access. Moreover, there must be adequate monitoring and control of market

mechanisms.

 It is necessary to study and analyze the impacts of subsidies (on water, energy,

and other relevant inputs) on water use. Subsidies that inhibit water use efficiency

or cause negative effects on the environment should be reduced.  Our traditional

water management approaches and systems were both sustainable and

accountable. These need to revived and invigorated. Policies must recognize and

build on these.

 Principles of reuse and recycling of water resources must be incorporated into

water management plans and strategies. There must be incentives for water

conservation .

PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

 Public awareness and education on the importance of protection of the coastal

and ocean environment helps to meet social and economic needs and aspirations

of the country in the long run.

 Awareness campaigns on existing regulations for management of coastal areas

need to be conducted. Education and communication material on the need for

conservation and protection of rare and endangered species need to be

developed.  Research findings on marine resources, their development and

management have to be demystified. The educational and communication

material targeted at the public has to be developed in local languages.

 Opportunities for interactions between communities, policy makers, regulating

agencies, NGOs, scientists, etc. need to be increased.

 Appropriate strategies and decision making tools that would enhance the

capabilities of professionals, Government, and non-government organizations to

take up local and community level action programs need to be developed.

Electronics Part:

POWER SUPPLY

Description:

Power supply is the circuit from which we get a desired dc voltage to run the other
circuits. The voltage we get from the main line is 230V AC but the other
components of our circuit require 5V DC. Hence a step-down transformer is used
to get 12V AC which is later converted to 12V DC using a rectifier. The output of
rectifier still contains some ripples even though it is a DC signal due to which it is
called as Pulsating DC. To remove the ripples and obtain smoothed DC power filter
circuits are used. Here a capacitor is used. The 12V DC is rated down to 5V using a
positive voltage regulator chip 7805. Thus a fixed DC voltage of 5V is obtained.

A 5V regulated supply is taken as followed:

Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

 Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.

 Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
 Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
 Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is the electrical device that converts one voltage to another with little loss
of power. Transformers work only with AC. There are two types of transformers as Step-up

and Step-down transformer. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down

transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to

reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. Here a step
down transformer is used to get 12V AC from the supply i.e. 230V AC.

RECTIFIERS

A rectifier is a circuit that converts AC signals to DC. A rectifier circuit is made using
diodes. There are two types of rectifier circuits as Half-wave rectifier and Full-
wave rectifier depending upon the DC signal generated.

Half-wave Rectifier: It is the rectifier circuit that rectifies only half part of the AC
signal. It uses only a single diode. It only uses only positive part of the AC signal to
produce half-wave varying DC and produce gaps when the AC is negative.
Full-wave Rectifier: It is also called as Bridge Rectifier. A bridge rectifier can be made
using four individual diodes, but it is also available in special packages containing the four
diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses the total AC wave (both positive
and negative sections).
SMOOTHING

Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across

the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the
varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed
varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges
quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current
to the output. Here a capacitor of 330uF is used as a smoothing circuit.
VOLTAGE REGULATION

Voltage regulators produce fixed DC output voltage from variable DC (a small

amount of AC on it). Normally we get fixed output by connecting the voltage
regulator at the output of the filtered DC. It can also used in circuits to get a low
DC voltage from a high DC voltage (for example we use 7805 to get 5V from 12V).
There are two types of voltage regulators

1. fixed voltage regulators (78xx, 79xx)

2. Variable voltage regulators (LM317)

In fixed voltage regulators there is another classification

1. Positive voltage regulators

2. Negative voltage regulators

POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

This includes 78xx voltage regulators. The most commonly used ones are 7805
and 7812. 7805 gives fixed 5V DC voltage if input voltage is in (7.5V-20). You may
sometimes have questions like, what happens if input voltage is <7.5 V or some
3V, the answer is that regulation won't be proper. Suppose if input is 6V then
output may be 5V or 4.8V, but there are some parameters for the voltage
regulators like maximum output current capability, line regulation etc. won't be
proper. Remember that electronics components should be used in the proper
voltage and current ratings as specified in datasheet. You can work without
following it, but you won't be able to get some parameters of the component.

NEGATIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Mostly available negative voltage regulators are of 79xx family. The mainly
available 79xx IC's are 7905,7912 1.5A output current ,short circuit protection,
ripple rejection are the other features of 79xx IC's.

Many of the fixed voltage regulators have 3 leads and look like power transistors,
such as the 7805 (+5V 1A) regulator shown on the above. If adequate heat sinking
is provided then it can deliver up to maximum 1A current. For an output voltage
of 5v-18v the maximum input voltage is 35v and for an output voltage of 24V the
maximum input voltage is 40V.For 7805 IC, for an input of 10v the minimum
output voltage is 4.8V and the maximum output voltage is 5.2V. The typical
dropout voltage is 2V.
 TOTAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

IR SENSORS
DEFINITION
 IR stands for “Infra Red”. Infrared detectors/sensors are transducers of radiant
energy.IR Sensor is a sensor that sends and detects IR Radiation/Signals. Infrared
radiation is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths longer than
visible light wavelengths, but smaller than microwaves, i.e., the region roughly from
0.75µm to 1000 µm is the infrared region. Infrared waves are invisible to human eyes. The
wavelength region of 0.75µm to 3 µm is called near infrared, the region from 3 µm to 6
µm is called mid infrared and the region higher than 6 µm is called far infrared. (The
demarcations are not rigid; regions are defined differently by many).

 “Visible”: 0.3 – 1.0 μm;

 Near-IR: 1.0 – 5.2 μm;
 Mid-IR : 8 – 25 μm;
 Far-IR: 25 – 1000 μm; airborne, space

TYPES OF IR SENSORS:
1. Active IR Sensors:
Active IR Sensors are the type of IR Sensors that employs an IR source & IR detectors
(emitter & receiver). They operate by transmitting energy from either a light emitting
diode (LED) or a laser diode. A phototransistor is used as an active IR detector. In these
types of IR sensors, the LED or laser diode illuminates the target, and the reflected energy
is focused onto a detector. Photoelectric cells, Photodiode or phototransistors are
generally used as detectors. The measured data is then processed using various signal-
processing algorithms to extract the desired information.
Active IR detectors provide count, presence, speed, and occupancy data in both
night and day operation.
2. Passive IR Sensors:
These are basically IR detectors; they don’t use any IR source. These form the major
class of IR sensors/detectors.
A passive infrared system detects energy emitted by objects in the field of view and
may use signal-processing algorithms to extract the desired information. It does not emit
any energy of its own for the purposes of detection. Passive infrared systems can detect
presence, occupancy, and count.

Type of IR Sensor required in the project

Active IR Sensors- Reflectance Sensors

This type of sensors house both an IR source and an IR detector in a single housing in
such a way that light from emitter LED bounces off an external object and is reflected into
a detector. Amount of light reflected into the detector depends upon the reflectivity of
the surface.

This principle is used in intrusion detection, object detection (measure the presence
of an object in the sensor’s FOV), barcode decoding, and surface feature detection
(detecting features painted, taped, or otherwise marked onto the floor), wall tracking
(detecting distance from the wall), etc.
It can also be used to scan a defined area; the transmitter emits a beam of light into
the scan zone, the reflected light is used to detect a change in the reflected light thereby
scanning the desired zone.
It consist of a pair of IR sensors –
-Transmitter
- Receiver
The transmitter transmits the IR signals & the receiver receives the ir signal.

IR TRANSMITTER

IR RECEIVER

Transmitter:
 Transmitter = LED (Light Emitting Diode)
 It is similar to normal LEDs but emit infra-red light its glow can be seen with a digital
camera or mobile phone camera.

Receiver:

 Receiver = Photodiode/IR Transistor.

 A photodiode is a diode that conducts only when light falls on it

WORKING PRINCIPLE
CONNECTIONS
APPLICATIONS:

 Robotics – Line follower, Obstacle detector, Edge detector

 Vehicle crash detection
 Speed measurement of motors
 Space expeditions applications
 Military Applications
 General uses as in Shop Door sensor, Anti-theft alarm, Appliance control system

RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely
separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to
switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay
between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V
relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil.
The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these
devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification.

Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily
available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to
describe them please see the page on switches.

Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to
the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.

The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be
obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high
voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs
in the circuit. To prevent damage you must connect a protection diode across the
relay coil.

The animated picture shows a working relay with its coil and switch contacts. You
can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism when the coil is switched
on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one set of contacts (SPDT) in
the foreground and another behind them, making the relay DPDT.
The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off.
 NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the
relay coil is on.
 Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the
relay coil is off.

Protection diodes for relays

Transistors and ICs must be protected from the brief high voltage produced when a
relay coil is switched off. The diagram shows how a signal diode (e.g. 1N4148) is
connected 'backwards' across the relay coil to provide this protection.

Current flowing through a relay coil creates a magnetic field which collapses
suddenly when the current is switched off. The sudden collapse of the magnetic
field induces a brief high voltage across the relay coil which is very likely to
damage transistors and ICs. The protection diode allows the induced voltage to
drive a brief current through the coil (and diode) so the magnetic field dies away
quickly
rather
than
instantly.
This
prevents
the induced
voltage
becoming
high enough to cause damage to transistors and ICs.
Relays and transistors compared

Like relays, transistors can be used as an electrically operated switch. For

switching small DC currents (< 1A) at low voltage they are usually a better choice
than a relay. However transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains
electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents
(> 5A). In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power transistor
may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil! The main advantages
and disadvantages of relays are listed below:

Advantages of relays:

 Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC.
 Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot.
 Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A).
 Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

 Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents.

 Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch
many times per second.
 Relays use more power due to the current flowing through their coil.
 Relays require more current than many ICs can provide, so a low power
transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

Relay is Used for switching of DC Pump. 12 Volt water pump is a dc electric water

pump motor that powered by a 12V direct current power supply. It use centrifugal
force that generated by high speed rotated impeller to booster, transfer, lift or

circulate liquids like water, oil, coolant for sprayers, car, fountain, shower, garden

etc.

Electric submersible pumps are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a

vertical position. Liquids, accelerated by the impeller, lose their kinetic energy in

the diffuser, where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes place.

Advantage & Disadvantage

Advantages:

 Increased Water Availability:

Recharge and retention strategies, like rainwater harvesting and groundwater

recharge, increase the amount of water available for use.

 Reduced Water Bills:

By using rainwater and reusing treated wastewater, communities can reduce

their reliance on traditional water sources and lower their water bills.

 Improved Water Quality:

Recharge and retention can help improve the quality of groundwater by

filtering pollutants and replenishing aquifers.

 Reduced Demand for Water:

By promoting water conservation and reuse, the 3R mechanism can help

reduce the overall demand for water.

 Environmental Benefits:

The 3R mechanism can help reduce soil erosion, stormwater runoff, flooding,

and pollution of surface water with fertilizers, pesticides, metals, and other

sediments.

 Less Costly Transportation:

Reusing water for certain purposes, like irrigation, can be less costly than

transporting water from distant sources.

 Water for Agriculture and Industry:

Reused water can be used for agriculture and various industries, reducing the

strain on freshwater resources.

Disadvantages:

 Potential Health Risks:

Reusing wastewater for certain purposes, like irrigation, can pose a potential

health risk if not properly treated and managed.

 Infrastructure Costs:
 Implementing recharge and retention systems, as well as wastewater

treatment and reuse infrastructure, can be expensive.

 Management Challenges:

Proper management of water resources, including monitoring water quality

and ensuring equitable access, can be challenging.

 Public Acceptance:

Public acceptance of reusing water for certain purposes can be a challenge,

requiring education and outreach efforts.

 Water Quality Concerns:

Wastewater treatment plants, while beneficial, can also produce a pungent

smell and require significant land area and capital investment.

 Potential for Contamination:

Despite efforts to improve wastewater treatment, there's always a risk of

contamination from toxic effluent or sewage wastewater.

Conclusion
Water problems will not go away by themselves. On the contrary, they will worsen

unless we, as a global community, respond and use water responsibly. So, before it

is too late, let us all, as individuals, families, communities, companies &

institutions, pledge towards using water wisely. Intelligence is not in lavishness but

in conservation, so that our future generations can continue to enjoy the blissful

feeling and touch of water.

References

1) Das, M. 2007. Clean India action for water, www.google.com

2) California Energy Commission, California's Water-Energy Relationship

(November 2005), p.8

3) www.ci.tucson.az.us/water/tsnwtr/conserve/outdoor/harvest.htm

4) Vickers, A., 2002. Water Use and Conservation. Amherst, MA: Water Plow

Press. p. 434. ISBN 1-931579-07-5.

5) Environment & water India, 2000. 3rd Annual International Exhibition,

Conference.

6) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002. Cases in Water Conservation.

(Report). Retrieved on 2010-02-02. Document No. EPA-832-B-02-003.

7) Geerts, S., Raes, D., 2009. Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize

crop water productivity in dry areas. Agric. Water Manage. 96, 1275-1284. 8)
Water - Use It Wisely. U.S. multi-city public outreach program. Park & Co.,

Phoenix, AZ. Accessed 2010-02-02.