MODULE V-Autotransformer
Fig.i) [Link])
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
1
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• An autotransformer has a single winding on an
iron core and a part of winding is common to
both the primary and secondary circuits
• Fig(i) shows the connections of a step-down
transformer and fig.(ii) shows the connections
of a step-up transformer
• In either case, the winding ab having N1 turns
is the primary winding and winding bc having
N2 turns is the secondary winding
• The primary and secondary windings are
connected electrically as well as magnetically
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
2
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• Therefore power from the primary is transferred
to the secondary conductively as well as
inductively
• The voltage transformation ratio K of an ideal
transformer is K=V2/V1=N2/N1=I1/I2
• Here current I1 is the input current and I2 is the
output or load current
• Regardless of autotransformer connections(step-
up or step-down), the current in the portion of
the winding that is common to both the primary
and secondary is the difference between these
currents(I1 and I2)
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
3
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• For step down autotransformer I2>I1 so that I2-
I1 current flows through the common portion
of the winding
• For step up autotransformer I2<I1 so that I1-I2
current flows in the common portion of the
winding
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
4
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• In an ideal autotransformer, exciting current
and losses are neglected
• For such an autotransformer as K approaches
1,the value of current in the common portion
I2-I1 or I1-I2 of the winding approaches zero
• Therefore for value of K near unity, the
common portion of the winding can be wound
with wire of smaller cross sectional area
• For this reason an autotransformer requires
less copper
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
5
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Saving of copper in Autotransformer
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
6
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• For the same output and voltage
transformation ratio K , an autotransformer
requires less copper than ordinary 2-winding
transformer
• Fig.(i) shows an ordinary 2-winding
transformer whereas fig.(ii) shows an
autotransformer having the same output and
voltage transformation ratio K
• The length of copper required in a winding is
proportional to the number of turns and the
area of cross-section of the winding wire is
proportional to the current rating
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
7
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• Therefore, the volume and hence weight of
copper required in a winding is proportional
to current x turns ie;Weight of copper
required in a winding α current x turns
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
8
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
nearer
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
9
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Three-Phase Transformer
• A 3Ø system is used to generate and transmit
electric power
• 3Ø voltages are raised or lowered by means of
3Ø transformers
• A 3Ø transformer can be built in two ways
viz.(i)by suitably connecting a bank of three 1
Ø transformers or (ii)by constructing a 3Ø
transformer on a common magnetic structure
• In either case,the windings may be connected
in Y-Y,Δ-Δ,Y-Δ or Δ-Y
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
1
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
(i)Bank of Three 1Ø transformers
Fig.i)
A bank of three 1Ø transformers can be connected to
form a 3Ø transformer as shown in fig.i)
The primary is connected in Y(star) and secondary is
connected in Δ(delta)
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
2
• The ratio of secondary phase voltage to primary
phase voltage is the phase transformation ratio K
• K=N2/N1=V2/V1
• Referring to fig.(i),primary line to line voltage is V
and the primary line current is I
• The secondary line voltage and current are also
shown
• The advantage is that When one transformer in a
bank of three 1Ø transformers becomes
defective,it may be removed from service and the
other two transformers may reconnected to
supply service on an emergency basis until
repairs can be made
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
3
(ii) 3Ø transformer
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
4
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• A 3Ø transformer can be constructed by
having three primary and three secondary
windings on a common magnetic circuit
• A 3Ø transformer is shown in fig.(i)
• The primaries as well as secondaries may be
connected in Y or Δ
• All the connections of a 3Ø transformer are
made inside the case and for Δ connected
winding three leads are brought out while for
Y connected winding four leads are brought
out
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
5
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• For the same capacity,a 3Ø transformer
weighs less,occupies less space and costs
about 20% less than a bank of three 1Ø
transformers
• Because of these advantages, 3Ø transformers
are in common use,especially for large power
transformations
• A disadvantage of the 3Ø transformer lies in
the fact that when one phase becomes
defective,the entire 3Ø unit must be removed
from service
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
6
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
3Ø transformer connections
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
7
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
8
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• In a three phase transformer,the primary and
secondary windings may be connected in
either Y or Δ arrangement
• The four most common connections are (i)Y-Y
(ii)Δ-Δ (iii)Y-Δ and (iv)Δ-Y which are shown in
figures
• The primary line voltage is V and primary line
current is I
• Phase transformation ratio K=V2/V1=N2/N1
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
9
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
1)Y-Y Connection:
• The Y-Y connection is shown in fig(i).Here both
primary and secondary are Y connected
• This connection is most economical for
small,high-voltage transformers because the
number of turns/phase and the amount of
insulation required is minimum (as phase
voltage is only 1/√3 of the line voltage)
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
10
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
2)Δ-Δ Connection
• Δ-Δ Connection is shown in fig.(ii).Here both
primary and secondary are Δ connected
• This connection is economical for large,low
voltage transformers in which insulation
problem is not so urgent,because it increases
the number of turns/phase
• One main advantage of this connection is that
if one transformer becomes disabled,the
system can continue to operate in open-delta
or V-V connection although with reduced
available capacity.
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
11
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
3)Y-Δ Connection
• Here the primary winding is Y connected with
grounded neutral and secondary is Δ
connected as shown in fig(iii)
• The main use of this connection is at the
substation end of the transmission line where
the voltage is to be stepped down
• The ratio between the secondary and primary
line voltage is 1/√3 times the transformation
ratio of each transformer
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
12
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
4)Δ-Y Connection
• Here primary is Δ connected and secondary is Y
connected with grounded neutral as shown in
fig(iv).This can provide 3Ø, 4 wire service
• This connection is generally employed where it is
necessary to step up the voltage at the beginning
of high tension transmission system
• In recent years this connection has gained
considerable popularity because it can be used to
serve both the 3Ø power equipment and 1Ø
lighting circuits
• The ratio of secondary to primary voltage is √3
times the transformation ratio of each
transformer Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
13
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Difference between power transformer
and distribution transformer
Power rating is in MVA range Power rating is in KVA range
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
14
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Vector Groupings
• In a 3Ø transformer there may be a phase shift
between corresponding primary and secondary
line voltages
• This phase shift depends upon the type of
connection(Y or Δ) of primary and secondary
windings
• Depending upon the phase displacement
between corresponding primary and secondary
line voltages,different vector grouping are formed
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
1
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
1) Yy0 - 0 degree phase displacement:Y( Primary
side),y(Secondary side)
2) Dd0 - 0 degree phase displacement:D(Primary side
side),d(Secondary side)
3) Yd1- phase displacement 30 degree lag(-300):
Y(Primary side ),d(Secondary side )
4) Yd11- phase displacement 30 degree
lead(+300):Y(Primary side ),d(Secondary side)
5) Dy1 - phase displacement 30 degree lag(-300)
D(Primary side),y(Secondary side)
6)Dy11- phase displacement 30 degree
lead(+300):D(Primary side),y(Secondary side)
• Here the first capital letter and second small letter
indicates the primary and secondary connections
respectively and the numerical value indicates the
angle of shift based on clock convention
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
2
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
3
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
4
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
5
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
Three winding transformer and
tertiary winding
• In some high rating transformer one winding in
addition to its primary and secondary winding is
used
• This additional winding is called a tertiary
winding and the transformer is called three
winding transformer
• The purposes of tertiary winding is
1)To supply the substation auxiliaries at a voltage
different from those of the primary and
secondary windings
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
6
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
2)Tertiary windings may be used to measure voltage
of an HV testing transformer
3)To interconnect three supply systems operating at
different voltages
4)To load large split-winding generators
5)Static capacitors or synchronous condensers may
be connected to the tertiary winding for reactive
power injection into the system for voltage
control
6)In star/star connected transformer, to allow
sufficient earth fault current to flow for operation
of protective equipment, to suppress harmonic
voltages and to limit voltage unbalance when the
main load is unsymmetrical
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
7
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• The tertiary winding is also called the auxiliary
winding when it is employed for supplying an
additional small load at a different voltage. It
is also called stabilising winding when it is
used to limit the short circuit current
• Generally tertiary windings are delta
connected winding so that when faults and
short circuits occur on the primary or
secondary sides, particularly between lines
and earth, the considerable unbalance
produced in phase voltages may be
compensated by the circulating currents
flowing in the closed delta
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
8
Dry type transformers
• The transformers using air as the coolant are
called dry type transformers
• In dry type transformers, the heat generated is
conducted across the core and winding and is
dissipated from the outer surfaces of windings
to the surrounding air through convection
• The cooling methods used for dry type
transformers are i)Air Natural(AN) and ii)Air
Blast(AB)
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
1
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
• In first case ambient air is used as the cooling
medium
• The natural circulation of surrounding air is
utilized to carry away the heat generated by
natural convection
• This method is used for small low voltage
transformers
• In second case the transformer is cooled by a
continuous blast of cool air forced trough the
cores and the windings
• The air blast is produced by external fans and
is used in large transformers
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
2
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
➢Oil immersed transformers
• The transformers which use oil as coolant are
called oil immersed transformers
• The various methods of cooling of oil
immersed transformers are
1)Oil Natural Air Natural(ONAN)
2)Oil Natural Air Forced(ONAF)
3)Oil Natural Water Forced(ONWF)
4)Oil Forced Air Natural(OFAN)
5) Oil Forced Air Forced(OFAF)
6)Oil Forced Water Forced(OFWF)
Rajesh S K,Assoc. Professor,EEE Dept.,
3
Vidya Engineering College,Thrissur
