Ph.D.

Programme
College of Agriculture
Agri. Meteorology Syllabus

Unit-I: Solar radiation and laws of radiation; greenhouse effect, albedo, and heat
balance of the earth and atmosphere; variation of pressure and temperature with
height, potential temperature, pressure gradient, cyclonic and anticyclonic motions;
geostropic and gradient winds; equations of motion; general circulation, turbulence,
vorticity and atmospheric waves. Effect of earth's rotation on zonal distribution of
radiation, rainfall, temperature, and wind; the trade winds, equatorial trough and its
movement; the SE Asia monsoon, El Nino, La Nina and ENSO.

Unit-II: Meaning and scope of agricultural meteorology; components of agricultural

meteorology; role and responsibilities of agricultural meteorologists. Importance of
meteorological parameters in agriculture; weather forecasts for agriculture at short,
medium and long range levels; agromet advisories, preparation, dissemination and
economic impact analysis; introduction to GIS, GPS and remote sensing; Concept,
definition, types of drought and their causes; prediction of drought; crop water stress
index and crop stress detection; air pollution and its influence on vegetation.
Concepts of mechanistic and deterministic models; weather data and phenology-
based approaches to crop modeling; validation and testing of models. Climatic
change, greenhouse effect, CO2 increase, global warming and their impact on
agriculture; climate classification, agro-climatic zones and agro-ecological regions of
India and Haryana.

Unit-III: Properties of atmosphere near the earth's surface; exchange of mass,

momentum and energy between surface and overlaying atmosphere. Molecular and
eddy transport of heat, water vapour and momentum, frictional effects, eddy
diffusion, mixing length; temperature instability; microclimate near the bare ground,
soil moisture and temperature variation with depth; Richardson number, Reynold’s
analogy. Micrometeorology of plant canopies; distribution of temperature, humidity,
vapour pressure, wind and carbon dioxide; modification of microclimate due to
cultural practices, intercropping; radiation distribution and utilization by plant
communities, leaf temperature and its biological effects; concepts of
evapotranspiration and its estimation approaches.

Unit-IV: Fundamentals of measurement techniques; exposure and operation of

meteorological instruments/ equipments in Agromet Observatory; theory and working
principles of radiation and temperature instruments, precipitation, dew and wind
instruments. Working principles of evapotranspiration and photosynthesis
instruments, soil thermometers, soil heat flux plates and instruments for measuring
soil moisture. Automatic weather station – data logger and sensors, nano-sensors for
measurement of weather variables; computation and interpretation of data.
Agribusiness
UNIT1: Management functions- planning, organizing, staffing, motivating and leading,
controlling; Managerial skills; levels of management; Decision making; Management by
objectives; Nature, scope and significance of organizational behavior; leadership styles,
group dynamics, motivation, organizational culture or climate, conflict management,
organizational change; Human resource planning, Job analysis, recruitment and
selection, Human resource Training and Development, Performance Appraisal,
Compensation management, Worker’s Participation in Management; Meaning, types,
and process of research; Research methodology in management- exploratory,
descriptive, experimental, diagnostic; Problem formulation, formulation of hypotheses,
scales of measurement, sources of data, instruments of data collection; Sampling -
Probability and non-probability sampling techniques.
UNIT 2: Role of agriculture in Indian economy; Definition, nature, scope, prospects and
types of Agribusiness; Unique features of agri-products; Buffer stock; procurement and
working of Public Distribution System; Working and Functioning of organizations such
as Food Corporation of India, Cotton Corporation of India, NAFED & Warehousing
Corporations; Delivery system and channels in marketing of Seeds, Fertilizers,
Agricultural Machinery, Pesticides; Meaning, types and determinants of demand,
demand function, demand elasticity, production function, least-cost input combination
and returns to scale, cost concepts, cost-output relationship, pricing and output under
different market structure; The national income; economic growth, phases of business
cycles; Farm management problems and decisions; Farm management Principles;
Farm planning and budgeting, Risk and uncertainty in farming.
UNIT 3: Need, scope and functions of financial management; importance of
agricultural finance, classification of credit, estimation of credit requirement, 3Rs of
credit, balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement for an agribusiness unit;
Financial and operating leverage; factors affecting capital structure, features of an
optimal capital structure; concept and components of working capital, need for working
capital in agribusiness; functioning of cooperative credit institutions, commercial banks,
regional rural banks & NABARD; Ecology of cooperative administration, cooperative
sector and economic development; nature, functions and purpose of cooperatives; role
of leadership in cooperative management; The state and cooperative movement, effects
of cooperative law in management, long range planning for cooperative expansion,
policy making; credit cooperatives, cooperative marketing, dairy cooperative.
UNIT 4: Agricultural market structure – meaning, components and dynamics of market
structure; Formulation of marketing strategy; Agribusiness marketing environment;
Design of marketing mix; Market segmentation and targeting; Determinants of
consumer’s behaviour, Stages and estimation of demand of new product; Product life
cycle: Grading and standardization; Storage and warehousing, and transportation
management for agricultural products; Marketing agencies/intermediaries, distribution
channels involved in agribusiness; Nature and characteristics of rural markets, potential
of rural markets in India, rural communication and distribution, Marketing of consumer
durable and non-durable goods and services in the rural markets, innovation in rural
marketing; WTO and its implications for agriculture sector; TRIPS, TRIMS quotas, anti
dumping duties, quantitative and qualitative restrictions, tariff and non-tariff measures,
trade liberalization, subsidies, green and red boxes, Importance of foreign trade.
Agricultural Economics
Unit-I
Basic concepts in micro and macro economics, theory of consumer
behaviour-cardinal and ordinal utility approach, Income and substitution effects,
Indifference curve , Consumer surplus, Derivation and elasticity of demand and
supply., producers’ surplus. Market equilibrium, behavior of firms in competitive
markets, different market structures, theory of factor markets, general equilibrium
theory, market failure and externalities, welfare economics, pareto optimality, social
welfare criteria and functions. Nature and scope of macro economics, Keynesian
concepts, national income concepts and its measurement, classical and modern
theory of employment, effective demand. Consumption function, concept of multiplier
and accelerator, rate of interest - Classical, Neo-classical and Keynesian version,
classical and Keynesian theory of unemployment, quantity, theory of money,
Inflation: nature, types, effects and control, IS & LM framework, general equilibrium
of product and money markets, monetary and fiscal policy, business/trade cycles
and economic growth models.
Unit-II
Nature, scope, significance of production economics and farm management,
principles of farm management, farm resources and farm planning, farm inventory
and budgeting, basic concepts in production economics, production functions-
types and specifications, theory of product choice; selection of optimal product
combination, types of costs and cost functions, returns to scale, profit maximization
and cost minimization, economies and diseconomies of scale, types of farming and
farming systems, appraisal of farm business income and efficiency measures,
technical, allocative and economic efficiencies, risk and uncertainty, diversification
and crop insurance. Basic concepts in agricultural finance, 3R’s and 7P’s of credit,
institutional and non-institutional sources of credit, tools of financial
management,project, project cycle, planning and appraisal of agricultural project

Unit-III
Concepts in agricultural marketing, marketing problems, functions, intermediaries
and marketable & marketed surplus estimation, efficiency, marketing costs and
margins, market integration different approaches for marketing- functional,
institutional, commodity, behavioural system and legal economic approach.
Cooperative marketing and regulated markets, marketing regulation, acts of different
states, benefits of regulation, suggestions for improvements in regulated markets,
state trading, warehousing and other government, ICT in marketing of agricultural
commodities, market information service, sources of global information-market
research-special problems in international market research. Spatial and temporal
price relationship- price forecasting, price policy and economic development.
Fundamental vs. applied research, concept of researchable problem, research
prioritization, hypothesis-types, objectives and testing, review of literature. Theory
and design of sampling, methods of sampling. Project proposals, research design
and techniques. Collection and sources of data-questionnaire and interview
schedule.

Unit-IV
 Basic concepts in econometrics, two variable regression, its assumptions,
approaches to estimation -OLS, BLUE, MLE and their properties, multiple regression
estimation and interpretation. Assumptions, identification, consequences and
remedies for multi-collinearity, heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, data problems
and remedial approaches, model specification. Use of dummy variables-limited
dependent variables – specification, estimation and interpretation. Simultaneous
equation models. Basic concepts in Linear Programming, uses of LP in different
fields, formulation of LP problems, graphic solution, Primal and dual in L.P. Concept
of simplex method, solving profit maximization and cost minimization problems.
Extensions of LP models: Variable resource and price programming, recursive
programming, dynamic programming. Concepts of game theory.

AGRONOMY
Unit-I: Crop growth analysis in relation to environment; geo-ecological zones of
India. Quantitative agro-biological principles and inverse yield nitrogen law;
Mitscherlich yield equation, its interpretation and applicability; Baule unit. Effect of
lodging in cereals; physiology of grain yield in cereals; optimization of plant
population and planting geometry in relation to different resources, concept of ideal
plant type and crop modeling for desired crop yield. Scientific principles of crop
production; crop response production functions; concept of soil plant relations; yield
and environmental stress. Integrated farming systems, organic farming, and
resource conservation technology including modern concept of tillage; dry farming;
determining the nutrient needs for yield potentiality of crop plants, concept of balance
nutrition and integrated nutrient management; precision agriculture.
Unit-II: Soil fertility and productivity - factors affecting; features of good soil
management; problems of supply and availability of nutrients; relation between
nutrient supply and crop growth; organic farming - basic concepts and definitions.
Criteria of essentiality of nutrients; Essential plant nutrients – their functions, nutrient
deficiency symptoms; transformation and dynamics of major plant nutrients.
Preparation and use of farmyard manure, compost, green manures, vermicompost,
biofertilizers and other organic concentrates their composition, availability and crop
responses; recycling of organic wastes and residue management. Commercial
fertilizers; composition, relative fertilizer value and cost; crop response to different
nutrients, residual effects and fertilizer use efficiency, fertilizer mixtures and grades;
agronomic, chemical and physiological methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency;
nutrient interactions. Time and methods of manures and fertilizers application; foliar
application and its concept; relative performance of organic and inorganic manures;
economics of fertilizer use; integrated nutrient management; use of vermin compost
and residue wastes in crops.
Unit-III: Weed biology and ecology, crop-weed competition including allelopathy;
principles and methods of weed control and classification; weed indices. Herbicides
introduction and history of their development; classification based on chemical,
physiological application and selectivity; mode and mechanism of action of
herbicides. Herbicide structure - activity relationship; factors affecting the efficiency
of herbicides; herbicide formulations, herbicide mixtures; herbicide resistance and
management; weed control through bio-herbicides, myco-herbicides and
allelochemicals; Degradation of herbicides in soil and plants; herbicide resistance in
weeds and crops; herbicide rotation. Weed management in major crops and
cropping systems; parasitic weeds; weed shifts in cropping systems; aquatic and
perennial weed control. Integrated weed management; cost: benefit analysis of weed
management.
Unit-IV: Water and its role in plants; water resources of India, major irrigation
projects, extent of area and crops irrigated in India and different states. Soil water
movement in soil and plants; transpiration; soil-water-plant relationships; water
absorption by plants; plant response to water stress, crop plant adaptation to
moisture stress condition. Soil, plant and meteorological factors determining water
needs of crops; scheduling, depth and methods of irrigation; microirrigation system;
fertigation; management of water in controlled environments and polyhouses. Water
management of the crops and cropping systems; quality of irrigation water and
management of saline water for irrigation; water use efficiency. Excess of soil water
and plant growth; water management in problem soils; drainage requirement of
crops and methods of field drainage, their layout and spacing.

ENTOMOLOGY
UNIT-I Principles, utility and relevance of insect morphology, insect body wall
structure, cuticular outgrowths, colouration and special integumentary structures in
insects, body tagmata, sclerites and segmentation. Head- Origin, structure and
modification; types of mouthparts and antennae, tentorium and neck sclerites.
Thorax- Areas and sutures of tergum, sternum and pleuron, pterothorax; Wings:
structure and modifications, venation, wing coupling apparatus and mechanism of
flight; Legs: structure and modifications. Abdomen- Segmentation and appendages;
Genitalia and their modifications; Embryonic and post-embryonic development;
Types of metamorphosis. Insect sense organs (mechano, photo and chemo-
receptors).
Structure, modification and physiology of different systems- digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous, sensory, reproductive and endocrine
system. Physiology of integument, moulting; growth, metamorphosis and diapause.
UNIT-II Brief evolutionary history of Insects- introduction to phylogeny of
insects and Major Classification of Superclass Hexapoda – Classes – Ellipura,
Diplura and Insecta- Orders contained. Distinguishing characters, general biology,
habits and habitats of Insect orders and economically as well as agriculturally
important families contained in them.
UNIT-III History, Definition and basic Concepts of insect ecology. Abundance
and diversity of insects, estimates and causal factors. Basic principles of abiotic and
biotic factors and their generalised action on insects. Population growth, Concepts of
Carrying capacity, Environmental Resistance, Life Tables and their application to
insect biology. Survivorship curves, Population dynamics- Environmental factors,
dispersal and migration, Diapause (Quiescence) - aestivation, hibernation. Food
chain and ecological succession. Inter and intra specific interactions, preypredator
interactions. Functional and numerical response. Pest management as applied
ecology. History, principles and scope of biological control; important groups of
parasitoids, predators and pathogens; augmentation and conservation. Role of EPN,
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc., their mode of action. Biological control of
weeds using insects. Mass production of quality biocontrol agents- Successful
biological control projects. Importation of natural enemies, biotechnology in biological
control. History, definition, Concept, philosophy, ecological principles, economic
threshold concept, and economic consideration in IPM. Tools of pest management
and their integration- legislative, cultural, biological, chemical, physical and
mechanical methods; pest survey and surveillance, forecasting, pest and pesticide
risk analysis; cost-benefit ratios. Host Plant Resistance to insects, screening
techniques, breeding methods including transgenics and importance of plant
resistance in IPM. Systematic position, identification, distribution, host-range,
bionomics, nature and extent of damage, seasonal abundance and management of
insect, mite and non-insect pests of cereals, millets, pulses, tobacco, fibre crops,
forages, sugarcane, oilseeds, fruit crops, vegetable crops, plantation crop, spices
and condiments, ornamental, medicinal and aromatic plants, pests in
polyhouses/protected cultivation and their management.
UNIT-IV Insecticide Toxicology – Definition, Principle Scope & History of
Chemical Control. Pesticide Industry in India. Classification of insecticides based on
mode of entry, mode of action and chemical nature. Structure and mode of action of
all important group/classes of insecticides, Evaluation of insecticide toxicity and joint
action of insecticides. Insecticide metabolism, pest resistance to insecticides;
mechanisms, types of resistance and management. Insecticide residues, their
significance and environmental implications. Insecticide Act.

Extension Education
UNIT-I: Extension Education – Meaning, objectives, concepts, principles and
philosophy. Pioneering Extension efforts and their implications in Indian Agricultural
Extension; Analysis of Extension systems of ICAR and SAU; State Departments
Extension system and NGOs; Poverty Alleviation Programmes – SGSY, SGRY,
PMGSY, DPAP, DDP, CAPART; Employment Generation Programmes – NREGP,
Women Development Programmes – ICDS, MSY, RMK, Problems in Rural
Development. Current Approaches in Extension: Decentralised Decision Making,
Bottom up Planning, Farming System Approach, Farming Situation Based Extension,
Market – Led – Extension, Farm Field School, ATIC, Kisan Call Centres, NAIP etc.
UNIT-II: Communication process; Methods and Forms of communication; Key
communicators; Media in communication – Role of mass media in dissemination of
farm technology. Modern communication media – Electronic video, Tele Text, Tele
conference, Computer Assisted Instruction, Computer technology and its
implications. Agril. Journalism and its role in rural development, Basics of writing –
News stories, feature articles, magazine articles, farm bulletins and folders.
Techniques of collection of materials for news stories and feature articles; photo
journalism, communicating with pictures, Radio and TV Journalism, Techniques of
writing scripts for Radio and TV. Community Radio, Web, Tele, and Video
conferencing. ICTs- Concept, definition, tools and application in extension education.
Reorganizing the extension efforts using ICTs, advantages, limitations and
opportunities. ICTs projects. Different approaches (models) of ICTs. ICT use in field
of extension- Expert systems on selected crops and enterprises; Self learning CDs,
agricultural web sites and portals. Computer Aided Extension. Knowledge
management, Information kiosks, Multimedia. Online, Offline Extension. Tools-
Mobile technologies, e-learning concepts. Extension approaches-pre-requisites,
information and science needs of farming community. Emerging issues in ICT.
UNIT-III: Diffusion – concept and meaning, elements; traditions of research on
diffusion; the generation of innovations; innovation-development process; converting
research into practice. The adoption process. Adopter categories; Perceived
attributes of Innovation and their rate of adoption, factors influencing rate of
adoption. Diffusion effect and concept of over adoption, opinion leadership
measurement and characteristics of opinion leaders, monomorphic and polymorphic
opinion leadership, multi-step flow of innovation; concepts of homophily and
heterophily and their influence on flow of innovations; The innovation-decision
process.
UNIT-IV: Research and Behavioural sciences research. Review of literature – need,
search procedure, sources of literature, planning the review work. Research problem
- selection, formulation and principles, factors and criteria in selection, statement and
development of the research problem. Objectives – meaning, types and criteria for
judging the objectives. Concept and Construct – Meaning, role of concepts in
research and conceptual frame work development in research. Variable and
Definition – Meaning, types and their role in research and characteristics of workable
definitions, Hypothesis; Measurement – meaning, importance, use of appropriate
statistics at different levels, criteria for judging the measuring instrument in research.
Validity and Reliability – meaning and methods of their testing. Sampling – universe,
Sample and Sampling. Research Designs – meaning, purpose and criteria, types,
advantages and limitations. Experimental design – advantages and limitations. Data
Collection devices – interview, enquiry forms and schedules, questionnaires.
Meaning, advantages and limitations in Check lists and Rating scales’ use.
Observation – meaning, types, advantages and limitations. Case studies and Social
survey; Data processing; Report writing and References in reporting.

FLORICULTURE & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

UNIT-I: Scope of flowers in global trade, Significance in the domestic market/export,

Varietal wealth and diversity, cultivation practices of rose, jasmine, chrysanthemum,
marigold, tuberose, crossandra, carnation, dahlia, gerbera, gladioli, orchids,
anthurium, aster, heliconia, liliums, nerium flower crops and petunia, hibiscus,
bougainvillea, flowering annuals (zinnia, cosmos, dianthus, snap dragon, pansy),
propagation, nursery management, transplanting techniques, soil and climate
requirements, field preparation, systems of planting, water and nutrient
management, weed management, rationing, training and pruning, special
horticultural practices, use of growth regulators, physiological disorders and
remedies, IPM and IDM. Flower forcing and year round flowering, production for
special occasions through physiological interventions, chemical regulation. Patents
and Plant Variety Protection in India. Introduction, selection, domestication, polyploid
and mutation breeding for varietal development, Role of heterosis, Production of
hybrids, Male sterility, incompatibility problems, seed production of flower crops.
UNIT-II: Landscape designs, Styles of garden, types of gardens: English, Mughal,
Japanese, Persian, Spanish, Italian, Buddha garden. Urban landscaping,
Landscaping for specific situations, institutions, industries, residents, hospitals,
roadsides, traffic islands, damsites, IT parks. Garden plant components, arboretum,
shrubbery, fernery, arches and pergolas, edges and hedges, climbers and creepers,
cacti and succulents, herbs, annuals, flower borders and beds, ground covers,
carpet beds, bamboo groves. Lawns: Establishment and maintenance, special types
of gardens, vertical garden, roof garden, bog garden, sunken garden, rock garden,
clock garden, colour wheels, temple garden, sacred groves. Bio-aesthetic
planning,eco-tourism, theme parks, indoor gardening, therapeutic gardening, non-
plant components, waterscaping, and xeriscaping.
UNIT-III: Prospects of protected floriculture in India; Types of protected structures –
Greenhouses, polyhouses, shade houses, rain shelters etc., Suitable flower crops for
protected cultivation.Environment control – management and manipulation of
temperature, light, humidity, air and CO2; Heating and cooling systems, ventilation,
naturally ventilated greenhouses, fan and pad cooled greenhouses, light regulation.
Containers and substrates, soil decontamination, layout of drip and fertigation
system, water and nutrient management, weed management, physiological
disorders, IPM and IDM. Crop regulation by chemical methods and special
horticultural practices (pinching, disbudding, deshooting, deblossoming, etc.);
Staking and netting, Photoperiod regulation.Harvest indices, harvesting techniques,
post-harvest handling techniques, Precooling, sorting, grading, packing, storage,
quality standards.
UNIT-IV: Prospects of value addition, National and global scenario, production and
exports. Types of value added products, value addition in cut & loose flowers:
garlands, veni, floats, floral decorations, flower arrangement, styles, Ikebana,
morebana, free style, bouquets, button-holes, flower baskets, corsages, floral
wreaths, garlands, etc.; Techniques in dry flower making – Drying, bleaching, dyeing,
embedding, pressing; Designing and arrangement – dry flower baskets, bouquets,
pot-pourri, wall hangings, button holes, greeting cards, wreaths; Concrete and
essential oils; Selection of species and varieties (including non-conventional
species), extraction methods, Types of pigments, carotenoids, anthocyanin,
chlorophyll, betalains; Significance of natural pigments, Extraction methods;
Applications

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
UNIT I: Forest ecosystem concept, stand dynamics-forest succession, competition
and tolerance, classification of world’s forest vegetation. Productivity and vegetation
forms of India, forest composition and structure. Ecophysiology of tree growth, effect
of radiation & water relationship, mineral nutrients and temperature. Natural
regeneration of species and types including unevenaged silviculture. Intermediate
treatments. Agroforestry objectives, importance, potential and impediments in
implementation. Overview of global agro-forestry systems, shifting cultivation,
taungya system, multiple and mixed cropping, alley cropping, shelter-belts and
windbreaks, energy plantations and homestead gardens. Production potential of
different silvi-pasture system. Diagnosis and Design – Trends in Agroforestry
systems research and development.
UNIT II: Measurement of tree parameters. Estimation of volume, growth and yield of
individual tree and forest stands,. Preparation of volume & its application, yield and
stand tables. Forest inventory, Sampling methods adopted in forestry, Use of GPS in
forest inventory. Measurement stand density. Simulation techniques. Growth and
yield prediction models – their preparation and applications. Principles of forest
management; scope and object of forest management, ecosystem management,
development of forest management in India. Site quality evaluation and importance.
Stand density, classical approaches to yield regulation in forest management, salient
features and strategies. Forest valuation and appraisal in regulated forests.
UNIT III: Chemistry in relation to forest products. Description of different forest based
industries - paper and pulp, furniture, bamboo, sports goods, pencil making, match
box and splint making, use of wood of lesser known forest species for commercial
purposes. Cell wall constituents. Chemistry of cellulose, starch, hemicelluloses and
lignin. Extraneous components of wood – water and organic solvent soluble.
Chemical composition of oleoresin from major pine species. Structural difference
among different gums (arabic, ghatti, tragacanth). Important diseases and insect
pests of nurseries, farm forestry, plantations, avenue trees and their management.
Insect pests and mycoflora of seeds of forest trees and their management. Role of
mycorrhiza in tree health. Biological control of insect pests and diseases of forest
trees.
UNIT IV: Global warming and forests. Green House Effect and its consequences.
Ozone depletion. Conservations laws and acts. Forest genetics resources of India:
timber and non timber species. Documentation and evaluation of forest genetic
resources (FGR), in situ and ex situ conservation of gene resources. Biological
diversity and its significance to sustainable use. Handling and storage of FGR.
Intellectual property rights. Quarantine laws and FGR exchange. General concept of
forest tree breeding, tree improvement and forest genetics. Variation in trees
importance and its causes. Natural variation as a basis for tree improvement.
Geographic variations – Ecotypes, clines, races and land races. Seed, seed
formation, dispersal, storage, stratification and seed dormancy. Selective breeding
methods- mass, family, within family, family plus within family. Plus tree selection for
wood quality, disease resistance and agroforestry objectives. Selection strategies
and choice of breeding methods and progress in selective breeding in forest trees.
Indirect selection for biotic and abiotic stresses. Progeny and clone testing. Seed
orchards – type, functions and importance. Estimating genetic parameters and
genetic gain. Heterosis breeding: inbreeding and hybrid vigour. Manifestation and
fixation of heterosis.

FRUIT SCIENCE

UNIT-I: Biodiversity and conservation of tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit

crops; issues and goals, centers of origin of cultivated fruits; primary and secondary
centers of genetic diversity. Present status of gene centers; exploration and
collection of germplasm; conservation of genetic resources – in situ and ex situ.
introduction of germplasm, plant quarantine. Intellectual property rights.

Origin and taxonomical status, blossom biology, breeding objectives,

biotechnological interventions, achievements in tropical, subtropical and temperate
fruit crops

UNIT-II: Fruit growth and development, parameters, effect of light, photosynthesis

and photoperiodism vernalisation, effect of temperature, heat units,
thermoperiodism. Assimilate partitioning, and influence of water, mineral nutrition,
and biosynthesis of plant growth harmones, physiology of dormancy, bud break,
juvenility, vegetative to reproductive interphase, flowering, pollination, fertilization
and fruit set, fruit drop, fruit growth, ripening and seed development. manipulation of
growth and development, impact of pruning and training, chemical manipulations in
horticultural crops, molecular and genetic approaches in plant growth development.

UNIT-III Commercial varieties of regional, national and international importance of

tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops, ecophysiological requirements, recent
trends in propagation, rootstock influence, planting systems, cropping systems, root
zone and canopy management, nutrient management, water management,
fertigation, role of bioregulators, abiotic factors limiting fruit production, physiology of
flowering, pollination fruit set and development, physiological disorders - causes and
remedies, quality improvement by management practices; maturity indices,
harvesting, grading, packing, storage and ripening techniques; industrial and export
potential, Agri. Export Zones(AEZ) and industrial supports.

UNIT IV: Maturity indices, physiology and biochemistry of fruit ripening, ethylene
evolution, factors leading to post-harvest loss, treatments, chlorination, waxing,
chemicals, biocontrol agents and natural plant products. Methods of storage-
ventilated, refrigerated, MAS, CA storage, physical injuries and disorders. Packing
methods, principles and methods of preservation, food processing, dried and
dehydrated products, nutritionally, packaging technology, processing waste
management, food safety standards.

GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

UNIT-I:
Mendel's laws; Chromosomal theory of inheritance; Multiple alleles; Gene
interactions; Sex determination, differentiation and sex-linkage; Sex-influenced and
sex limited traits; Linkage-detection, estimation; Recombination and genetic mapping
in eukaryotes; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Structural and numerical changes in
chromosomes; Nature, structure and replication of the genetic material; Tetrad
analysis; Organization of DNA in chromosomes, Genetic code; Protein biosynthesis;
Genetic fine structure analysis; Allelic complementation, Split genes; Transposable
genetic elements; Overlapping genes, Pseudogenes, Oncogenes; Gene families and
clusters. Regulation of gene activity in prokaryotes; Molecular mechanisms of
mutation, repair and suppression; Bacterial plasmids, Molecular chaperones and
gene expression; Gene regulation in eukaryotes; RNA editing; PCR based cloning,
positional cloning; Anti-sense RNA and ribozymes; Micro- RNAs (miRNAs).
Genomics and proteomics; Functional and pharmacogenomics; Metagenomics;
Gene silencing; Genetics of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium; Concepts of Eugenics, Epigenetics; Genetic disorders and Behavioural
genetics;

UNIT-II:
Genetic basis of breeding self- and cross – pollinated. Breeding methods in self and
cross pollinated crops, hybrid breeding - genetical and physiological basis of
heterosis and inbreeding, production of inbreds, breeding approaches for
improvement of inbreds, predicting hybrid performance; seed production of hybrid
and their parent varieties/inbreds. Breeding methods in asexually/clonally
propagated crops, Self-incompatibility and male sterility in crop plants; ideotype
breeding; Special breeding techniques, Breeding for abiotic and biotic stresses.,
maintenance breeding, PPV&FRA.

UNIT-III:
Multiple factor hypothesis, Nature of gene action - additive, dominance, epistatic and
linkage effects. Principles of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - Expected Variance
Components, Random and fixed models, MANOVA, Biplot Analysis, Comparison of
Means and variances for significance Designs for plant breeding experiments –
principles and applications – Genetic diversity analysis – metroglyph, cluster and D2
analyses, phenotypic and genotypic correlations, Path analysis and Parent - progeny
regression analysis - Discriminant function and principal component analyses -
selection indices - selection of parents, Simultaneous selection models- Concepts of
selection – heritability and genetic advance. Generation mean analysis, mating
designs- Diallel, Partial Diallel, Line x tester analysis, NCDs and TTC., Models for
GxE analysis and stability parameters - AMMI analysis

UNIT-IV:
Biotechnology and its relevance in agriculture, callus, suspension cultures, cloning,
Regeneration; Somatic embryogenesis; Anther culture; somatic hybridization
techniques; Meristem, ovary and embryo culture; cryopreservation. Genotyping;
sequencing techniques; Biochemical and Molecular markers: morphological,
biochemical and DNA-based markers mapping populations. Molecular mapping and
tagging of gene. Statistical tools in marker analysis, Robotics, Gene pyramiding.
MAS & molecular breeding, Genomics and genoinformatics for crop improvement,
Integrating functional genomics, Recombinant DNA technology, transgenes, method
of gene transformations, selectable markers and clean transformation techniques,
Production of transgenic plants in various field crops: cotton, wheat, maize, rice,
soybean, oilseeds, sugarcane etc. Commercial release, molecular farming. GMO;
International regulations, Biosafety issues of GMOs, Regulatory procedures in major
countries including India, ethical, legal and social issues; IPR, Bioinformatics &
Bioinformatics tools. Nanotechnology and its applications in crop improvement
programmes.

Nematology
Unit:I

History of Nematology; nematode habitats and diversity- plant, animal and human
parasites; useful nematodes; economic importance of nematodes to agriculture,
horticulture and forestry. Broad classification, nematode biology, physiology and
ecology.Types of parasitism; nature of damage and general symptomatology;
interaction of plant parasitic nematodes with other organisms. Plant nematode
relationships, cellular responses to infection by important phytonematodes;
physiological specialization among phytonematodes. Microscopy and use other
laboratory equipments. Survey and surveillance methods; collection of soil and plant
samples; techniques for extraction of nematodes from soil and plant material;
estimation of population densities.Techniques involved in killing, fixing, clearing and
mounting nematodes; measurements, .In vitro and in vivo culturing
nematodes..Staining nematodes in plant tissues. Application of molecular techniques
in Nematology.
UNIT:II
Introduction and general organization of nematode body.Morphology and anatomy of
nematode cuticle, hypodermis, musculature and pseudocoelom. Details and
variation of digestive system, reproductive system, excretory-secretory systems,
nervous system and associated sense organs. Principles of nematode systematics.
Placement of nematodes in Animal Kingdom and comparison with related
organisms.Classification of Phylum Nematoda- Orders of Class Adenophorea and
Secernentea; Diagnosis of Order Tylenchida- Suborder Tylenchina, Hoplolaimina
and Criconematina; Infraorders Tylenchata and Anguinata- their families and genera.
Diagnosis of genera and families of Suborders Hoplolaimina and Criconematina.
Orders Aphelenchida, Dorylaimida, Triplonchida, Rhabditida with emphasis on
economically important taxa.
Unit: III
Diagnosis of causal organism, distribution, host range, biology and life cycle, nature
of damage, symptoms, interaction with other organisms, and management of
nematode diseases in different cereal crops (wheat,rice maize sorghum), pulses,
Sugarcane, Fibre, fodder and oilseed crops, vegetable crops. Nematode problems of
protected cultivation. Nematodes of minor importance, fruit crops, mushroom,
plantation, medicinal and aromatic crops. Red ring disease of coconut and pine wilt
disease of forest crops.

UNIT:IV
Concepts, history, principles and practices of nematode management; integrated
nematode management. of nematode management; crop loss estimation, cost-
benefit ratios and pest risk analysis. Chemical methods- nematicides, their types,
classification, mode of action, applicators and application methods, antidotes, and
economizing nematicidal use. Cultural practices, physical and mechanical methods
of nematode control. Biological methods- concepts and terminology, use of predators
and parasites as biological control agents, their mass multiplication and field use;
phytotherapeutic methods – use of antagonistic plants and antinemic plant products.
Genetic methods- plant resistance; legal methods- quarantine regulations; integrated
nematode management- concepts and applications.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

UNIT-I Importance, definitions and concepts of plant diseases, history and growth of
plant pathology, biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases. Growth, reproduction,
survival and dispersal of important plant pathogens, role of environment and host
nutrition on disease development. Host parasite interaction, recognition concept and
infection, symptomatology, disease development- role of enzymes, toxins, growth
regulators; defense strategies oxidative burst; Phenolics, Phytoalexins, PR proteins,
Elicitors, altered plant metabolism as affected by plant pathogens. Genetics of
resistance; ‘R’ genes; mechanism of genetic variation in pathogens; molecular basis
for resistance; marker-assisted selection; genetic engineering for disease resistance.
Disease management strategies. Methods to prove Koch’s postulates with biotroph
and necrotroph pathogens, pure culture techniques, use of selective media to isolate
pathogens. Preservation of plant pathogens and disease specimens, use of
haemocytometer, stage and ocular micrometer, centrifuge, pH meter, camera lucida.
Microscopic techniques and staining methods, phase contrast system,
chromatography,use of electron microscope, spectrophotometer, ultracentrifuge and
electrophoretic apparatus, disease diagnostics, serological and molecular techniques
for detection of plant pathogens. Evaluation of fungicides, bactericides etc.; field
experiments, data collection and preparation of references.

UNIT-II Introduction, definition of different terms, basic concepts. Importance

of mycology in agriculture, relation of fungi to human affairs, history of mycology.
Concepts of nomenclature and classification, fungal biodiversity, reproduction in
fungi. The comparative morphology, ultrastructure, characters of different groups of
fungi up to generic level: (a) Myxomycota and (b) Eumycota- i) Mastigomycotina ii)
Zygomycotina, iii) Ascomycotina, iv) Basidiomycotina, v) Deuteromycotina. Lichens
Types and importance, fungal genetics and variability in fungi. Crop diseases of
cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation and fibre crops caused by
fungal pathogens.

UNIT-III History of plant viruses, composition and structure of viruses.

Symptomatology of important plant viral diseases, transmission, chemical and
physical properties, host virus interaction, virus vector relationship. Virus
nomenclature and classification, genome organization, replication and movement of
viruses. Isolation and purification, electron microscopy, protein and nucleic acid
based diagnostics. Mycoviruses, phytoplasma arbo and baculoviruses, satellite
viruses, satellite RNAs, phages, viroids, prions. Principles of the working of electron-
microscope and ultramicrotome. Origin and evolution, mechanism of resistance,
genetic engineering, ecology, and management of plant viruses. Crop diseases of
cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation and fibre crops caused by
viruses and viroids.

UNIT-IV History and introduction to phytopathogenic procarya, viz., bacteria,

MLOs, spiroplasmas and other fastidious procarya, importance of phytopathogenic
bacteria. Evolution, classification and nomenclature of phytopathogenic procarya
and important diseases caused by them. Growth, nutrition requirements,
reproduction, preservation of bacterial cultures and variability among
phytopathogenic procarya. General biology of bacteriophages, L form bacteria,
plasmids and bdellovibrios. Procaryotic inhibitors and their mode of action against
phytopathogenic bacteria. Survival and dissemination of phytopathogenic bacteria.
Crop diseases of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, plantation and fibre
crops caused by bacterial, phytoplasma and other fastidious procaryotes.

Seed Science & Technology

UNIT-I: Floral types, structure and biology in relation to pollination mechanisms;
sporogenesis: microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis; gametogenesis, effect of
environmental factors on floral biology. Fertilization –embryo sac structure, process,
barriers to fertilization, male sterility and self incompatibility system in hybrid seed
production. Embryogenesis-development of typical monocot and dicot embryos;
endosperm development, endosperm and cotyledons; external and internal features
of monocot and dicot seed; seed coat structure. Apomixis–identification,
classification, significance and its utilization indifferent crops for hybrid seed
production; Polyembryony-types and significance; synthetic seeds.
UNIT-II: Factors responsible for deterioration; seed production in self and cross
pollinated crops, Principles of hybrid seed production, isolation distance,
synchronization of flowering, roguing etc, role of pollinators and their management.
Seed multiplication ratios, seed replacement rate, demand and supply; suitable
areas of seed production and storage, agronomy of seed production–agro climatic
requirements and their influence on quality seed production; generation system of
seed multiplication; maintenance of Nucleus seed, production of Breeder,
Foundation and Certified seed–criteria involved; life span of a variety; Methods of
development of hybrids and CHA in hybrid seed production; one, two and three line
system; maintenance of parental lines of hybrids; planning and management of
hybrid seed production technology of major field crops and vegetables. Seed quality
control system and organization, seed village concept; Seed production agencies,
seed industry.
UNIT-III: Historical development of Seed Industry in India; Seed Act (1966), Seed
Rules (1968), Seed (Control) Order 1983; Plants, Fruits and Seeds Order (1989);
National Seed Development Policy (1988) and EXIM Policy; New Seed Bill-2004 etc.
Seed Certification-history, concept and objectives of seed certification; phases of
seed certification; Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS), Field
inspection, grow-out tests; OECD seed certification schemes, Introduction to WTO
and IPRs; PPV & FR Act, 2001, UPOV and its role, Principles and importance of
seed processing, preparation of seeds before processing, machines used to prepare
seed for processing (Delinters, extractors, debearder, sacrifier etc.) Operation
maintenance of different seed processing machinery such as air screen cleaner,
indented cylinder, disc separator, gravity separator, seed treating and treaters. Seed
drying-principles and methods, E.M.C. Theory of drying, types of storage structures,
methods of maintaining safe seed moisture, thumb rule and its relevance, seed
storage structures. Seed packaging, principles, practices, materials, weighing and
bagging machines
UNIT-V: Seed quality: concept, components and their role in seed quality control;
Seed Sampling: types of samples; sampling devices; procedure of seed sampling;
sampling intensity; physical purity analysis; components of purity analysis, Seed
moisture content: importance of moisture content; principles and methods of
moisture estimation, Germination; requirements for germination, procedure for test;
seedling evaluation; dormancy, importance, causal mechanisms, types and methods
for breaking dormancy. Different viability and Vigour tests; quick viability test (TZ-
test) Genetic purity testing: objective and criteria for genetic purity testing; types of
tests; principles and procedures of chemical, biochemical and molecular tests. Seed
health Testing: field and seed standards; designated diseases, objectionable weeds-
significance of seed borne diseases and detection methods for seed borne fungi,
Testing of GM seeds and trait purity.

Department of Soil science

Unit I
Scope of soil physics and its relation with other branches of soil science, Soil
compaction and soil strength, swelling and shrinkage-basic concepts.
Characterization and management soil structure; soil aggregation, aggregate
stability; Soil tilth, pudding its effect on soil physical properties. Soil water retention,
soil water constants, soil water potential and measurement of soil-moisture potential.
Water flow in saturated and unsaturated soils, Poiseuille’s and Darcy’s law; hydraulic
conductivity. Hydrologic cycle, field water balance; soil-plant atmosphere continuum.
Composition of soil air, aeration requirement for plant growth and its management.
Thermal properties of soil; measurement of soil temperature; soil temperature in
relation to plant growth.
Unit-II
Soil fertility and soil productivity, essential plant nutrients- functions and deficiency
symptoms. Nitrogen, Phosphorus - sources, their forms immobilization and
mineralization, nitrogenous fertilizers and their fate in soils; management of fertilizer
nitrogen and phosphorus under lowland and upland conditions. Potassium- forms,
equilibrium in soils and its agricultural significance. Calcium, magnesium and
sulphur- their source, forms, fertilizers and their behavior in soils. Micronutrients-
critical limits and factors affecting their availability, correction of deficiencies in plant.
Quality- intensity relationships; soil test crop response correlations. Soil fertility
evaluation methods and soil quality in relation to sustainable agriculture.
Unit III
Chemical composition of the earth’s crust and soils. Inorganic and organic colloids,
diffuse double layer theories of soil colloids, Zeta potential, stability,
coagulation/flocculation of soil colloids; electrometric properties of soil colloids, soil
organic matter and its fractionation. Cations exchange- theories, donnan-membrane
equilibrium concept, clay- membrane electrodes and ionic activity measurement,
thermodynamics, Ion exchange phenomena and its practical implications in plant
nutrition. Chemistry of acid and salt- affected soils and electrochemistry of
submerged soils.
Unit IV
Fundamentals of crystallography, space lattice, coordination theory, isomorphism
and polymorphism. Chemical composition of clay minerals, Factors of soil formation,
soil forming processes, soil profile and weathering sequences of minerals with
special reference to Indian soils. Soil classification systems- historical developments
and modern systems of soil classification. Soil survey, its types and techniques, Soil
series and procedure for establishing soil series. Soil mapping, thematic soil maps,
cartography, mapping units, techniques for generation of soil maps. Landform- soil
relationship; major soil groups of India. Land capability and land irritability
classification; land evaluation and land use type- concept and application;
approaches.

VEGETABLE SCIENCE

UNIT-1
Introduction, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial
varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment,
nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control,
mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post-harvest management, plant
protection measures and seed production of potato, Cole crops: cabbage,
cauliflower, knoll kohl, sprouting broccoli, brussels sprout, Root crops: carrot, radish,
turnip, and beetroot, Bulb crops: onion and garlic, peas and broad bean, green leafy
cool season vegetables.

UNIT-2
Introduction, botany and taxonomy, climatic and soil requirements, commercial
varieties/hybrids, sowing/planting times and methods, seed rate and seed treatment,
nutritional and irrigation requirements, intercultural operations, weed control,
mulching, physiological disorders, harvesting, post-harvest management, plant
protection measures and seed production of tomato, eggplant, hot and sweet
peppers, okra, beans, cowpea and cluster bean, Cucurbitaceous crops, tapioca and
sweet potato, green leafy warm season vegetables.

UNIT-3
Origin, botany, taxonomy, cytogenetics, genetics, breeding objectives, breeding
methods (introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation), varieties and varietal
characterization, resistance breeding for biotic and abiotic stress, quality
improvement, molecular marker, genomics, marker assisted breeding and QTLs,
biotechnology and their use in breeding in vegetable crops-Issue of patenting,
PPVFR act. of Potato , tomato, eggplant, hot pepper, sweet pepper and okra, peas
and beans, amaranth, chenopods and lettuce, gourds, melons, pumpkins and
squashes, cabbage, cauliflower, carrot, beetroot, radish, sweet potato and tapioca.

UNIT-4
Definition of growth and development Cellular structures and their functions;, growth
analysis and its importance in vegetable production. Physiology of dormancy and
germination of vegetable seeds, tubers and bulbs; Role of auxins, gibberellins,
cyktokinins and abscissic acid; Application of synthetic hormones, plant growth
retardants and inhibitors for various purposes in vegetable crops; Role and mode of
action of morphactins, antitranspirants, anti-auxin, ripening retardant and plant
stimulants in vegetable crop production. Role of light, temperature and photoperiod
on growth, development of underground parts, flowering and sex expression in
vegetable crops; apical dominance. Physiology of fruit set, fruit development, fruit
growth, flower and fruit drop; parthenocarpy in vegetable crops; phototropism,
ethylene inhibitors, senescence and abscission; fruit ripening and physiological
changes associated with ripening. Plant growth regulators in relation to vegetable
production; morphogenesis and tissue culture techniques in vegetable crops.

College of Agril. Engg. & Technology

Farm Machinery and Power Engineering

Unit I
Status of farm mechanization. Principles, procedures, fundamentals and economic
considerations for design and development of farm power and machinery systems. Design
considerations, procedure and their applications in agricultural tractors & typical machines.
Analytical design considerations of linkages/ components in farm machinery and its
application. Design of selected farm equipments: – tillage, seeding, planting, intercultural, plant
protection, harvesting and threshing. Design of rotary, vibrating and oscillating machines.
Design and selection of matching power unit. Safety devices for tractors & farm implements.
Unit II
Soil dynamics in tillage and traction: Dynamic properties of soil and their measurement, stress-
strain relationships, theory of soil failure. Mechanics of tillage tools and geometry of soil tool
system, design parameters and performance of tillage tools. Traction devices, tyres-types,
function & size, their selection; mechanics of traction devices. Deflection between traction
devices and soil, slippage and sinkage of wheels, evaluation and prediction of traction
performance, design of traction and transport devices. Soil compaction by agricultural vehicles
and machines.
Unit III
Testing and evaluation of tractors and farm equipment: Types of tests; test procedure, national
and international codes. Test equipment; usage and limitations. Power losses in
dynamometers and hydraulic test equipment. Prototype feasibility testing and field evaluation.
Laboratory and field testing of selected farm equipment. Non-destructive testing techniques.
Tractor performance testing, evaluation and interpretation of results. Technical specifications of
tractors available in India, modern trends in tractor design and development, Parameters
affecting design of tractor engine and their selection. Design of fuel efficient engine
components and tractor systems like transmission, steering, front suspension, hydraulic
system & hitching, chassis, driver’s seat, work-place area and controls. Tyre selection
Mechanics of tractor. Computer aided design and its application in agricultural tractors. System
approach in farm machinery management and application of programming techniques to the
problems of farm power and machinery selection. Maintenance and scheduling of operations.
Unit IV
Principles of soil working tools: shares, discs, shovels, sweeps and blades, rotatillers and
puddlers. Metering of seeds and granular fertilizers with various mechanism, effect of various
parameters on distribution of seed and fertilizer in seed cum fertilizer drills and planters, flow of
seeds and fertilizers through tubes and boots. Theory of atomization, specific energy for
atomization, electrostatic spraying and dusting, spray distribution patterns. Theory of
mechanical separation of grains from earheads/pods. Parameters affecting performance of
threshers, theory of root crop harvesters, power requirement of various components of field
machines. Vibration motion and its terminology; principal modes of vibration; vibration of
lumped parameters systems and continuous systems. Lagrange equation.

Processing & Food Engineering

Unit I
Introduction to heat and mass transfer and their analogous behavior, steady and unsteady
state heat conduction, analytical and numerical solution of unsteady state heat conduction
equations. Fluid flow and continuity equation, Phase equilibria, Mass transfer application in
food processing. Convective heat transfer in food processing heat transfer between fluids and
solid foods, Lumped heat analysis, Dimensionless numbers, mixing of fluids, Thermodynamic
properties and process, Heat pump, refrigeration and heat engines.
Unit II
Engineering properties of biological materials (i.e. physical, electrical, thermal, optical etc.);
physical characteristics of different food grains, fruits and vegetables; Shape and size,
description of shape and size, volume and density, porosity, surface area. Non-Newtonian fluid
and viscometry, rheological properties, force, deformation, stress, strain, elastic, plastic
behavior. Application of Engineering properties in design and operations of agricultural
equipment and structures, Basic instrumentation, Sensory evaluation of food.
Unit III
Psychrometry and environment control, drying and dehydration, dryers, seed drying and
processing, Sorption and desorption isotherm, water activity, EMC, Thermal processing
operations; Basic concepts related to thermal processing, Evaporation, blanching,
pasteurization, distillation, Refrigeration principles and Food freezing. Mechanical separation
techniques, size separation equipments; Filtration, sieving, centrifugation, Material handling
equipment, conveyors and elevators; Size reduction processes; Production, processing and
utilization of cereal, pulses and oilseeds.
Unit IV
Storage of grains, biochemical changes during storage, storage factors affecting losses,
storage requirements. Bag and bulk storage, godowns, bins and silos, rat proof godowns and
rodent control, different fumigants used for pest control, Storage structure design theory,
Structural requirements in grain storage, method of stacking. Packaging of processed
products. Microwave, irradiation, ohmic heating, Pulse electric field preservation, High
pressure processing techniques, Extrusion cooking, Advanced in food process engineering.

Soil and Water Engineering

Unit I
Hydrologic process and systems; Hydrologic problems of small watershed; Hydrologic
characteristics of watershed. Measurement and analysis of hydrologic parameters, rainfall-
runoff models, stream flow measurement and analysis of data. Hydrograph analysis; Unit
hydrograph theory; Synthetic and dimension less hydrograph, convolution of unit hydrograph.
Flood routing (reservoir and channel routing). Open channel and their properties, energy and
momentum, critical flow computation and application.
Unit II
Irrigation principles: efficiency, soil plant water relationships, Irrigation scheduling methods,
Surface irrigation, hydraulics of water advance and recession. Design of Border, furrow and
check basin irrigation; Sub Irrigation methods and concepts. Design criteria of sprinkler and
micro irrigation systems, hydraulics of sprinkler and micro irrigation systems. Fertigation
aspects. Underground water conveyance system; Basic hydraulic design of centrifugal pump,
water hammer problem in centrifugal pump. Performance characteristics of pumps. Non-
conventional energy sources for pumping, wind mills, micro turbines, solar pumps, hydraulic
ram- their selection and design criteria.
Unit III
Differential equations of saturated flow, initial and boundary conditions. Dupuit and Boussinesq
approximations and linearization techniques. Analysis of seepage from canals and ditches.
Unsaturated flow theory, Infiltration and capillary rise flux dynamics. Hydrodynamic dispersion
in soil-aquifer system. Properties affecting groundwater storage and movement, groundwater
balance, Well hydraulics, steady and unsteady state flow in confined, unconfined and semi-
confined aquifers, steady flow in sloping aquifers, partial penetrating wells. Analysis of multi-
aquifers. Flow analysis in interfering wells. Pumping tests and determination of aquifer
parameters. Techniques for groundwater recharge. Theories and applications of surface and
sub-surface drainage, steady state, unsteady state drainage equations for layered and non-
layered soils, horizontal sub-surface drainage. Principle and applications of steady sate and
unsteady state equations (falling and fluctuating water table conditions). Salt balance, leaching
requirement and management practices under drained conditions; Design of different
components of sub-surface drainage systems, theories of vertical drainage and multiple well
point system. Disposal of drainage effluents.
Unit IV
Probability and continuous frequency distribution; Fitting empirical distributions. Layout and
planning of soil and water conservation measures; Design principles of soil and water
conservation structures including contour bunds and terraces; Gully control measures.
Hydraulic jump and energy dissipaters for soil conservation structures; Hydrologic, hydraulic
and structural design of drop structures. Sediment deposition process. Estimation of sediment
load, earthen dams, seepage through dams and stability analysis. Rainwater harvesting, Flood
control and stream bank protection measures.

College of Basic Sciences & Humanities

Biochemistry
Unit-I: Biochemistry in agriculture; pH, acid, base and buffers; covalent and non-
covalent forces; physical techniques for determination of structure of biopolymers.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; biomembranes; thermodynamics; vitamins
and hormones; cell, organelles, methods of studying metabolism, compartmentation of
metabolic pathways. Catabolic and anabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, amino
acids, nucleic acids, their regulation and metabolic disorders. Bioenergetics; signal
transduction; metabolic engineering.
Unit-II: Enzyme history; classification, compartmentalization, cofactors, ribozymes,
isozymes, abzymes. multienzyme complexes; specificity; active site mapping;
mechanisms of catalysis; purification. kinetics; inhibition and activation; allosteric
enzymes and their kinetics; regulation; enzyme applications; immobilization, biosensors.
History of molecular biology; nucleic acids as genetic material, DNA, RNA. Genome
organization; replication, restriction enzymes; site directed mutagenesis; molecular
mechanism of mutation; DNA repair mechanisms. transcription, RNA editing and
processing; genetic code, translation and post-translational modifications; regulation of
gene expression. DNA modifying enzymes, vectors; recombinant DNA technology;
nucleic acid hybridization; gene libraries; PCR; DNA sequencing; applications of gene
cloning; genetic engineering, transgenics; genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics.
Unit-III: Absorption maxima; estimation of carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins and
nucleic acids. chromatography; electrophoresis. Centrifugation: Cell fractionation;
radioisotopes. Pigments, photosynthesis: C2, C3, C4, CAM pathways; Sucrose-starch
interconversion; biosynthesis of structural carbohydrates, storage proteins and lipids;
nitrogen fixation and nitrate assimilation; sulphate reduction and incorporation of sulphur
in to amino acids, secondary metabolites. seed germination and development; fruit
ripening; phytohormones.
Unit-IV: Digestion, absorption of food; detoxification; respiration; animal hormones;
hormone receptors; immunoglobulins; monoclonal antibodies; formation of antibody;
antibody diversity; complement systems, major histocompatibility complexes; cell
mediated immune response; mechanisms of immunity. Nutrition; balanced diet;
biochemical composition; energy and food value of food grains, fruits and vegetables;
nutritional characteristics of carbohydrates, proteins, fats and their interactions.
Biochemical, nutritional aspects of vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals, antinutritional
factors; post harvest storage, food spoilage, lipase, lipoxygenase, oxidative rancidity and
antioxidants. food additives; food flavours and aroma; nutritional quality of plant, dairy,
poultry and marine products.

Chemistry
Unit-I:The concepts of free energy, entropy,enthalpy and laws of thermodynamics,
partial molar properties; thermodynamics of ideal and real gases and gas mixtures.
Thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal binary solutions; activity coefficients of
electrolytes. Phase equilibrium, Gibbs and Helmeholtz energy;Free energy change
electrochemistry; conductance and its application, transport nulse Galvanic Cell, EMF
and free energy. Concentration of cells with and without transport oxidation reduction
potential activities; determined of activity co-efficient solutions of ideal and non-ideal
solutions, methods of expressing concentration of solution, colligative properties, Roult’s
Law, relative lowering of vapour pressure elevation of boiling point and depression of
freezing point.Theories of reaction rates, collisions theory, transition state theory, theory
of unimolecular reactions-Lindemann`s mechanism; rate constants of fast reactions -
relaxations, stop-flow and flash photolysis techniques. Polymerisation, explosion, ionic
reactions. Complex reactions-electron transfer reactions, consecutive, opposing
reactions; kinetics of catalytic reactions, acid base catalysis, effect of pH and salt effects.
Freundlich`s adsorption isotherm, Langmuirs adsorption isotherm and its
limitations.B.E.T adsorption isotherm; chemi sorption, kinetics of surface reaction and
their mechanism.

Unit-II:Review of the atomic structure-wave mechanical approach, wave functions for

hydrogen atom, radial distribution curves for s, p, d and f orbitals, angular wave functions
for s, p, d and f orbitals-their significance and use.Application of VB, MO and VSEPR
theories in explaining the structure of simple molecules. Rules for fundamental
vibrations. Hybridization: Electron deficient compound acid and bases- review of
arthenius and BranspedThonjes Lewis concept.The theories of bonding in coordination
compunds -valence bond theory, electroneutrality principle and back-bonding, crystal
field theory and its application for understanding magnetic and spectral properties of
metal complexes, structural effects of crystal field splitting (ionic radii, Jahn-Teller effect).
Thermodynamical effects of crystal field splitting (hydration, ligation and lattice energies).
Limitations of crystal field theory; adjusted crystal field theory (ligand field theory);
apppliction of molecular orbital theory of square planar, tetrahedral and octahedral
complexes; stability of complexes-methods of determination. Factors influencing
stability; substitution reactions in octahedral complexes and associated stereochemical
changes, redox reactions in coordination compounds and their mechanism.Transition
metal complexes of pi acceptor ligands.Periodictable: main group elements ( s&p
blocks).

Unit-III: Stereochemistry and conformation analysis-conformation and configuration,

geometrical and optical isomers, methods of resolution, asymmetric
synthesis.Aromaticy; steric effects; Reactive intermediates, carbocations, carbanions,
free radicals, carbenes, arynes, nitrenes. Organic reaction mechanism: substitution
(Sn1& Sn2), addition, elimination and rearrangement reactions. Name reactions:
MannichReaction, wagner-Meerwein rearrangement pinacol-pinacolone re-arrangement,
PrinsReaction, OppenaurOxidation, Bayer-Villger Oxidation, Sand Meyer Reaction,
Bechmann rearrangement Wolf-Kishner Reduction, main feature of photochemistry and
peri-cyclic reaction, electroreaction, cycloaddition reaction, synthesis and reactivity of
Furan, Thiophene, Pyrrole, Pyridine. Structures and chemistry of terpenes-geraneol,
citralamyrins, terpeneol, pinene, camphor, squalene and abietic acid; isoprene rule;
biogenesis of mono, di-and tri terpenoids. Synthesis and chemistry of ß-carotene,
steroidscholesterolergosterol, sex hormones, progesterone, testosterone, cortisone;
plant hormones: auxin B and A, kinetin, abscisic acid, gibberllins. Alkaloid- general
structural determination, atropine, quinine, reserpine, morphine, nicotine, epherdrine,
cocaine. Acetogenins-anthocyanins,flavones, flavonols, isoflavones,
quinones.Coumarins, flavonoids; porphyrins, haemin, chlorophyll; structures of starch
and cellulose.
Unit-IV- Basic principles and application of chromatography; column, paper, thin layer
and ion exchangechromatography; gas liquid chromatography (GLC), highperformance
Chromatography (HPLC), structure- elucidation of organic compounds with the help of
UV-Vis, FTIR, 1HNMR, mass spectroscopy:Gc-MS and LC-MS techniques and their
applications; qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements of organic compounds.

FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Unit-I
Principles of food processing and preservation; Processing and preservation by heat,
low temperature, drying, concentration and non-thermal methods; Enzymes and
microorganisms in processing. Food allergens, toxins and anti-nutritional factors.
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and water: classification, physical, chemical and
functional properties; Properties of minerals, vitamins, pigments, flavor components.
Food additives: types and functions, permissible limits and safety aspects; Food
groups and their composition. Essential nutrients- sources, functions, deficiency
diseases, requirements and RDA.
Microbiology and spoilage of various food and food products; Physical and
chemical methods to control microorganisms; Food poisoning and food borne
infections; Prebiotic and probiotic; Fermented foods & beverages. Food engineering
processes: size reduction, mixing and homogenization. Principles of
thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer & kinetics of reactions. Thermal, chilling
and freezing properties of foods; Heat exchanger & process heat transfer. Packaging
: Principle, functions & problems, types, design, equipments; materials- their
properties, evaluation & performance. Packaging of perishable and processed foods.
Unit-II
Structure, composition, quality parameters, processing, and storage quality of
cereals, pulses ,oilseeds, fruits and vegetables. Grain milling technology–
parameters, methods, treatments & pre-treatments, machinery, products and by-
products; Ready-to-cook, Ready-to-eat, instantized products, extrusion cooking,
protein concentrates and isolates. Bakery and confectionary- manufacturing
technology, raw materials & quality parameters; Maturity indices, harvesting,
handling, physiological, biochemical changes, post harvest management, post
harvest disorders, and losses of fruits and vegetables; Processing of pulp, juices,
puree, concentrates, IQF, frozen F&V. Technology for processed products like
pickles, chutneys, sauces, candies, bars, toffees, jam, jellies, fruit powder, IMF, fruit
beverages etc. Beverages processing technology: tea, coffee, cocoa, water,
alcoholic and non-alcoholic. Spices & condiments processing.
Unit-III
Market milk- composition, quality evaluation and testing. Procurement, transportation
and processing of market milk. Cleaning and sanitization of dairy equipments,,
methods of manufacture, evaluation of quality, composition, standards and defects of
cream, butter, condensed & evaporated milk; dried milk, skim & whole milk powder,
ice cream, softy, and cheese. Method of manufacture of Indigenous milk products.
Meat, marine, egg & poultry: composition, grading, processing, preservation,
packaging transportation & storage of products & by-products; post-mortem muscle
biochemistry. Modern abattoirs, ante-mortem handling. Stunning methods,
slaughtering and dressing, offal handling and inspection.
Unit-IV
Quality: concept, attributes, measurement and evaluation. Sampling techniques;
Water activity & Color measurement. Principles & methods in food analysis using
Spectroscopic techniques, fluorescence, IR, NMR, atomic absorption and emission
photometry, polarimetry, refractometry, nephalometry, Chromatographic separation,
gas analysis, radio-tracers, rheology and texture analysis. Various methods for
detection of microorganisms in foods. Indicator organisms
Sensory evaluation: parameters, techniques, methods and applications. Biosensors
& non-destructive methods in quality evaluation of foods. Quality management
systems; Indian & International quality systems and standards like FSSAI, Codex,
ISO and Global food safety initiative; export import policy; Quality assurance: TQM,
GMP/GHP, GLP, GAP, sanitary and hygienic practices, HACCP etc.; Food
adulteration and food safety, IPR and Patent.

Molecular Biology & Biotechnology

Unit I
General structure and constituents of plant and animal cells; Cell wall and cell
membrane: their structure and composition; Structure and function of major
organelles: Nucleus, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Microbodies, Golgi apparatus and Vacuoles
etc.; Cell division and regulation of cell cycle; Membrane transport: Transport of
water, ion and biomolecules; Signal transduction mechanisms; Protein targeting.
Unit II
History, scope and importance of biotechnology and molecular biology; nucleic acids
as genetic material; chemistry, structure and properties of DNA and RNA; Genome
organization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; repetitive and non repetitive DNA:
satellite DNA; DNA replication: DNA polymerases, topoisomerases, DNA ligase;
DNA repair mechanisms; molecular mechanism of mutation; site directed
mutagenesis; reverse transcriptase; Ribosome: structure and function, organization
of ribosomal proteins and RNA genes; transcription; RNA editing; RNA processing
etc; genetic code; aminoacyl tRNA synthases and translation; inhibitors of
replication, transcription and translation; post translational modifications; regulation
of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genomics: Whole genome
analysis and comparative genomics; classical ways of genome analysis; large
fragment genomic libraries; Applications of genomics in agriculture, human health
and industry.

Unit III
Recombinant DNA technology: nucleases, restriction enzymes and other
DNA modifying enzymes; vectors; techniques of recombinant DNA technology and
gene cloning; Gel electrophoresis- agarose and PAGE (nucleic acids and proteins);
Dot blot analysis; Southern hybridization; Northern hybridization; Western blotting;
gene libraries; PCR: principles, variations and applications of PCR; gene cloning by
PCR and recombinant DNA technology; gene isolation; DNA sequencing and its
automation. Molecular markers: RFLP, RAPD, SSR, AFLP, SNP etc.; linkage
mapping; genetic, cytogenetic and physical maps; association mapping; allele
mining; marker assisted selection; gene introgression and pyramiding; use of
markers in plant breeding. Application of plant biotechnology in agriculture; Public
perception of biotechnology; Bio-safety and bioethics issues; Intellectual property
rights.
Unit IV
History of plant cell and tissue culture; Culture media: composition of different
constituents including growth regulators, gelling substances, sugar, major and micro
salts; medium preparation and its sterilization; Various types of culture: callus,
suspension, nurse, root, meristem, ovary etc.; In vitro differentiation: organogenesis
and somatic embryogenesis; Haploid production; Somaclonal variation; Somatic cell
hybridization; germplasm conservation; Synthetic seeds; Production of secondary
metabolites; Transgenic plants: Methods of plant transformation, Vectors , examples
of useful gene transferred, genetic and molecular analyses of transgenics, problems
in gene transfer, status of transgenic research, Public perception and bioethical
issues involved in the production of transgenics.
Animal cell and tissue culture: techniques and their applications. Importance of
biochemistry in plant sciences, Enzymes properties, Photosynthesis; respiration,
molecular organization of immunoglobulins, industrially important microorganisms,
fermentation systems, Bioreactor, Downstream processing Mendelian principles of
inheritance; central tendency and dispersion, Correlation and Regression

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY
Unit 1: General Microbiology
Scope of microbiology. Controversy over spontaneous generation. History related to
microbial world. Isolation and preservation of different types of microorganisms.
Methods of sterilization. Microscopy: Optical, phase contrast, fluorescent, dark field
and electron. Techniques used in identification and classification of bacteria.
Prokaryotic cell organisation, Archaebacteria and eukaryotic cell organisation.
Important characteristics of different groups of prokaryotes – photosynthetic bacteria,
blue green algae, chemoautotrophic bacteria, spore forming bacteria, mycoplasma,
viruses, bacteriophages and actinomycetes. Heterotrophic bacteria, nitrobacteria,
nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria, lactic acid bacteria, halophiles,
thermophiles acidophiles and methanogens. Structure and classification of viruses,
Growth of viruses, Lytic and lysogenic cycles, Plant viruses, Viroids.

Unit 2: Microbial Ecology and Physiology

Principles of microbial ecology, Microbiology of ecosystems - soil, rhizosphere,
phyllosphere, water - fresh and marine, and air. Microbial interactions - symbiosis,
synergism, commenalism, parasitism, amensalism, antagonism and predation,
adoption of micro-organisms to various ecosystems. Microbial growth curve.
Mathematical expression of growth -continuous and batch cultures. Diauxic and
synchronous growth. Sporulation in Bacteria. Microbial nutrition. Bacterial
metabolism - aerobic and anaerobic respiration, electron transport chain, microbial
photosynthesis, oxidative and substrate level photo-phosphorylation. Biosynthesis of
cell wall. Mechanism of action of common antibiotics on microbes.

Unit 3: Soil Microbiology

Major groups of soil microorganisms. Root exudates and rhizosphere effects. Plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria and their mode of action. Manipulation of rhizosphere
microflora in plant productivity. Microbial biomass. Nitrogen cycle: ammonification,
nitrification and denitrification. Biological nitrogen fixation–symbiotic and asymbiotic.
Biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation. Microbial transformations of
phosphorus, sulphur and other micro nutrients. Role of bio-fertilizers in agriculture
and forestry. Pollution of soil, water and air. Bioremediation of soil and other
environments, Formation and composition of soil organic matter: fulvic acid and
humic acid. Management of solid and liquid organic wastes, composting, biogas,
Sewage and industrial effluent treatment and their safe disposal.

Unit 4: Microbial Biotechnology

Types of fermentation. Fermenter designs and types. Control of fermentation
process - batch, feed batch and continuous. Downstream processing in fermentation
industry. Industrial production of metabolites - organic acids, alcohols, antibiotics.
Production of single cell proteins and probiotics, hormones, biofertilizers,
biopesticides. Microbiology of various raw and processed foods. Like milk, meat,
fish, egg, fruits, vegetables, juices, flour, canned foods etc. Fermented food –
vinegar, wine, saucrkraut, pickles, cheese and yoghurt. Food borne illness andFood
preservation, contamination and spoilage, food-borne illness and intoxication.

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: Metabolic Processes and Growth Regulation
Cell organelles and their physiological functions water relations, water potential of
plant cells. Mechanism of wateruptake by roots transport in roots, movement of
water in plants, water loss from plants, Evapo-transpiration. Stomata, structure
function - Mechanism of stomatal movement, antitranspirants. Photosynthesis and
bioproductivity. Photochemical process-Chloroplast, its structure, CAM plantsand
their significance. Rubisco structure andregulations, Photorespiration and its
significance, CO2fixation as a diffusive process,effect of environmental factors on
photosynthetic rates. Translocations of photosynthates and its importance insink
growth. Mitochondrial respiration, growth and maintenance respiration, cyanide
resistantrespiration and its significance. Nitrogen metabolism. Lipid
metabolismstorage,protective and structural lipids. Secondary metabolites and their
significance in plant defencemechanism. Mineral Nutrion: Dual mechanism and other
concepts of ion uptake. Loading and unloading Rhizosphere and root biology, root
growth, influence of micro-organism in nutrient acquisition, release and uptake by
plant roots. Concept of nutrient use efficiency, Heavy metal toxicity and concept of
phytoremediation. Interaction of phytohormones and nutrients.
Unit 2: Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants
Abiotic stresses affecting plant productivity. interactions between biotic and abiotic
stresses. Drought characteristic features, waterpotential in the soil-plant-air
continuum.Transpiration and it’s regulation – stomatal functions/VPD. Physiological
process affected by drought.Drought resistance mechanisms: Characteristics of
resurrection plants. Osmotic adjustmentOsmo-protectants, stress proteins. Water
use efficiency as a drought resistance trait. Molecularresponses to water deficit
stress perception, expression of regulatory and function genes andsignificance of
gene products. Stress and hormones- asnegative signal. Oxidative stress: High
temperature stress: tolerance mechanisms- chilling stress; effects on physiological
processes. Salinity: species variation in salt tolerance. Salinity effects at cellular
andwhole plant level, tolerance mechanisms. Breeding for salt resistance. Role of
phytochelatins. The greenhouse gases and global warning, global carbon deposits.
Effect of elevated gases on plant growth and development and air pollution.

Unit 3: Plant Growth Regulators and Plant Development

Plant growth regulators, Brassinosteriods, triacontanol,phenols polyamines,
jasmonates, Classification, site of synthesis,biosynthetic pathways and metabolism
and influence on plant growth and development by hormones. Hormone
receptorsand signal transduction. Hormonal regulation of gene expressions at
variousdevelopmental stages . Herbicides, classification and their mode of action.
Role of crop physiology in agriculture, crop growth and productivity, crop growth
models describingsyield (Duncan/Passioura), phenology-crop productivity, growth
factors related to biomass. Net assimilation rate. Biomass and yield relations.
Structure of seeds. Seed development patterns. Chemical composition of seeds.
Physiological processes. Seed respiration, Mobilization of stored resource in seeds.
Harmonal regulation of seed germination. Seed desiccation damage, role of LEA
proteins. Seed viability. Seed dormancy and priming.

Unit 4: Physiology of Flowering and Post Harvest Physiology

Flowering phenomenon, juvenility- transition to flowering, Control of flowering –
photoperiodism, thermoperiodism, vernalization, photomorphogenesis,
photoreceptors, phytochrome, cryptochrome, physiology of flowering,. Flowering
response-to environmental features (light, temperature, stress) etc. Physiological
processes mediating fertilization (pollen-stigma interactions), seed and fruit
development, seed and fruit abortion and means to overcome it. Physiological basis
of cytoplasmic male sterility and fertility restoration. Gene expression in
flowering.Physiological and biochemical changesduring fruit ripening and storage.
Senescence and post harvest life of cut flowers. Physical,physiological and chemical
control of post - harvest deterioration of fruits, vegetables and cut flowersand its
significance during storage and transport. Molecular approach in regulation of fruit
ripening.

SOCIOLOGY
Unit - I
Historical background of emergence of sociology and sociological perspective, Emile
Durkheim: division of labour in society, theory of suicide. Max Weber : contribution to
sociological thoughts, Karl Marx: dialectical materialism, class conflict, alienation and
political power. G.H. Mead: symbolic interactionism. Structural–functionalism and
post-structuralism: SF Nodel, T Parsons, RK Merton, C Levis Strauss. Conflict
theory: Karl Marx, R. Dahrendorf, L.A. Coser, Critical theory of neo-Marxism and
Recent trends in sociological theory.

Unit - II
Research Methodology: Nature, scope and types of Social Research; Problem of
objectivity, Ethics in Social Research. Quantitative methods and survey research:
Assumptions of quantification and measurement, survey techniques, research
design, sampling design, hypothesis, reliability and validity. Qualitative research
techniques: Techniques and methods of qualitative research, participant
observation/ethnography, interview guide, case study method, content analysis, oral
and life history. Data collection: Types and sources of data, Techniques of data
collection – observation, schedule, questionnaire, interview, caste-study and mixed
method. Statistics in social research: Measures of central tendency dispersion, chi-
square, reliability & validity.

Unit - III
Rural society in India: characteristics of peasant and agrarian society, agrarian
movement and globalization. Planned change for rural society, Panchayati Raj,
community development programmes and rural development strategies. Social
Institutions, Problems of rural society, Rural poverty, emigration, landless labour.
Indian society: Unity in diversity, varnashrama system, Caste-features, functions and
changing aspects. Rural, urban and tribal society in India. Underprivileged sections
in India : Women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, other backward groups and
role of social legislation.

Unit - IV
Rural sociology, Social stratification, Social groups, Leadership, Social structure,
Social organization, Social control, Social change, Sanskritization, westernization,
modernization and socialization. Decision making, Demography, water sanitation,
pollution energy, housing and urban development, environment, technology and
society. Nationalism, Religion, Social psychology: personality, group dynamics,
motivation and emotion. Culture, Impact of agricultural technology on rural life, Law
and polity.

STATISTICS

Unit I
Introduction to statistics, meaning, importance and limitations of statistics, collection
of data, primary and secondary data, tabulation and presentation of data through
diagrams and graphs, measures of central tendency and dispersion and their
properties, moments, skewness and kurtosis. Sample space and events, classical,
empirical and axiomatic definitions of probability, Laws of probability, Conditional
probability and Bayes’ theorem, Independence of events, Random variable,
Mathematical expectation and its properties, Moments, Moments generating,
function, Characteristic function and probability generating functions along with their
applications; Standard probability distributions and their properties, Chebyshev,
Cauchy – Schwarz, Jenson, Holders and Minkowski’s inequalities. Different modes
of convergence and their interrelations. Weak and Strong laws of large numbers,
Central limit theorem and its various forms. Correlation, rank correlation, interaclass
correlation, partial and multiple correlations, simple and multiple regression and
curve fitting by the method of least squares.

Unit II
Statistic, estimate and estimator, properties of a good estimator unbaisedness,
consistency, sufficiency and efficiency, Neyman-Fisher factorization theorem,
distributions admitting sufficient statistics, uniformly minimum variance unbiased
estimator, Cramer-Rao inequality, Rao-Blackwell theorem, completeness of a
statistic, Lehman Scheffe theorem, Methods of estimation- method of moments,
method of maximum likelihood and the properties of the estimators obtained by
these methods.
Hypotheses-Null and alternative, simple and composite, type-I and type-II errors,
critical region, level of significance, size and power function of the test, unbiased
test, most powerful and uniformly most powerful test, Neyman-Pearson lemma and
Likelihood Ratio test, tests based on t, F , Chi-square statistic, large sample tests,
interval estimation and best confidence intervals. Sequential analysis, Wald’s SPRT
and its properties, OC and ASN functions. Nonparametric tests, advantages and
disadvantages of non-parametric tests, sign test, Wilcoxon signed ranked test, run
test for randomness, median test, Mann–Whitney test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

Unit III
Population and sample, sampling unit and sampling frame, sampling Vs complete
enumeration, random and purposive sampling, simple random sampling with and
without replacement, stratified random sampling proportional and optimum
allocations, systematic, cluster and two stage sampling, estimation of population
mean and total using above methods and their comparisons, Ratio and regression
methods of estimation, probability proportional to size sampling with and without
replacement, cumulative total method and Lahiri`s method.
Analysis of variance, one way and two way classifications, Orthogonality, contrasts,
mutually orthogonal contrasts, design of experiments- basic principles of design of
experiments, uniformity trials, CRD, RBD, LSD, split plot design and BIBD,
construction of BIB and PBIB designs, Lattice designs, alpha designs, cyclic designs,
augmented designs, general analysis of block designs. 2 n and 3n -factorial
experiments with and without confounding, missing plot technique.

Unit IV
Analysis of segregation, Detection and estimation of linkage, Random mating and
Hardy- Weinberg’s Law, Forces affecting gene frequency, Fisher’s Fundamental
theorem of Natural selection, Disequilibrium due to linkage for two pair of genes and
for sex linked genes, Polygenic system for quantitative characters, Genetic variance
and its partitioning, Inbreeding, Heritability, Repeatability, Regular systems of
inbreeding, Effects of inbreeding, Path Analysis, Genetic Correlation, Heterosis,
Selection for improvement, Simultaneous selection for several characters, General
and specific combining abilities.
Multivariate Normal distribution, its properties and characteristic function, estimation
of its mean vector and dispersion matrix, Wishart distribution and its properties,
Hotelling T2 statistic, its distribution and applications, Mahalanobis D2 statistic and its
relationship with Hotelling T2 statistic, principal component analysis, factor analysis,
canonical correlation, canonical variates and discriminant analysis.

Zoology
Unit.-I. Systematics:
Details of the functional and evolutionary modification in various systems of
invertebrates and vertebrates, fundamental concepts and patterns in systematics,
animal diversity, classification, identification and nomenclatureof invertebrate and
vertebrate. Principles and methods of nomenclature; keys, their kinds and uses

Unit.-II. Ecology and Wild Life Conservation:

Environmental biology; community; ecosystems, their types, properties and
characteristics. Population, its characteristics, population interactions. Community
structure and metabolism, biogeochemical and nutrient cycles, ecological
succession, limiting factors, environmental pollution
Wild life; concepts and principles of wild life management, conservation and control,
legislation, wildlife parks and sanctuaries, Distribution, ecology and adaptations in
animals

Unit.-III. Animal Physiology & Behaviour:

Physiology of nutrition, thermoregulation, cellular immunity. Neural, humoral and
pharmacological regulation of cardio-vascular activities. Neural integration,
interneural communication; importance of specialized nervecells. Physiology of
endocrine glands, hormonal receptors; physiology of reproduction and hormonal
control of reproductive behaviour Origin and evolution of behaviour, instinct and
learning; modes of communication, significance of biorhythms
Unit.-IV.Developmental Biology: Introduction to microtomic and ultramicrotomic
techniques along with the details of development biology

College of Home Science

Foods and Nutrition

Unit I Familiarization to terms and calculations used in preparation of various

standard solutions. Sample and sampling techniques. Principles, techniques
and applications of colorimetry, spectrophotometer and atomic absorption
spectrophotometer, fluorimetry, flame photometry and electrophoresis.
Principles, techniques and application of chromatography (paper
chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC). Introduction to animal assay.
Unit II Assessment of the nutritional status at individual, household and institutional
level: direct and indirect methods. Ecological, socio-cultural, economic and
demographic correlations of malnutrition; prevalence, etiology, biochemical
and metabolic changes in vitamin A deficiency, PEM, iron deficiency anemia,
IDD. Major nutritional problems of the state, nation and world. Nutrition
intervention- definition, importance, methods of nutrition intervention and their
impact evaluation. National nutritional programmes and policies; nutritional
surveillance.
Unit III Adulthood: nutritional requirements & intake as affected by sex, occupation,
income. Pregnancy: physiological changes in pregnancy, weight gain during
pregnancy, food and nutrient requirements, storage of nutrients during
pregnancy and impact of good nutrition on the outcome of pregnancy,
complications of pregnancy and their nutritional management. Lactation:
physiology of lactation, impact of nutrition on efficiency of milk production, food
and nutrient requirements during lactation. Infancy: role of nutrition on physical
and mental development, rate of growth - weight as an indicator, assessment
of growth, nutrient requirement during infancy, feeding of infants – value of
breast feeding, breast milk composition, breast feeding Vs artificial feeding,
types of milk and their use in infant feeding, methods of formula preparation,
weaning and supplementary foods, weaning practices in the community,
special nutritional concern in infant feeding, feeding the premature and low
birth weight infants. Nutritional disorders and common ailments in infancy,
feeding the sick child, immunization schedule and growth charts. Preschool
age: growth and development – physical and mental, prevalence of
malnutrition in preschool years and food habits, nutritional requirements during
 preschool year and supplementary foods. School age: growth and
development, nutritional requirements of school age children, specific
problems in feeding school children. Adolescence: physical and physiological
changes, nutritional requirements of adolescents, food preferences and
nutritional problems. Elderly: physical and physiological changes, nutritional
requirement, problems of old age, nutrients influencing aging process.
Unit Role of dietician in a health care team in hospital and community. Newer
IV concepts in dietary management of various nutritional disorders and disease
conditions: fevers, infections. Dietary management during burns, allergy,
gastrointestinal disorders and liver diseases. Dietary management of
cardiovascular diseases, renal disorders and obesity. Dietary management of
diabetes, cancer and HIV. Nutrition in critical care.

Family Resource Management

Unit – I APPROACHES TO RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Systems approach to Family Resource Management, Concepts: values, origin &
development, classification, characteristics, hierarchy, value clusters, value conflicts and
changing values; goals; classification, chain of goals, setting of goals, changing goals,
goal priorities and crisis; standards: origin, characteristics, resource: nature, types,
measurement, changing resource availability and needs, guidelines for use of resource,
resource allocation and utilization interrelationship among concepts. Decision making
process. Application of management process to time, money and energy for work
simplification. Management process; planning, types and dimensions, planning in a
systems perspective, factors affecting planning; implementation, controlling, checking
the progress, evaluation; evaluation of resources, use and feedback. Motivation;
importance, approaches, elements of sound motivation; Leadership: importance,
theories, styles. Stress: nature, types, its management, decision making process, types
and styles, decision linkages, decision conflicts and coping strategies, communication:
communication process, types, components, functions and barriers.

Unit – II FUNDAMENTALS OF ERGONOMICS

Significance and scope of ergonomics – man, machine and environment system
interactions –Anthropometry: principles, measurements; Application of Anthropometry in
ergonomics and design –Human body in relation to ergonomic study. Body composition,
body size. Fundamentals of work physiology; muscular efforts, energy consumption,
physical fitness: measurement using different techniques. Physical work capacity and
factors affecting energy requirements and costs for various activities; fatigue.
Physiological indices of work, work-rest cycle. Fundamentals of work physiology;
muscular efforts, energy consumption, physical fitness, Bio-mechanical parameters;
Work postures, Postural variations, musculoskeletal discomfort and their measurement,
OWAS technique, environmental parameters: temperature, humidity, light, sound;
Evaluation and effect on worker and work performance Ergonomic investigations:
Techniques and problems – Ergonomic requirements for people with special needs.

Unit – III ADVANCED INTERIOR SPACE MANAGEMENT

Effect of interior design and decoration on family well being with particular
reference to special needs - Functional and aesthetic considerations in use of elements
and principles of design. Advances in design process of residential and commercial
interiors. Trends in decoration treatments for interiors and interior backgrounds from past
to resent in furniture, furnishings, accessories, lighting, fittings and fixtures, wall & floor
surface materials, finishes. Changing trends in thermal, acoustics and safety
mechanisms.
Unit – IV ADVANCED HOUSING
Historical perspective of the architectural features of buildings –Structural features of
residential buildings in different geo-climatic conditions -Social-cultural and economic
issues in housing. Housing stock quality, demand and supply in urban and rural areas of
India -Role of Government and non-government organizations in providing and
regulating housing needs. Vastushastra-Ancient Science of house design - Emerging
techniques in the house construction, Low -cost building materials and fabrication
techniques, Eco and Ergo friendly house design, house wiring, sanitary fittings,
acoustics, rain water harvesting structures for houses. Estimation of cost and housing
finance, recent developments in building Bye Laws - Housing research-Landscape
planning.

Extension Education and Communication Management

UNIT-I: Extension efforts in India after independence: Community Development

Programme; Panchayati Raj Institutions; T & V system; Special programmes for
poor, women and children: IRDP, SGSY, NLM, TRYSEM, DWCRA, ICDS,
MNREGA, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao etc. Extension approaches and organisations:
ATMA, DRDA, Central Social Welfare Board, State Social Welfare Board, NABARD;
Extension system of ICAR, SAUs and state departments; Problems and issues of
extension management in India; Critical appraisal of management of various
extension organizations; Role of NGO/voluntary organisations in rural development;
Five Year Plans in India; Comparative extension system of selected developed and
developing countries: USA, UK, Israel, China, Pakistan, Japan and Brazil; Gender
perspectives in development of women

UNIT-II: Training: Concept and importance in Human Resource Development (HRD)

and rural development; Types and models of training; Participatory training
methods; Lecturette, interactive demonstration, brain storming, case studies,
syndicate method, simulation exercises, role play etc. UNIT; Designing,
management and delivery of training programme; Monitoring, evaluation and impact
assessment; extension programme planning : objectives, principles and process;
Techniques of participatory planning: RRA, PRA, PLA and their application in
extension; Project management techniques: PERT, CPM, SWOT analysis; Concept
and formation of women SHGs.

UNIT-III: Communication: concept, meaning, importance, models, theories and

types; Communication approaches: individual, group and mass; Communication
fidelity, credibility, empathy, feedback and factors affecting communication process;
Barriers in communication; Communication skills: reading ,writing, public speaking
etc; Concept and element of diffusion; Concept and stages of Innovation: decision
process, attributes and consequences of Innovations; Adopter categories and
innovativeness; Development communication; Recent advances in communication:
internet, e-mail, fax, mobile, interactive video, teleconferencing, computer and
computer networking, AGRINET and e-Governance; Process of print and elctronic
media production: newspaper, magazine and other extension publications (leaflets,
brochures, newsletters, bulletins, booklets, posters, radio, TV; Multimedia: concept
and evolution; Fundamentals of making a multi media programme: text, graphics and
audio
UNIT IV : Social research: meaning and importance; Types of research; Qualities of
researcher; Steps of research: selection and delineating of research problem,
statement of general and specific objective, formulation of hypothesis; Variable and
their types; Planning research design, selection and development of data collection
tools, collection of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drawing conclusion,
writing abstract and research report; Review of literature: importance, sources of
literature, organizing review, collection and presentation; Sampling: meaning and
importance, sampling techniques, determine size of sample; Research Design:
historical, experimental, ex-post-facto, survey, case study, field studies; Techniques
of data collection: observation, interview, questionnaire, projective technique, content
analysis and sociometry; Scale and tests; Validity and reliability.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES

Unit -I Theories of Human Development: psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud,

psycho-social theory of Erikson, stimulus response theories, Piaget’s
theory of cognitive development, moral development theory of Kohlberg
and Piaget, Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, attachment
theory of Bowlby and Ainsworth. Chomsky’s language development theory,
socio-cultural theory by Vygotsky.

Unit -II Life Span Development: physical and motor, perceptual, cognition and
metacognition and language development, emotional maturity, stability and
catharsis, vulnerability and resilience, culture and its impact on
development, influence of cultural factors. Integrated view of development
from a life span perspective; recent research trends in human development
issues.

Unit - History and development of early childhood education; contribution of

III educationists – MK Gandhi, RN Tagore, Zakir Hussain, Sri Aurobindo,
Krishnamurthi, Tarabai Modak, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kothari Commission,
Yashpal committee report. Contributions of Martin Luther, John Ames
Comenius, Johan Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, John Dewey, Robert
Owen, Maria Montessori, Jean Piaget, B.S. Bloom, J.Mc V Hunt.: National
policies on early childhood programs; concept of school readiness

Unit - Assessment – definition, function, concept of measurement, techniques

IV and their relative efficacy in measuring different aspect of human
development, methods and techniques of assessment in human
development: anthropometry, sociometry, psychometry, psychological
tests, projective techniques, individual and group tests, , trends and
challenges in assessment of human behaviour; ethical issues in the
assessment of human development, scientific methods and their criteria -
reliability, validity control and item analysis, development of test /scale and
standardization procedure, types of scales nominal, ordinal, interval and
ratio scale.
TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING

Unit-I
Chemistry of polymers- polymerisation, types, degree and characteristics; structure of
textile fibres- general, molecular bonding, length, orientation, and requirements of fibre
forming substances; structure and property relations of the fibres - repeating units,
bonds, reactive groups and physical properties; commercial processes of fibres; study of
new fibres-bio-component and biconstituent fibres; blending – principles, technology and
types; importance of textile testing, standardization and quality control, functions of BIS
and other standards; Sampling techniques; moisture relations in textiles; standard
conditions of testing; fibre testing - length, linear density, maturity; yarn testing – yarn
number, single and lea strength, twist, crimp and evenness; fabric testing –weight,
thickness, strength – breaking, tear and bursting ; abrasion resistance – flat, flex; pilling;
crease recovery; stiffness; drapability; air permeability; thermal properties; flammability
and assessment of other safety aspects in textiles; water permeability – repellency,
wicking and dimensional stability; comfort and fabric handle measurement.

Unit-II
Advanced techniques of pattern making and draping - incorporating style lines and
fullness; principles of contouring, surplice/off shoulder and halter designs; built-in
necklines, cowls and collars; skirts, advanced sleeve variations, exaggerated armholes,
pockets, bias cut dresses; jackets, types of pants; pattern adoption to knits.

Unit-III
Textile auxiliaries, selection, classification and use in important processing operations in
which auxiliaries are used; chemistry and synthesis of surface active agents- essential
requirements of a
surfactant, classification, anionic surfactants, cationic agents, non-ionic surfactants,
biodegradability of surfactants; finishing agents, stiffening agents, cross linking agents,
optical brightening agents, softeners, water repellents, flame retarding agents, antistatic
agents, soil release agents, antipilling agents, mothproof and mildew proof agents;
methods of evaluation of textile auxiliaries; eco-friendly auxiliaries.

Unit-IV
Ideal workstation for CAD- Selection of suitable hardware and software; role of
computers in textile and apparel designing production; types of images and
characteristics; saving of images; colour ways in computers, creation of new designs for
textile surface - planning for various weave designs – stripes, checks etc; leading to
application and change of fabric texture, print and colour; creation of designs in apparel;
texture variation by using effects like embossing, blooming, transparency and
translucent look on a garment; use of 3 D softwares for customisation of created designs
as per end uses; fashion trends in accessories: introduction, designing and product
developments of trims, foot wears, hand bags, buttons, buckles, belts, hats, scarf,
jewelry, neck ties
 SYLLABUS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

INTRODUTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Definitions and concepts in environmental sciences; ecology, ecosystem and environments;

components of environments and their interactions; Structure and functions of ecosystems; biotic and
abiotic interactions; energy flow and nutrient cycling in different ecosystems-trophic levels, food chains,
Productivity models; Ecosystems and biogeographic regions; Natural resources of India: land, soil, water
and forest and their conservation, Effects of deforestation on soil erosion; Biodiversity- Levels and
Scales of Biodiversity- genetic, Species and Ecosystem Diversity; Origin of Life, Organic Evolution;
Genesis of Biodiversity; Biodiversity changes in space and time; Speciation and Isolation Mechanism;
Global Climate Change and Loss of Biodiversity; Bio-productivity and Sustainability; Biodiversity and
Life Security – Food Health, Environmental and Job Security. In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of
biological diversity.

MICROBES AND ENVIRONMENT

Introduction and scope of environment microbiology; Microbial diversity of soil, air and water,
Microbial interactions; Microbes in normal and extreme environments & their classification; Factors
governing microbial life in extreme environment; Microbial technology in pollution abatement and its
bioremediation; Waste management by biogas technology and composting, Sewage treatment; Concept of
BOD, COD, DO, CO2 and Cl2 in water; Biofuels; Recovery of metals and petroleum; Soil biota, Soil
microbial ecology, types of organisms in different soils; Soil microbial biomass; Microbial interactions:
unculturable soil biota; Biofertilizers, soil enzyme activities and importance; Microbial transformations
of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, iron and manganese in soil; Biochemical composition and
biodegradation of soil organic matter and crop residues; Biodegradation of pesticides, Organic wastes and
their use for production of biogas and manures; Biotic factors in soil development.

SOIL, WATER AND AIR POLLUTION

Soil, water and air Pollution problems associated agriculture; Nature and sources of pollutants-
agricultural, industrial, urban wastes, fertilizers and pesticides, acid rains, oil spills etc; Air, water and soil
pollutants-their CPC standards and effects on plants, animals and human beings; Sewage and industrial
effluents- effects on soil properties/health/plant growth and human beings; Pesticides and their
classifications, behaviour in soil and effects on soil microorganism; Toxic elements- their sources,
behaviour in soil and effects on nutrients availability and on plant health and due to leaching of nutrients
and pesticides from soil, emission of greenhouse gases- carbon dioxide, methane and nitroxide.
Remediation/amelioration of contaminated soil, water and air. Factors affecting plant response to air
pollution; Acid rain, physiological and biochemical effects of SO2, HF, PAN and O3 on vegetation,
toxicity symptoms on vegetation.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Toxic chemicals in Environment; Pesticides: Persistent organic pollutants, Mode of action,

Carbamates, Organophophates, Pyrethroids, Mode of Entry; Metabolic pathways of some insecticides
(DDT, Parathion); Brief account of herbicides; Green Chemistry: Principle and concepts of green
chemistry; Water Chemistry: Water quality parameters and standards, Dissolution reactions,
Complexation reaction, Effect of parameters on water quality (Temperature, Salinity, pH, Turbidity, DO,
Nutrients, Faecal coliforms); Chemistry of house products: Chemistry of cleaning, Surfactants, Chelating
agents, Soaps and detergents; Polymer and Plastics (Chemical structure and types).

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LAW AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

Environmental and Development Policies: Land and agricultural policies; Land use policy, Policy
on resettlement and rehabilitation, Forest Policies in India; National Forest Policy 1952 and 1988,
National Environment Policy 2006, Policy on abetment of pollution, National Water Policy; Convention
on International Trade in Endangered, Convention on wetlands, Control of trans-boundary movement of
hazardous wastes and their disposal, The Montreal Protocol, Convention on Biological Diversity 1992
(CBD), Cartagena Protocol on bio-safety 2000(CPB), United Nation Framework, Convention of Climate
Change.
 DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

SYLLABUS – Ph.D. Entrance Examination Subject: Management

Unit – I: General Management

Management – Concept, Process, Theories and Approaches, Management Roles and Skills,
Functions – Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Coordinating and Controlling, Communication –
Types, Process and Barriers, Entrepreneurship Development.
Managerial Economics – Concept & Importance, Demand& Cost analysis, Elasticity
Forecasting, Market Structures – Market Classification.
Organisational Behaviour, Individual Behaviour – Personality, Perception, Values, Attitude,
Learning, Group Behaviour – Team Building, Leadership, Group Dynamics, Organizational
Culture & Climate, Organization Development, Organisational Change.
Strategic Management- SWOT Analysis, Corporate Strategy, Business Portfolio Analysis -
BCG Matrix, CSR
Research Methodology- Data Collection & Questionnaire Design, Sampling – Concept, Process
and Techniques, Types of scales, Hypothesis Testing
Operations Management – Role and Scope, Facility Location and Layout – Site Selection and
Analysis, Layout – Design and Process, Total Quality Management – KAIZEN, Benchmarking,
Six Sigma; ISO 9000 Series Standards.

Unit – II: HRM

Human Resource Management – Concept, Perspectives, Influences and Recent Trends, Human
Resource Planning, Recruitment and Selection, Induction, Training and Development, Job
Analysis, Job Evaluation, Motivation and theories, Compensation Managementand Performance
Appraisal, Talent Management & Skill Development, Employee Engagement & Work Life
Balance, Industrial Relations: Disputes & Grievance Management, Labour Welfare and Social
Security, Trade Union & Collective Bargaining.

Unit– III: Finance and Accounting

Accounting Principles and Standards, Preparation of Financial Statements, Financial Statement
Analysis – Ratio Analysis, Funds Flow and Cash Flow Analysis, Marginal Costing, Cost
Volume Profit Analysis, Standard Costing & Variance Analysis, Financial Management,
Concept & Functions, Capital Structure – Theories, Cost of Capital, Sources and Finance,
Budgeting and Budgetary Control, Types and Process, Zero base Budgeting.
Time Preference for Money, Valuation of Bonds and Shares, Risk and Returns; Capital
Budgeting – Nature of Investment, Evaluation, Dividend – Theories and Determination, Mergers
and Acquisition, Portfolio Management – CAPM, Working Capital Management –
Determinants, Cash, Inventory, Receivables and Payables Management. Financial Institutions,
Commercial Banks, Cooperative Banks, Micro Finance.

Unit –IV: Marketing Management

Marketing – Concept, Orientation, Trends and Tasks, Customer Value and Satisfaction, Market
Segmentation, Positioning and Targeting, Product and Pricing Decision – Product Mix, Product
Life Cycle, New Product development, Pricing – Types and Strategies, Distribution and
promotion decision – Marketing channels, IMC, Advertising and Sales promotion
Consumer and Industrial Buying Behaviour, Branding decisions, Managing Sales Force,
Personal Selling, Service, Customer Relationship Marketing, Retail Management, Emerging
Trends in Marketing – Concept of e-Marketing, Direct Marketing, Digital Marketing and Green
Marketing, International Marketing – Entry Mode Decisions.
INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT & AGRIPRENEURSHIP, GURUGRAM

SYLLABUS-Ph.D. Entrance Examination Subject: Rural Management

Unit-1: Management functions- Planning, organizing, staffing, motivating and leading,

controlling; managerial skills, levels of management; Decision making; Management by
objectives; Nature, scope and significance of organizational behavior; leadership styles, group
dynamics, motivation, organizational culture of climate, conflict management, organizational
change; Human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment and selection, Human resource
Training and Development, Performance Appraisal, Compensation management, Worker’s
participation in Management;

Unit-II: Meaning, types, and process of research; Research methodology in management-

exploratory, descriptive, experimental, diagnostic; Problem formulation or hypotheses, scales of
measurement, sources of data, instruments of data collection; Sampling-Probability and non-
probability sampling techniques. -Simple partial and multiple correlations, rank correlation,
simple and multiple regressions, hypothesis testing, null hypothesis. Level of significance one
tail and two tail test, type 1 and type II it-test, F-test, chi-square test, run test, sign test.

Unit III: Need, scope, functions and importance of rural/agriculture finance, classification of
credit, estimation of credit requirement, 3 R’s of credit, balance sheet, income statement, cash
flow statement for a rural unit; financial and operating leverage; factors affecting capital
structure, features of an optimal capital structure; concept and components of working capital,
need for working capital in rural market; functioning of cooperative credit institutions,
commercial banks, regional rural banks & NABARD; Ecology of cooperative administration,
cooperative sector and economic development; nature, functions and purpose of cooperatives;
role of leadership in cooperative management; long range planning for cooperative expansion,
policy making; credit cooperative, cooperative marketing, dairy cooperative.

Unit IV: Rural Market structure-meaning, components and dynamics. Formulation of marketing
strategy; rural marketing environment, Design of marketing mix; Market segmentation and
targeting; Determinants of consume behaviour, Stages and estimation of demand of new product;
Product life cycle: Marketing agencies/Intermediaries, distribution channels; Nature and
characteristics of rural markets, potential of rural markets in India, rural communication and
distribution, Marketing of consumer durable and non-durable goods and services in the rural
markets, innovation in rural marketing; WTO and its implications for rural sector; TRIPS,
TRIMS quotas, antidumping duties, quantitative and qualitative restrictions, tariff and non-tariff
measures, trade liberalization, subsidies, green and red boxes, importance of foreign trade.
Current approaches in Extension, Farming System Approach, Farming Situation Based-
Extension Market-Led-Extension, Farm field School, ATIC, Kisan Call Centres, NAIP.
 Syllabus for Ph.D Entrance Examination

Ph.D Aquaculture

Unit I: Sustainable Aquaculture

Present scenario and problems: Trends in global and Indian aquaculture; different farming
systems; intensive systems and constraints - environmental degradation and disease outbreaks.
Sustainability and development: Systems approach and its application in aquaculture with
special reference to resource-poor systems; Role of aquatic resources in food and nutrition;
Environmental issues: Exotic species introduction; escapement; contamination of indigenous
gene pool; salinization of soil and water; environmental impact; over exploitation of wild
stocks; mangrove deforestation. Strategies for sustainability: Sustainability concept; food
security; biosecurity; organic farming; integrated farming; responsible aquaculture; rotational
aquaculture; bioremediation; role of biotechnology, traceability. Sustainable use of
antibiotics. Economic viability, value addition.
Unit II: Soil and Water Quality Management in Aquaculture
Soil and water interaction: Physical and chemical properties of soil and water, Productivity vs
nutrient quality and quantity of soil and water; aquatic microorganisms and their role in
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur cycles and impact on aquatic habitats and species.
Soil and water quality monitoring: soil and water quality standards; soil and water quality
monitoring and management. Fertilizers and manures: Different kinds of fertilizers and
manures, fertilizer grade, source, rate and frequency of application, Biofertilizers, Use of
treated sewage for pond fertilization, Utilization of bioactive compounds by microorganisms.
Soil and water quality management: Cat clay/pyrite soil, seepage, water treatment, water
filtration devices, aeration, chlorination, ozonization and UV radiation, Algal bloom control,
eutrophication, Aquatic weed management, Waste water treatment practices, Role of
microorganisms in fish production, fish health and fish safety
Unit III: Nutrition and Feed Technology
Fish nutrition: Principles of fish nutrition and terminologies, nutritional requirements of
cultivable finfish and shellfish: larvae, juveniles and adults. Nutritional biochemistry:
Classification, nutrient quality and evaluation of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates.Role of
nutrients: amino acids, fatty acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals.
Nutritional physiology: Digestion, accretions and nutrient flow, Factors affecting
digestibility. microbial toxins, methods of elimination, nutrient deficiency and symptoms. Feed
Resources: Nutritional value of feed ingredients and live feed, Contribution from natural food
to nutrient requirements of fish.
Unit IV: Aquatic Animal Health Management
Basics of fish and shellfish health management: Host-pathogen-environment relationship,
Management of culture systems, Environmental stress. Defence system in fish and shellfish,
Antibody and cell mediated immunity in fish and shellfish. Parasitic and mycotic diseases:
General characteristics, Epizootiology, Diagnosis, Life cycle, Prevention and treatment.
Infectious bacterial and viral diseases: General characteristics, Epizootiology, Diagnosis,
Prevention and treatment. Non-infectious Diseases: Nutritional diseases, water, soil,
environmental parameters and their effects on fish health. Disease in hatcheries and grow- out
systems. Disease surveillance and reporting. Disease control and management: Environment
management, chemotherapeutic agents, host management, prophylaxis- vaccines, adjuvants,
immunostimulants and probiotics.

Ph.D Fisheries Resources Management

Unit I: Inland Fisheries Resources

Categorization of different freshwater fisheries resources: Ponds, lakes, bheels, tanks,
estuaries, brackish water lagoons, wetlands, biosphere reserves and mangroves and derelict
water bodies their problems and management aspects. Bheel fisheries resources of India:
Open and closed bheels, productivity conditions, Capture scenario, prospects of culture based
systems. Riverine fisheries resources: habitat modification and improvement (rehabilitation of
channels and flood plains), protection and restoration of fish movements (different types of
fish passes and enhancement of fish migration), management and repair of riverine vegetation,
stock enhancement strategies like introduction of new species, pre- and post- stocking
management, potential risk of stocking. Cold water fisheries of India: Present trends,
problems due to habitat destruction, management aspects, prospects of sports fisheries in
India. Reservoir Fisheries: Classification of reservoirs, present productivity levels, management
practices. Estuarine fisheries: classification of estuaries- present productivity level- potential;
Problem – management practices. Community participation in fishery resource management.
Unit II: Marine Fisheries Resource Management
Major fishing nation of the world, major fishing regions, present trend of marine capture
fisheries. Important finfish and shellfish resources in demersal and pelagic systems;
conservation strategies. Principles of management of fisheries resources objectives of
management, issues and challenges of managing multi-gear fisheries. Sustainability:
Principles, social economic ecological biological and legal issues Fisheries co-management.
Fisheries and fishing methods in open waters: Inshore fisheries (up to 50 m depth), offshore
fisheries (50-200 m depth) High sea fisheries (beyond 200m) up to outer limit of EEZ and
in International waters. Conservation aspects: Biodiversity principles, categorization of species
into endangered; Case studies of fisheries conflicts depending on problems in different
states.
Unit III: Marine Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Conservation
Biology of selected endangered species of sponges, corals, gastropods, bivalves, sea
cucumbers, fishes, sea snakes, turtles, birds and marine mammals. IUCN criteria –- Red List,
Wild life protection act, International treaties and conventions, Marine Protected Areas,
Sanctuaries and Biosphere reserves. Establishment of National marine parks, in situ and ex
situ conservation. Marine and Coastal Ecosystems – Overview; physico-chemical
environment; ecological notions; plankton; benthos, mangroves; sea grasses and corals.
Unit IV: Tropical Fish Stock Assessment
Stock concept. Estimation of growth parameters and mortality rates. Virtual population
methods. Gear selectivity. Sampling of commercial catches. Yield per recruit model. Surplus
production model. Swept area method - Box model. Stock recruitment relationship – Stochastic
model – estimation of technical reference point MSY and other yield base reference point.
Ph.D Fish Processing Technology

Unit I: Technology of Fish Freezing and Frozen Storage

Freezing: Structure of water and ice, Influence of solutes on the structure of water and ice,
phase equlibria and freezing curves of pure water and binary solutions, freezing curve for
fish. Determination of freezing points from time- temperature plots, calculation of freezing
time. Crystallization, homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation, super cooling, crystal
growth, eutectic point, location of ice crystals in tissue, physical changes during freezing.
Technological aspects of freezing: Slow and rapid freezing, Methods of freezing, comparison
of various freezing methods, product processing, packaging and different types of freezers.
Theories of cryopreservation, glazing. Frozen storage: Physical and chemical changes.
Chemical changes in lipids, proteins and nucleotides, freeze denaturation and theories on
denaturation, changes in pH, bacterial changes, sensory changes, texture, taste, odour, effect
of post-mortem condition on sensory qualities. temperature and duration of storage on quality
and shelf life. Arrangements within a cold storage, handling and stacking systems. Filleting
of fish, treatments, glazing, packaging and freezing. Different methods of Processing and
thawing, Recent advances in fish thawing.
Unit II: Thermal Processing Of Fishery Products
Principles of thermal processing. Mechanism of heat transfer: conduction, convection,
radiation and dielectric and microwave heating, unsteady state of transfer, heat resistance of
bacteria and spores, decimal reduction time, thermal death time, "Z" and "F" values, 12D
concept, heat penetration, cold point, can size, shape, contents etc. on heat penetration,
determination of process time. Heating equipment. Classification of foods: low acid, medium
acid and acidic foods, absolute sterility, statistical sterility, commercial sterility, pasteurisation
and sterilisation. Canning process, steps involved, process flow, additives, HTST processing
and aseptic canning, principles and process details, canning machinery and equipment, canning
process for fish/shellfish, value added and ready to use canned products. Spoilage of canned
food, Combination and synergistic effects. Hurdle technology, effects of irradiation on protein,
lipids, vitamins, bacteriological aspects, physical properties, shelf life and irradiated fish
products.
Unit III: Quality Assurances, Management and Certification
Quality management, total quality concept and application in fish trade. Quality assessment
of fish and fishery products- physical, chemical, organoleptic and microbiological quality
standards. Water quality and standards. Sensory evaluation of fish and fish products, basic
aspects, different methods of evaluation, taste panel selection and constitution, statistical
analysis. HACCP and Good manufacturing practices. National and International standards.
Factory sanitation and hygiene: National and international requirements, SSOP, Sanitary
and Phytosanitary measures.Food laws in India, integrated food law.
Unit IV: Applied Fish Biochemistry
Seafood proteins: Classification. Sarcoplasmic proteins, Myofibrillar proteins, Stroma
proteins, Functional properties of seafood proteins: Solubility, emulsification, viscosity,
water holding, stability, gelation, texture profile analysis. Changes in proteins during
processing, Denaturation- At high and low temperatures and kinetics, dissociation /
aggregation / coagulation, reversibility, significance to processing and quality. Hydrolysis and
hydrolysates: Process and applications, proteinases. Post mortem biochemical changes, rigor
mortis, K-value, TMAO and its decomposition products, demethylase. Macro and trace
elements in fish and shellfish; Vitamins and Minerals of nutritional significance, toxic metals
and their harmful effects and metallothionines. Flavour and pigments; amines, volatile fatty
acids, carbonyls, sulphur containing compounds, carotenoids, isoprenoids in fish.Biogenic
amines, Aflatoxins in cured fish.
Principles and methods involved in the separation and analysis of fish muscle constituents.

Ph.D Aquatic Animal Health Management

Unit 1: Introduction to Fish Health and Pathology

Definition of health and disease in fish: Pre-disposing factors, biotic and abiotic factors, stress
and general adaptation syndrome; Host-pathogen-environment interaction; Role of physical
(injuries, health, cold), chemical (pH, salinity, toxins, ammonia, nitrogenous waste,
endogenous chemical metabolites, free radicals, oxidants), soil and water parameters in fish
health; General pathology: Degeneration, cellular adaptation and abnormalities; Neoplasms:
Etiology, classification, morphology and behaviour; Inflammation and cell death; Wound
healing and tissue repair; General anatomy and systemic pathological changes caused by viral,
bacterial and parasitic diseases in finfish and crustaceans.
Unit II: Diseases of Fish & Shellfish
Major bacterial (furunculosis, aeromoniasis, columnaris disease, bacterial gill disease,
vibriosis, mycobacteriosis, nocardiosis, haemophilosis, edwardsiellosis, enteric red mouth,
pasteurellosis, pisci rickettsiosis, streptococcosis and clostridium disease, bacterial diseases of
shellfish such as vibriosis, AHPND, necrotizing hepatopancreatitis, rickettsial diseases,
mycobacteriosis), viral (Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis (EHN), Infectious Haematopoietic
Necrosis (IHN), Oncorhynchus Masou Virus (OMV), Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy
(VER), Spring Viraemia of Carp (SVC), Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (VHS),
Lymphocystis, Koi Herpes Virus (KHV), infectious salmon anaemia, salmonid alphavirus and
red seabream iridoviral disease, WSSV, YHV, TSV, IHHNV, MBV, HPV, BP, BMN, LSNV,
GAV, MrNV & XSV, infectious myonecrosis virus), fungal (Aphanomycosis, cotton wool
disease, branchiomycosis,&aspergillosis), parasitic and non-infectious diseases of fish and
shellfish in aquaculture systems; Common bacterial infections in fish and shellfish:
Epidemiology, virulence and pathogenesis of major bacterial infections; Fungal pathogens of
shellfish viz., Lagenidium, Sirolpidium, Fusarium; Classification of viruses, virus genome,
replication of virus, virus-host relationships, molecular pathogenesis, major viruses infecting
fish and shellfish and their pathogenesis, epidemiology; Virus isolation using cell lines, new
antiviral compounds, virus and gene therapy; Life cycle, host-parasite relationship, treatment
and control measures of important ecto- and endo-parasites infecting fish and shellfish; Fish-
borne parasitic zoonoses; Patho-epizootiology, treatment and control of mycotoxicosis, EUS,
saprolegniasis and other fungal pathogens of fish and shellfish.
Unit III: Disease Diagnosis
Principles of disease diagnosis, specificity and sensitivity and efficiency of diagnostic
techniques, conventional and rapid diagnostic methods of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic,
non-infectious diseases of finfish and shellfish; Conventional clinical pathology and diagnosis
of disease: Principles of sampling, sampling methodologies, physical examination, necropsy,
haematology, clinical chemistry, microbiology and histopathology; Clinical laboratory
examination of various biomaterials from fish and shellfish, normal picture of blood, serum
enzymology, disorders and their interpretations, examination of skin scrapings, gill, internal
organs, other tissues, various immunological, serological and molecular diagnosis using PCR,
RT-PCR, and real time PCR, LAMP, RPA, hybridization techniques, microarray, etc., and the
principals involved in ELISA; Immunoperoxidase, immunochromatography, monoclonal
antibody production, MAB-based diagnosis; Primer designing for probes; Cell lines and their
use in viral diagnosis: Virus isolation, TCID50, electron microscopy, virus-neutralization test.
Unit IV: Defence System
Immune systems in fish: Organization and ontogeny of lymphoid system in fish,
haematopoiesis; Innate and acquired immunity, antibody and cell mediated immunity in fish;
Shellfish immune system: Organization, humoral and cellular factors and quasi immune
response, trans-generational immune priming; Antigens: Structure and classification, antigen
presentation, MHC restriction; Antibodies: Structure and types of antibodies, T-dependent and
independent antibody production, antigen-antibody reactions, antibody class-switching;
Immune response: Non-specific and specific, abnormalities in cell growth (aplasia, hypoplasia,
atrophy, metaplasia, and dysplasia), macrophages, phagocyte systems, TOLL link receptors,
RES, ROS, antigen presenting cells, non-specific humoral responses (complement system,
lectins, antimicrobial peptides), B-cell and T-cell mediated immune response, subsets and
nature of receptors, autoimmunity, immunological tolerances; Tumours and neoplasm growth,
aetiology, classification, morphology and behaviour, structure of tumour cell, tumour
immunology, tissue responses to tumours, pathological features of neoplasms.
Unit V: Disease Prevention and Control
Disease prophylaxis and therapeutics: Use of chemicals, antibiotics, conventional vaccines,
viral vaccines, new antiviral compounds, prebiotics & probiotics, biochemical applications in
disease control, DNA and RNA vaccines, recombinant vaccines, use of RNA interference,
virus and gene therapy, SPF & SPR broodstock, certification, surveillance and reporting;
Quarantine, biosecurity; Disease control through environmental management; Fish
pharmacology: Principles, action mechanism of pharmacological agents of aquaculture
importance, drug metabolism and regulation, drug application in aquaculture systems.

Ph.D Aquatic Environment Management

Unit I: Fundamentals of Environmental Sciences

Definition and scope of environmental science, its interrelationship with other sciences and
fisheries; Origin and evolution of the earth and its environments-atmosphere, hydrosphere,
lithosphere and biosphere; Basic ecological concepts: Habitat ecology, systems ecology,
synecology, autecology; Air pollution: Sources and classification of major air pollutants;
Climate change: weather and climate, Global warming and greenhouse effect, sources and
sinks of greenhouse gases; Impact of climate change on aquatic environment & polar
ecosystem; Photochemical smog and SPM; Use of green and sustainable technology;
Environmental impacts assessment and environmental auditing; Environmental policies and
Iaws in India.
Unit II: Aquatic Ecosystem, Biodiversity and Marine Ecology
Productivity and carrying capacity; Trophic relationships, energy flow and nutrient cycling;
Ecological stability and homeostasis; Resistance and resilience; Natality and mortality: r and k
selection; Categories of biodiversity: Species diversity, genetic diversity and habitat diversity;
Biodiversity indices and their significance; Concepts of index of biotic integrity (IBI);
Ecosystem services and economic appraisal of biodiversity; International conventions on
biodiversity; Environmental economics; Ecological standards; Environmental regulations;
Environmental ethics; Disaster Management; Biodiversity hotspots, biosphere reserves,
National parks, sanctuaries, marine protected areas; Ramsar convention; Eco-labelling; Ocean
acidification; Climate change and food security; Carbon footprint in fisheries and aquaculture;
Projected trends of climate change and disaster; International conventions on climate change;
Stratospheric ozone layer depletion: effect of UV radiation on human health and ecosystem;
Adaptation and mitigation strategies of climate change; Carbon sequestration; Carbon credit;
Green technology; Rain water harvesting; Mangrove ecosystem: Sea grass; Sandy beach;
lagoon and estuary; Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM); River continuum concept;
River linking; Water budget and its significance in water conservation; Constructed wetlands.
Unit III: Chemical Interaction in the Aquatic Environment and Analytical Techniques
Chemical kinetics; Redox chemistry; Solubility concept; Weathering of rocks; Soil formation;
Soil profile, sediment texture; Structure of oxide and silicate minerals, source of charge;
Double layer; Ion exchange: Concept and source of cation exchange capacity (CEC); Sediment
texture; Chemistry of soil- nutrient interactions and water permeability; Nutrient dynamics:
Nutrient holding capacity of sediments and fixation; Processes in the degradation and
conversion of organic matter, Transport of substances; Humus and biogeochemical substances;
Bioavailability; Bio-accumulation and biomagnifications; Photometric techniques: Theory,
instrumentation and application of colorimetry and spectrophotometry; Gravimetric and
volumetric analyses: Principles and precautions; Use of stable and radioactive isotopes in
environmental analysis.
Unit IV: Aquatic Pollution and Microbiology
Aquatic pollution: Sources, types and their impact; Pollution problems of groundwater
resources (arsenic, fluoride, nitrate, pesticides), sources of contamination and management
issues; Sewage, radioactive wastes, biomedical wastes, hazardous chemicals, plastics,
nanoparticles; Eutrophication; Ecological sanitation: closing the loop; Toxins from fish/aquatic
organisms and fish poisoning; Factors influencing toxicity; Ecological effects of toxicants;
Metabolism of toxic substances; Comparative toxicology; Genotoxicity; Neurotoxicity;
Ecological engineering: concepts and applications, biomanipulation, bioremediation;
Restoration ecology and rehabilitation; Wastewaters: Types and characteristics of sewage and
industrial effluents; Conventional and advanced treatment methods of waste water; Solid waste
management, Biological and chemical methods for recovery of nutrients from liquid and solid
wastes; Wastewater utilization for algal cultivation; Waste recycling in aquaculture; Microbial
community in freshwater, estuary and marine environment (types and abundance); Factors
affecting microbial growth and abundance in aquatic environment; Extremophiles and their
significance; Biogeochemical cycling; Microbial interaction; Microbial degradation; Water-
borne pathogens of public health importance; Microbial criteria for water quality assessment;
indicator organisms; Principles and applications of bioprocesses; Microbial biomass
production; Biofertilization; Biocontrol; Genetically-improved strains; Consortia of microbes
for environmental protection; Bioreactors; Biosensors as a tool for biomonitoring; Biofuels,
fermented products and biogas; Biopesticides, Microbial interaction with chemical pollutants
in aquatic environment; Microorganisms as potential bioremediators; IPR issues related to
environmental biotechnology; Culture dependent and culture independent approaches in
aquatic microbiology; Microbial toxins; Dose-response relationship; Toxicity testing:
microcosm and mesocosm tests; Probiotics; Bioprospecting; Disinfection methods.
Unit V: Fisheries Oceanography
Marine topography; Effects of physicochemical and biological oceanographic factors on
adaptation, behaviour, abundance and production of aquatic organisms; Space and time scales
in oceanographic analysis; Magnitude of short-term productivity changes in the ocean;
Synoptic oceanographic analysis: currents, waves, tides; El Nino- southern oscillation;
Stratification, mudbanks, upwelling and circulation patterns; Application of remote sensing
and GIS in fisheries; Environmental factors influence the seasonal variations in fish catch in
the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal; Fisheries enhancement: Artificial upwelling, ranching,
artificial reefs, ocean fertilization.

Ph.D Fisheries Engineering & Technology

Unit I: Fishing Technology

Different types of craft and gear, their operation and their maintenance; Construction of fishing
vessels; Deck layout and deck equipment of fishing vessels based on the fishing method
principal dimensions of a boat; Engine: characteristics, handling and maintenance; Power
requirement, auxiliary machinery systems, diving underwater vehicles; Importance of shape of
underwater hull, classification and description of hull forms based on shape and speed-length
ratio; Theory of waves: Rolling, pitching and heaving; Wall sides formula; Resistance and
motion: Wave and eddy creating resistance, fluid resistance; Powering of fishing vessels;
Safety and stability aspects of fishing vessels; Design of different types of fishing gears;
Conventional and current practice for the representation of fishing gear by scale drawing;
Selectivity of fishing gears; Fish Aggregation devices (FADs): Objectives and types of FADs;
Definition of bycatch, types of bycatch reduction devices and the principles of operation;
Design and construction of FADs; Types of TEDs: soft and hard types, materials used for their
construction and maintenance; Use of modern techniques and equipment for fish finding and
capturing; Factors affecting fishing gear design, types, general structure of gear, characteristics
of fishing vessel and accessories of trawl (bottom and mid water), purse seine, gill net, bag
nets, lines and traps; Fishing gear testing: Full scale and model testing in flume tanks, methods
of testing a fishing gear; The influence of design features on the overall economic performance
of fishing gears; Basic principles of acoustic fish detection; Acoustic surveys, acoustic
equipment used in fishing ;Components of GPS, working, functions, important applications of
GPS in fisheries; Identification of Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ); Participatory GIS in fishing
systems, theme Maps; Navigation and seamanship; Introduction to sea safety: Safe navigation
procedures for fishing vessels, distress signals; Weather warning signals and weather reporting
system for fishing vessels; International conventions related to sea safety. Principles of working
of radio, radio telephone, radio direction finder, echo-sounder, sonar, radar, GPS etc.
Unit II: Fishing Harbour and Fleet Management
FAO classification of fishing vessels; Indigenous fishing boats of India: Fishing boats of
maritime states of India, fishing boats used in the inland and brackish waters, account of
mechanized boats introduced in India; Personnel management, planning of fishing cruises;
Fishing fleet capacity, fleet registration, fleet insurance, seaworthiness assessment, tonnage
measurements; Statutory rules and regulations under MSA, classified societies, manning
regulations and requirements; Regulations to prevent collisions at sea; Classification and
functions of fishing harbour; Facilities – waterside and landside facilities, services and utilities
provided, layout of a modern fishing harbour, stages in the planning of fishing harbours;
Dredging; Economic evaluation on fishing harbour project; Dry docks and slipway; Fishing
harbour management and maintenance.
Unit III: Aquaculture engineering
Site selection for aquaculture; Surveying and leveling ,earthwork calculations; Design of
dykes, sluice, channels; Tide fed farms; Studies on water supply; Aquaculture in open systems:
Design of cages, rafts, pens, rakes, ropes etc.; Fluid mechanics, pumps, flow estimation and
measurement; Aquaculture in ponds, raceways and tanks; Recirculating aquaculture system;
Aeration, sterilization and disinfection of ponds, tanks and other impounding structures;
Filtration; Aeration: efficiency of Aerators; Recirculation and reuse systems;. Designs of re-
use systems; Engineering aspects of fish and shrimp hatchery; Farm machinery operation and
maintenance; Pond sealing techniques; Automatic feeding system, feed dispensers and demand
feeders; Design and construction of aquaculture system pond construction, water transportation
system, pump houses, inlet and outlet structures, water treatment plants.
Unit IV: Refrigeration & Equipment Engineering
Principles of refrigeration: Application of refrigeration in fisheries, refrigeration in sea food
processing plant, refrigeration in factory trawlers, heat load calculations; Handling and
operation of refrigeration equipment; Processing equipment on board the fishing vessels; Fish
meal plant equipment; Freeze drying and dehydrating equipment; Freezers and canning
machineries; Packing machines; Equipment maintenance and safety.

Ph.D. Fisheries Economics

Unit I: Microeconomics
Consumer theory: Theory of Demand, Consumer Behaviour, Cardinal Utility theory,
Indifference Curves theory, Income and Substitution effect, Derivation of demand curve,
Consumer surplus, Equilibrium of the consumer, Elasticity of demand, Market demand,
Constant elasticity demand function. Production economics: Basic theory of the firm,
Concepts, Production functions, Isoquants derivations and applications, optimization
behaviour, Alternative models, Short run and long run cost functions; Total price effect,
Substitution effect, Output effect and Profit maximization effect decomposition analysis,
Analytical approaches, joint products, Concepts and constrained optimization.
Unit II: Macroeconomics
Basic concepts: Nature and Scope of Macroeconomics, Methodology and Keynesian Concepts
National income, Concepts and measurement (GNP, NNP, PI & DI), methods for measuring
national income, Importance of NI analysis, Nominal and Real GDP, Balance of Payments
(BoP), Meaning, Structure, Deficit and surplus, Disequilibrium, control measures.Theory of
income and employment: Classical theory of Employment and Say’s Law, Modern theory of
Employment and Effective Demand, Consumption function, Investment and savings;
Consumption function, Average propensity to consume and marginal propensity to consume,
Measure of propensity to consumption, Keynes’s theory of consumption and The determinants
of consumption, Importance of consumption function.
Unit III: Socioeconomics, Vulnerability and Fisher Folk Welfare
Factors affecting socioeconomic status: An over view of socioeconomic status of fisher folk in
India, Livelihood and Income, Indebtedness, Poverty, Inequality and unemployment in
fisheries, Regional disparities in wage, work and livelihood security, Equity theory; Risk and
uncertainty in fisheries, Standard of living of fisher folk, Saving, Income, Consumption,
poverty, Health status. Socioeconomic analysis: Concepts in socioeconomics, Gender
discrimination, Income inequality, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve, Theil index, Livelihood
Index, Engel’s curve, Duncan Socioeconomic Index (SEI), Occupational Status Score (OSS),
Household prestige (HHP) score, Recent measurement of economic development NEW (New
Economic Welfare), MRW (Measurement of Economic Welfare), PQLI (Physical Quality
Living Index), HDI (Human Development Index)- Green GNP Index.
Unit IV: Fishery Regulations and Ecosystem Valuation
Fisheries regulations: Fisheries Regulations, Imperative needs for the regulation of marine
fisheries in India, Types of fishery regulations, Possible objectives of fisheries regulations;
Fisheries regulations followed in the maritime states of India. Aquaculture guidelines:
Aquaculture; Guidelines under CRZ notification of 1991 and its Amendments, Land leasing
policies, Regulations on use of chemicals and antibiotics, Features of Aquaculture Seed
(Quality Control) Relevant Central/state legislative provisions of Environment, Wildlife,
Water, Biodiversity: (riverine, reservoir and aquaculture), Processing in different States.
Unit V: Marketing Intelligence and Business Analysis
Research methodology: The role of marketing intelligence in the firm, The process of
marketing research, The difference between exploratory and confirmatory research, Secondary
and primary data, Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies, Sampling theory.
Requirements in business analysis: Requirements in Business Analysis, Management,
Communication, Tracing, Configuration and change management, quality assurance,
Development, Elicitation including stakeholders and/or product requirements development,
Specification.
Unit VI: International Fisheries Trade
Introduction to international economics: International Economics, Concepts and scope, Nature
of international trade, Difference between domestic and Foreign trade; Theories of
international trade, Absolute and comparative advantage, Modern theories of international
trade, Hecksher Ohlin theorem. Concepts in trade: Concepts of terms of trade, Free trade,
Protection, Tariffs, Quantitative restrictions and other non-tariff measures; Exchange rate;
Devaluation and depreciation; Balance of payments, EXIM policy of India in relation to fish
and fishery products.
Unit VII: Fisheries Finance, Accounting and Control
Principles of finance: Importance of fisheries finance; Principles of fisheries financial
management, Rural credit structure, Demand and supply, Sources and forms; Estimation of
credit requirement; Cost of Credit/capital; Credit appraisal. The concept of 3C’s, 7P’s and 3R’s
of credit, District Credit Plan and lending to agriculture/priority sector Micro-Financing.
Reforms in policies and institutions: Reforms in fisheries credit policy; Innovations in fisheries
financing, Micro Finance, Role of institutions in fisheries, Finance, Public and Private sector
banks; Cooperatives, Micro-finance institutions (MFIs), SHGs; Financing through Co-
operatives, NABARD and Commercial Banks and RRBs International Financial Institutions;
Unit VIII: Economics of Fisheries Enterprises
Production economics: Aquaculture in economic development, Production concepts in
aquaculture Production function, Cost and return concepts in aquaculture, Optimization of use
of single resource, Cost of production, Short run production cost, Long run cost, Production
function analysis in various aquaculture system, Preparation of financial statements-Balance
Sheet, Cash Flow Statement and Profit and Loss Account, Ratio Analysis and Assessing the
performance of farm/firm. Planning and budgeting: Farm income and budget analysis,
Planning and budgeting, Aquaculture management decisions, Resource, labour and financial
management, Managing risks and uncertainties, Economics of different aquaculture systems,
Socio economic issues, Causes for aquaculture problems, Government support policies for
inland, Coastal and marine aquaculture systems.

Ph.D. Fisheries Extension

Unit I: Global Extension Landscape

Basics of extension & advisory services: Genesis and Evolution of Extension; Understanding
education, Extension education, Extension research and Extension service; Formal, Informal
and Non-formal education; Principles and Philosophy of Extension Education; Meaning and
Importance of Extension and Advisory services (EAS); Core competencies of an extension
professional beyond ToT, performing new functions to deal with new challenges. Extension
systems and approaches: Public Extension Systems in India, Historical as well as current
systems at state (DoF), national (NAREES) and international levels (WF, NACA, FAO, ICSF,
WAS, AFS); Extension systems in different regions: South Asia (Bangladesh and Sri Lanka),
South East Asia (Japan, China, Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam), USA, and Europe,
Extension approaches (General extension approach, commodity specialized approach, T & V
approach, Participatory approach, Project approach, Farming systems approach Cost-sharing
Approach, Educational institution approach); Paradigms of agricultural extension (Technology
transfer, advisory work, Human resource development, Facilitation for empowerment); RRA
and PRA, Participatory Learning and Action (PLA), Participatory technology development
(PTD); Fisheries Co-management; ATMA; Marianad model, BENFISH, Matsyafed model.
Unit II: Communication and Journalism
Communication: Meaning and importance, Perspectives, Characteristics, Elements, process,
Types (Individual, group and mass communication), Directions(Upward, downward and
horizontal) and Levels of communication; Verbal and non-verbal communication; Message -
meaning and dimensions; Message distortion types; Barriers to Communication; Noise; Key
Communicator, Homophily and Heterophily, Credibility, Fidelity, Empathy and feedback in
communication; Communication skills & Competence, Communication effectiveness;
Theories and Models of communication. Facets of Journalism: Basics of Writing – News
stories, Feature articles, Magazine articles, Farm bulletins and folders; Art of clear writing:
Readability and comprehension testing procedures; Script development and Story board
preparation; Magazine journalism - profile and feature writing; Radio and television journalism
- principles and practices of gathering, writing and producing news for radio and television;
Photo journalism - visual language, skills and techniques; Photography; principles and use in
extension; New media journalism – websites, blogs, social media; Responsible journalism -
fairness and balance, libel, and the commercial nature of the media, Constructive criticism;
Advertisements – principles and practice.
Unit III: Knowledge and Innovation system
Knowledge systems: Knowledge- meaning, Epistemology, Sources and types; Origins of the
innovation systems concept, Innovation vs Invention; Agricultural/ Fisheries Innovation
System (AIS) and AKIS; Role of different actors in AIS; Importance of interaction and
knowledge flows among different farming sectors. Diffusion and adoption process: Diffusion
– meaning and elements; Diffusion research and its criticism; Generation of innovations in
fisheries – Innovation development process; Concept and stages of Innovation-decision
process; Diffusion process, Adoption process, Models of diffusion and adoption, Adopter
categories and their characteristics; Factors influencing adoption and attributes of innovations.
Unit IV: Organizational Behaviour and Development
Basics of organizational behaviour: Introduction to organizations-Concept and Characteristics
of organizations; Typology of organizations; Theories of organizations; Nature of
organizational theory, Classical theories, Modern management theories, System Theory,
Criticisms and lessons learnt/analysis; Organization Behaviour- Concepts, Scope, Importance,
Models of OB. Organizational conflict management: Conflict Management and Negotiation
skills, Problem-solving techniques; Job analysis, Job performance and Job- stress management;
Occupational stress – Meaning, sources, Effects, Coping mechanism, Effects and management;
Occupational stress in farming, Farmer groups/ organizations, research and Extension
organizations, Organizations Structure- Need and Types, Line & staff, functional, Committee,
Project structure organizations, Centralization & decentralization; Organizational Culture vs
Climate; Organizational Change; Organizational Learning and Transformation.
Unit V: ICT for Development
ICTs - concepts, roles and initiatives: ICTs- meaning, concepts, basics of ICTs, Global and
National status, Types and functions of ICTs, Meaning of e-Governance, e-learning, m-
Learning, Advantages and Limitations of ICTs. ICT applications: Knowledge centres (tele
centres), CSC, Digital kiosks, Web portals, Community radio, Internet radio, Kisan call centres,
Mobile based applications, INCOIS-PFZ advisories; Self-learning CDs on Package of
practices, Augmented Learning, Virtual Learning, social media, Market Intelligence and
Information Systems-e-NAM, Agmarknet, etc. Expert System/ Decision Support System/
Management Information Systems, Farm Health
Unit VI: Aquapreneurship Promotion and Value Chain Development
Basics of aquapreneurship and Facilitation for entrepreneurship development:
Entrepreneurship - Concept, Significance and Scope, Theories and models; Entrepreneurship
Development Cycle and process; Aquapreneurship – Meaning, Drivers, Characteristics,
Importance, Types of entrepreneurs; Startups, Small businesses, Startups group/ community-
based entrepreneurship; Entrepreneur and Manager; Approaches for assessing characteristics
of entrepreneurs, Enterprising tendency, Entrepreneurship intention, Entrepreneurship
orientation; Critical competencies required for entrepreneur in managing the businesses,
Technical, communication, Financial, Human; Entrepreneurial university approach.
Approaches for developing agricultural enterprises through extension and advisory services,
Individual, Group and Community based approaches; Specific roles of extension agents in
creating agricultural entrepreneurships; Pluralistic extension and extension agents working
with other agents; Free and fee for extension services for business upgrading for farmers/farmer
groups; Competencies of extension professionals for creating entrepreneurships.
 Bioinformatics

UNTT'I
Bioinfbrmatics: introduction, origin a,d
history, Applications of Bioinformatics
Analysis of proteirl and nLrclecltide sequences,'Basic in agriculture,
concepts of sequence simirarity,
Introduction to seqLlences aligntrents:
local ancl global alignment, pairwise and
seqLlence alignme,t' Dy,arnic programming-Needleman multiple
algorithrrs' Scoring matrices: PAM & BLosuM,
and wunsch, smith-waterman
Motifs and patter.s, phylogenetic analyses,
1'ypes of phylogenetic trees, T'r'ee-Building
Methods, character-based and Distance_based
,etltods' Maxitnunt-lil<elihood, Maximum parsimony,
Unweighted pair Group Method with
A'irhnreric Mean (upGMA), Neighbor-Joining
(NJ), Fitch-Margoriash (FM), Minimum
EvolLrtiolr (ME)' T'ree EvalLtation, Bootstrapping,
Int.ocluction to systlms and network
Corrcepts of,MolecLrlar Moclelling, biology.
Molecular rnechanics, Force Fields, Lqcal
rl.tittima' TechniqLres in MD ancl and global energy
Monte carlo SirnLrlation lbr confbrnrational
semi-empit'ical rnethods, Simttlated arr,ealing, analysis, DFT and
RNA Secondary Structure prediction techniques,
Algorithr,ic perspective o1'RNA fblding,
Protein structure prediction: ab initio,
modeling and fold recognition methods, homology
Receptor-based and rigand-based drug
Iigarrds, docr<ing, crassicai sAR/esAR, design, Design of
coMFA &. coMSIA, MorJcurar descriptors,
Pharrnacophore mapping and appl ications

{JNIT II
I'-utldatretttals of cornpLlting, Intlocluction to operating
operatirlg systelxs' Progranlming in
Systems, wlNDows,uNIX/Linux
c, Ar'ays ancl Pointers, variables, procedures
Standa|d controls. Flow oontrol and and functions,
Ioops, string operators, Declaration
defined fitnctions, and definition of user
call by value, call by ,ef'erences, Fiie handling in
o|ientecl P|ogt'anltning, class ancl ob.jecis,
c, overview of object
function and operator overloading, inheritance.
DelLnition' pLlrpose of database s)'stem,
Advantages of Database System,
Database Systern' Data Models-Relational, components of
Networl<, Hierarchical, Three level
Database System ; internal, cottceptual Architecture for
a,d external levels, Data independence,
Mapping, Data Definition Language, Data Data Abstraction,
ManipLrration Language, Rore of
client/Server architecture, Relational Databases- Schemas,
Relational data models (binar.y, ternary,
quaternary & n-ary relatiorrs)' Inrportant
terms in relational database system, primary
seconda|y l<eys' Structured and
QLiery l-,anguage, Prinrary, secondary and derived
databases, sLrbrnitting seqLrenoe to the biological
Database and retriev al, Data mining
& Knowledge
 discovery in Biological databases,
techrriques' Arrificiar
Supervised ancj un
NeLrrar x.,*"'r,, SLrpport
\zector il:ffiffj#:il:,_ff,.fl1. rearning
UNIT III
Introduction to Statistical
Bioinforme .

ff ;;:T' x; ;,;1 l;f#5 ;:ffi r i *il# ;l

Non-t-tiera.chicar :,',,,
d'; il :n fJi.Jxl, J:H, : r:,;:l
,etrrods, cnorai,.,ut. geomerr.y r-iierarct,icur anJ
*,,n orl,.?il::r,|f,}lvsis:
,H:rJ :i::i:: ^,ti: tiiH*:x;: d .,".,, p...,i u., s.;::
fi fil[i]
eigen varues, Boorean i;ililfu,11,
ute.r,u, G.o,*r.,.
and Arithm;;;ri,:"r;,;r:,xJil,,x;,,nverse
bisection rnethod, Iteration
,r.rf.,oO,, Newton
"r'rrir*,
*.0,,r". method, nur.r,.l,n ;,r.;ml$
ilT:illr;:iF ffil;:::ru;li',., Si'rpson',1'ir-,,0 3/8 rures,
Ru,ge-Kurta ,rethod
or
UNIT IV
whole genome analysis
ancl comparative genomics,
I'agment genomic libraries' crassicai ways of genome
thd;;"mapping of genomes, Genome
a,arysis. rarge
sequencing srrategies,
;:,:J,'J,T,,';T[?]lJi'i.ru**'"oll'.*o,,. ,.q,.*ing, Genome strLrctLrrar
and run*ionar

i;:[:il],'oliii?,"'a vs s, ,"o,rfiiriliil['1ril,:?,ffii,i:.:::,:i::::';ru;ffi;
:.H: ffi i *iil * i irtxn*'. iJfl n,T *ffi jr 1ni, ti's
::
x,:";::; mr
Renewable Energy Engineering

Unit 1:
Conventional and Non-conventional energy resources, Introduction to
Renewable Energy, Global and national energy prospective, Renewable energy
resources, Basics of Energy security and Climate Change, Dimensions of the energy
problem, Energy Technology and system development. Energy Conservation and its
relation to GDP, GNP and its dynamics. Conventional Energy Sources and Overall
Energy demand and availability. Energy Resources, Depletion of energy sources and
its impact, Impact of Energy on Economy, Role of Energy usage in Socioeconomic
Development and Environment, Energy and Environmental policies, Resource
assessment-Wind energy, Solar energy, Biomass and bioenergy, Geothermal energy
and Ocean and Tidal energy. Energy Security, Exponential rise in Energy
consumption, Energy Consumption and role of UNFCCC. Role of renewables in
energy security and climate change, Payback period, NPV, IRR, and benefit‐cost
analysis with examples, Socio‐economic evaluation of energy conservation
programme, Application of econometrics, input and output optimization and
simulation methods to energy planning and forecasting problems. Renewable
energy projects for reductions in CO 2 emissions, Conflict between energy
consumption and environmental pollution, Economic approach to environmental
protection and management, Externalities, emission taxes, subsidies. Material and
Energy balance, Facility as an energy system, Methods for preparing process flow,
material and energy balance diagrams, Energy Action Planning, Key elements, Force
field analysis, Energy policy purpose, perspective, contents, formulation, ratification,
Organizing the management, location of energy management, Energy Conservation
Act 2001 and amendments. Duties and responsibilities of energy managers and
auditors as per Energy Conservation Act 2001.
Unit 2:
Earth and Sun Relation, Solar angles, day length, angle of incidence on tilted
surface, Sun-path diagrams, Shadow determination, Extra-terrestrial characteristics,
Effect of earth atmosphere on terrestrial solar radiation, Measurement and estimation
on horizontal and tilted surfaces, Analysis of Indian solar radiation data and
applications. Flat‐plate Collectors, Effective energy losses, Thermal analysis, Heat
capacity effect, Testing methods, Evacuated tubular collectors, Types of Air flat‐plate
Collectors, Thermal analysis, Thermal drying, Selective Surfaces, Ideal coating
characteristics, Types and applications, Anti‐reflective coating, Preparation and
characterization. Concentrating Collector Designs, Classification, and performance
parameters, Tracking systems, Compound parabolic concentrators, Parabolic trough
concentrators, Concentrators with point focus, Heliostats, Comparison of various
designs Central receiver systems, parabolic trough and compound parabolic systems,
Solar furnaces. Solar Cell Basics, Types of photovoltaic cells, Determination of shift in
Fermi energy level, Shift of Fermi energy due to doping, Probability of occupation of
allowed states, Density of electrons and holes, Carrier transport- Drift, diffusion,

continuity equations, Absorption of light, Electron-hole pair generation,

Recombination process, Introduction to Excitonic Solar Cells. Introduction to Hydro-
energy systems, potential site selection, Site selection and civil works, dam size and
construction, estimation of power, Overview of micro, mini and small hydro systems,
Elements of turbine, Assessment of Hydro-Power, Selection and design criteria of
turbines, Speed and voltage regulation. Ocean energy resources, ocean energy
routes, Principle of ocean thermal energy conversion systems, ocean thermal power
plants, Principles of ocean wave energy and tidal energy conversion, Indian
perspective for ocean and tidal energy-technical problems and limitations. Wind
energy statistics, Measurements and Data Presentation, Wind Turbine Aerodynamics,
Momentum Theories, Basics of Aerodynamics, Aerofoils and their Characteristics,
HAWT - Blade Element Theory, Prandtl&#39;s Lifting Line Theory (prescribed wake
analysis), VAWT Aerodynamics, Wind Turbine Loads, and Aerodynamic Loads in
 Steady Operation. Wind Turbulence, Yawed Operation and Tower Shadow, Sitting-
Rotor Selection, Annual Energy Output, Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine, Rotor Design Considerations, Number of Blades, Blade Profile of
2/3 Blades and Teetering, Coning, Upwind/Downwind characteristics and properties
Unit 3:
Hydrogen as an alternate fuel, Physical and chemical properties of Hydrogen
as a fuel, Advantages and limitations of Hydrogen over conventional fuels, Hydrogen
Economy, Suitability of Hydrogen as a fuel and Fuel Cell as energy conversion device,
Hydrogen Transport, Technical constraints of transport of Hydrogen by Road, Railway,
Pipeline, and by Ship. Safety measures for Hydrogen production, transport and
storage. Hydrogen Production from fossil fuels, electrolysis, thermal decomposition,
photochemical, photo-catalytic, hybrid, Sea as a source of Deuterium, production of
hydrogen from sea water, Hydrogen Storage in Metal hydrides, Metallic alloy
hydrides, Basic thermodynamics of Fuel Cell, Reaction kinetics, Charge and mass
transport. Fuel Cell modelling for charge and mass transport, In‐situ and Ex‐situ Fuel
Cell characterization, System and components of a Fuel Cell, Types of Fuel Cells based
on working temperature, electrolyte and fuel, Fuel Cell power stations, Power
management, Thermal management, Pinch analysis. Selection of biomass as
feedstock, Introduction to photosynthesis, characteristics of C3 and C4 plants as
biomass fuel, physicochemical characteristics of biomass as fuel, Biochemical,
chemical and thermo‐chemical biomass conversion routes, Biochemical conversion
by Aerobic and Anaerobic digestion of biomass. Types of digesters, design of biogas
plants, installation, operation and maintenance of biogas plants, biogas plants
manure‐ utilization and manure values, Biogas storage, biogas for motive power
generation, Alcohol production from biomass, Types of Materials of alcohol
production‐process description, distillation. Chemical conversion processes,
hydrolysis and hydrogenation, Biofuels‐different processes of production, Economics
on utilization, Mechanism of trans-esterification, fuel characteristics of biodiesel,
technical aspects of biodiesel engine application, Bio-diesel storage, Induction time,
Oxidation stability, Principle and working of Rancimat apparatus for oxidation
stability. Combustion, Pyrolysis, Carbonization, Gasification, Densification, Concept of
Waste land, selection of plants for energy plantation, utilization through energy

plantation in waste land, Biomass based power generation using biomass gasifiers
and biogas plants, Classification of Bio-fuels from Plant and animal wastes,
advantages and disadvantages of bio-fuel produced from animal wastes over plant
feedstock.
Unit 4:
Concept of environment: components of environment and their interactions;
abiotic and biotic factors; Ecosystems: characteristic feature and structure and
function of forest, grassland, desert and aquatic ecosystem (Ponds, streams, lakes,
rivers, oceans, estuaries); Ecological pyramid; energy flow and nutrient cycling;
Biodiversity: value of biodiversity; loss and conservation of biodiversity Environmental
problems and issues: Environmental problems and issues: greenhouse effect, ozone
depletion, acid rain; Renewable and non-renewable resources; natural resources,
associated problem and its conservation: forest, water, mineral, food, energy and land
resources; environmental impact assessment; environment protection act.
Environmental pollution and management: Environmental pollution: sources and
types of air, water, soil, radioactive and noise pollution; Industrial pollutants and their
impact on environment and human health; Toxicants and toxicity; toxic chemicals:
heavy metals and pesticides; Safety and prevention of industrial pollution; bio-
transformation and bioremediation; Aerobic and anaerobic treatment of wastewater;
waste management and cleaner production.