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MÖVZU: Mother's day

2024-2025
 PLAN

1. First attempts to establish a holiday

2. History of Mother’s day
3. How is Mother's Day celebrated?
Mother's Day is a holiday that celebrates mothers and motherhood. The holiday
was first made to celebrate a person's own mother. It was started in the United
States in 1908 by Anna Jarvis. The holiday is celebrated at different times in
different countries. In the United States, it is the second Sunday in May. Children
make cards and a lot of other things for their mother. The idea for Mother's Day
started in the 1850s. Ann Reeves Jarvis had mother's day work clubs where
women tried to fight disease and bad milk. They also helped make
hurt soldiers better during the Civil War. After the war, Ann made Mother's
Day Friendship picnics and Mother's Friendship Day for the women from
both sides of the war. In 1908 after her mother died, Anna Jarvis made the first
Mother's Day celebration in Grafton, West Virginia. People also celebrated
in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and many other cities. For six years, Anna made the
celebration bigger until President Woodrow Wilson made it a national holiday in
1914.
Mother's Day is an annual holiday celebrated in the United States on the second
Sunday in May. Mother's Day recognizes mothers, motherhood and maternal
bonds in general, as well as their positive contributions to their families and
society. It was established by Anna Jarvis, with the first Mother's Day celebrated
through a service of worship at St. Andrew's Methodist Church in Grafton, West
Virginia, on May 10, 1908. Popular observances include holiday card and gift
giving, churchgoing often accompanied by the distribution of carnations, and
family dinners. In the United States, Mother's Day complements similar
celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings
Day and Grandparents Day. Internationally, many Mother's Day celebrations have
different origins and traditions, some also influenced by this more recent
American tradition. For the international celebration, see Mother's Day.
During the 19th century, women's peace groups in the United States tried
establishing holidays and regular activities in favor of peace and against war. A
common early activity was the meeting of groups of mothers whose sons had
fought or died on opposite sides of the American Civil War. In 1868, Ann
Jarvis, Anna Jarvis's mother, organized a committee to establish a "Mother's
Friendship Day", the purpose of which was "to reunite families that had been
divided during the Civil War." Ann Jarvis, who had previously organized
Mother's Day Work Clubs to improve sanitation and health for
both Union and Confederate encampments undergoing a typhoid outbreak, wanted
to expand these into an annual memorial for mothers, but she died in 1905 before
the annual celebration was established. Her daughter, who became almost
obsessed with her, would continue her mother's efforts. There were several limited
observances in the 1870s and the 1880s. Still, none achieved resonance beyond
the local level. At the time, Protestant schools in the United States already held
many celebrations and observations such as Children's Day, Temperance Sunday,
Roll Call Day, Decision Day, Missionary Day and others. In New York City, Julia
Ward Howe led a "Mother's Day for Peace" anti-war observance on June 2,
1872, which was accompanied by an "Appeal to womanhood throughout the
world" (nowadays known as Mother's Day Proclamation). The observance
continued in Boston for about ten years under Howe's sponsorship, then died
out. In these celebrations, mothers all around the world would work towards
world peace. Several years later, a Mother's Day observance on May 13, 1877,
was held in Albion, Michigan over a dispute related to the temperance
movement. According to local legend, Albion pioneer Juliet Calhoun Blakeley
stepped up to complete the sermon of the Rev. Myron Daughterty who was
distraught because an anti-temperance group had forced his son and two other
temperance advocates at gunpoint to spend the night in a saloon and become
publicly drunk. From the pulpit, Blakeley called on other mothers to join her.
Blakeley's two sons, both traveling salesmen, were so moved that they vowed to
return each year to pay tribute to her and embarked on a campaign to urge their
business contacts to do likewise. At their urging, in the early 1880s, the Methodist
Episcopal Church in Albion set aside the second Sunday in May to recognize the
special contributions of mothers. Frank E. Hering, alumnus and administrator at
the University of Notre Dame and President of the Fraternal Order of Eagles,
made a plea for "setting aside one day in the year as a nationwide memorial to the
memories of Mothers and motherhood" in 1904. After observing a class of Notre
Dame students sending home penny postcards to their mothers, Hering went on to
be a vocal advocate for a national Mother's Day for the next decade. As Hering
stated in a 1941 issue of Scholastic: "Throughout history the great men of the
world have given their credit for their achievements to their mothers. [The] Holy
Church recognizes this, as does Notre Dame especially, and Our Lady who
watches over our great institution."
Establishment of holiday
In its present form, Mother's Day was established by Anna Jarvis with the help of
Philadelphia merchant John Wanamaker following the death of her mother, Ann
Jarvis, on May 9, 1905. Jarvis never mentioned Howe or Mothering Sunday, and
she never mentioned any connection to the Protestant school celebrations, always
claiming that the creation of Mother's Day was hers alone. A small service was
held on May 12, 1907, in the Andrew's Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton,
West Virginia, where Anna's mother had been teaching Sunday school. The first
"official" service of worship was on May 10, 1908, in the same church,
accompanied by a larger ceremony in the Wanamaker Auditorium in
the Wanamaker's store in Philadelphia. The next year the day was reported to be
widely celebrated in New York. Jarvis then campaigned to establish Mother's Day
first as a U.S. national holiday and then later as an international holiday. The
holiday was declared officially by the state of West Virginia in 1910, and the rest
of the states followed quickly. On May 10, 1913, the U.S. House of
Representatives passed a resolution calling on all federal government officials
(from the president down) to wear a white carnation the following day in
observance of Mother's Day. On May 8, 1914, the U.S. Congress passed a law
designating the second Sunday in May as Mother's Day and requesting a
proclamation. The next day, President Woodrow Wilson issued a proclamation
declaring the first national Mother's Day as a day for American citizens to show
the flag in honor of those mothers whose sons had died in war. In 1934,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved a stamp commemorating the holiday. In
May 2008, the House of Representatives voted twice on a resolution
commemorating Mother's Day, the first one being passed without a dissenting
vote (21 members not voting). The Saint Andrews Methodist Church, where the
first celebration was held, is now the International Mother's Day Shrine and is
a National Historic Landmark.
Spelling
In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases "Second Sunday in May" and
"Mother's Day", and created the Mother's Day International Association. She
specifically noted that "Mother's" should "be a singular possessive, for each
family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all
mothers in the world." This is also the spelling used by President Woodrow
Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the Congress in relevant
bills, and by various presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.
Traditions
Traditions on Mother's Day include churchgoing, the distribution of carnations,
and family dinners. Mother's Day is the third largest holiday in the United States
for sending cards. According to the greeting card industry, it is estimated that
more than 50 percent of American households send greeting cards on this holiday.
The holiday has been heavily commercialized by advertisers and retailers, and has
been criticized by some as a Hallmark Holiday.
Carnations
Carnations have come to represent Mother's Day since Anna Jarvis delivered 500
at the first celebration in 1908. Many religious services held later adopted the
custom of giving away carnations. This also started the custom of wearing a
carnation on Mother's Day. The founder, Anna Jarvis, chose the carnation because
it was her mother's favorite flower. In part due to the shortage of white carnations,
and in part due to the efforts to expand the sales of more types of flowers in
Mother's Day, florists invented the idea of wearing a pink carnation if your mother
was living, or a white one if she was dead; this was tirelessly promoted until it
made its way into the popular observations at churches. Other less traditional
flower options may include roses, a live blooming plant, flower leis, or a bouquet
of a variety of different flowers.
Commercialization
The commercialization of U.S. holidays began very early. Only nine years after
the first official Mother's Day, it had become so rampant that Anna Jarvis herself
became a prominent opponent of what the holiday had become, spending all her
inheritance and the rest of her life fighting what she saw as an abuse of the
celebration. She decried the practice of purchasing greeting cards, which she saw
as a sign of being too lazy to write a personal letter. She was arrested in 1948 for
disturbing the peace while protesting against the commercialization of Mother's
Day, and she finally said that she "...wished she would have never started the day
because it became so out of control ..." She died later that year.
Mother's Day is now one of the most commercially successful American
occasions, having become the most popular day of the year to dine out at a
restaurant in the United States and generating a significant portion of the U.S.
jewelry industry's annual revenue, from custom gifts like mother's
rings. Americans spend approximately $2.6 billion on flowers, $1.53 billion on
pampering gifts—like spa treatments—and another $68 million on greeting cards.
It has been suggested that commercialization has ensured that the holiday has
continued. In contrast, other holidays from the same time, such as Children's
Day and Temperance Sunday, are no longer celebrated.
From 2005 to 2013, the Southern 500 auto race at Darlington Raceway was held
on Saturday of Mother's Day weekend. From 2014 to 2019, the NASCAR Cup
Series hosted the Digital Ally 400 at Kansas Speedway on Saturday of Mother's
Day weekend. In 2020, the Blue-Emu Maximum Pain Relief 500 at Martinsville
Speedway was scheduled to take place on the Saturday of Mother's Day weekend
(although that race was postponed until June). In 2021, the Goodyear 400 auto
race at Darlington Raceway occurred on Mother's Day and served as NASCAR's
throwback race. Also, the IndyCar Grand Prix has been held on Saturday of
Mother's Day weekend since 2014.
From 2007–2018, The Players Championship men's golf tournament was held on
Mother's Day weekend, except in 2011 and 2014 when May 1 fell on a Sunday. In
those cases, it was held the following weekend. Previously, the Kingsmill
Championship women's golf tournament was played on Mother's Day weekend
from 2004 to 2009.
Professional sports players often wear pink clothing accessories on Mother's Day
weekend.
Anna Jarvis of Philadelphia, whose mother had organized women’s groups to
promote friendship and health, originated Mother’s Day. On May 12, 1907, she
held a memorial service at her late mother’s church in Grafton, West Virginia.
Within five years virtually every state was observing the day, and in 1914 U.S.
Pres. Woodrow Wilson made it a national holiday. Although Jarvis had promoted
the wearing of a white carnation as a tribute to one’s mother, the custom
developed of wearing a red or pink carnation to represent a living mother or a
white carnation for a mother who was deceased. Over time the day was expanded
to include others, such as grandmothers and aunts, who played mothering roles.
What had originally been primarily a day of honour became associated with the
sending of cards and the giving of gifts, however, and, in protest against its
commercialization, Jarvis spent the last years of her life trying to abolish the
holiday she had brought into being.
Festivals honouring mothers and mother goddesses date to ancient times. The
Phrygians held a festival for Cybele, the Great Mother of the Gods, as did
the Greeks for the goddess Rhea. Likewise, the Romans adapted the practice to
their own pantheon. Some countries have continued to observe ancient festivals;
for example, Durga-puja, honouring the goddess Durga, remains an important
festival in India.
When Is Mother’s Day in the USA?
Mother's Day in the United States is annually held on the second Sunday of May.
The same is true for Australia and Canada. However, there still exists confusion
about the right date.
Why Is Mother’s Day Celebrated on Different Dates?
Other countries celebrate mothers on different dates: The United
Kingdom celebrates Mother’s Day three weeks before Easter Sunday (as
“Mothering Sunday”). Costa Rica uses August 15, Georgia celebrates on March
3, Samoa uses the second Monday of May, and Thailand honors mothers on the
birthday of the Queen of Thailand on August 12.
Mother's Day around the world
Why Is Mother’s Day Celebrated in the United States?
Mother's Day has become a day that focuses on generally recognizing mothers'
and mother figures' roles. Mother's Day has also become an increasingly
important event for businesses in recent years. This is particularly true of
restaurants and companies that manufacture and sell cards and gift items.
The origins of Mother's Day are attributed to different people in the United States.
Many believe that two women, Julia Ward Howe and Anna Jarvis, were important
in establishing the tradition of Mother's Day in the United States.
Other sources say that Juliet Calhoun Blakely initiated Mother’s Day in Albion,
Michigan, in the late 1800s. Her sons paid tribute to her each year, and urged
others to honor their mothers.
Gift Cards and Brunches
Traditionally, the holiday is about honoring mothers—by giving flowers, taking
Mom out for brunch, or writing something sweet on a Mother’s Day card. But
what is the best gift? Typical gift ideas are Mother’s Day flower bouquets with
gift cards or greeting cards, maybe with a voucher for a "special day” for Mom or
Mother-in-law.
Other Mother's Day gifts are chocolate, candy, clothing, jewelry, and treats, such
as a beauty treatment or a trip to a spa. Even gift sets containing some or all of the
above are possible.
Some families organize an outing for all of their members or hold a special meal
at home or in a restaurant. In the days and weeks before Mother's Day, many
schools help their pupils to prepare a handmade card or small gift for their
mothers.
Florist’s Tip: Pink and White Carnations
Traditionally, the “Mother’s Day flower” is the white carnation (dianthus
caryophyllus). Anna Jarvis, one of the founders of the modern Mother’s Day
celebration, chose the white carnation as its official flower because it had been her
mother’s favorite.
The white carnation symbolizes the purity of a mother’s love—but be careful with
a bouquet of white carnations: Today, they symbolize death and a mother who has
passed away. Choose red or pink carnations to honor a living mother, or mix your
bouquet.
History of Mother’s Day
Around 1870, Julia Ward Howe called for Mother's Day to be celebrated each
year to encourage pacifism and disarmament amongst women. It continued to be
observed in Boston for about ten years under her sponsorship, but lost popularity
afterward.
In 1907, Anna Jarvis held a private Mother's Day celebration in memory of her
mother, Ann Reeves Jarvis, in Grafton, West Virginia. Ann Jarvis had been a
peace activist during the Civil War and organized "Mother's Day Work Clubs" to
improve health and cleanliness. Her daughter Anna Jarvis launched a quest for
Mother's Day to be more widely recognized. Her campaign was later financially
supported by John Wanamaker, a clothing merchant from Philadelphia.
In 1908, Jarvis was instrumental in arranging a service in the Andrew's Methodist
Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, which was attended by 407 children
and their mothers. The church has now become the International Mother's Day
Shrine. It is a tribute to all mothers and has been designated as a National Historic
Landmark.
US President Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation in 1914 designating
Mother's Day as a national holiday to honor mothers, to be held on the second
Sunday of May.
Is Mother's Day a Public Holiday?
Mother's Day is not a federal holiday.
Organizations, businesses, and stores are open or closed, just as they are on any
other Sunday in the year. Public transit systems run to their normal Sunday
schedules. Restaurants may be busier than usual, as some people take their
mothers out for a treat.
Legally, Mother's Day is a state holiday in Arizona. However, because it always
falls on a Sunday, most state government offices and employees observe their
Sunday schedule on the day.

References

1. J. Ellsworth Kalas (October 19, 2009). Preaching the Calendar:

Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days. Westminster John Knox
Press. ISBN 9780664227142. Church attendance on this day is likely to
be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter. Some worshipers still
celebrate with carnations, colored if the mother is living and white if she
is deceased.
2. ^ O'Reilly, Andrea (April 6, 2010). Encyclopedia of Motherhood. Sage
Publications (CA). p. 602. ISBN 978-1-4522-6629-9. She organized the
 first official Mother's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in
Grafton, West Virginia, on the morning of May 10, 1908. That same
afternoon, 15,000 people attended a Mother's Day service at the
Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia, which she also organized.
Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother's Day to mark the
anniversary of her mother's death and selected her mother's favorite
flower, the white carnation, as the day's official emblem.
3. ^ O'Reilly, Andrea (2010). Encyclopedia of Motherhood. Sage
Publications. p. 972. ISBN 978-1452266299.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h Virginia Bernhard (2002). "Mother's Day". In
Joseph M. Hawes, Elizabeth F. Shores (ed.). The family in America: an
encyclopedia (3, illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 714. ISBN 978-1-57607-
232-5.
5. ^ Larossa, 1997 p. 172
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Leigh, p. 252
7. ^ "The First Anniversary of 'Mother's Day'", The New York Times, June 3,
1874, p. 8: "'Mother's Day,' which was inaugurated in this city on the 2nd
of June, 1872, by Mrs. Julia Ward Howards [sic], was celebrated last
night at Plimpton Hall by a mother's peace meeting..."
8. ^ Julia Ward Howe's Mother's Day for Peace Archived June 1, 2007, at
the Wayback Machine, about.com
9. ^ Mother's Day from "Albion's Historical Markers", maintained by an
Albion, Michigan business