Gas Dynamics MEP 402
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ACU
Course Instructor
Dr. Ashraf I. Sayed
Email: [email protected]
Lecture 5
1-Flow in Convergent Divergent Nozzle
2-Normal Shock Analysis
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Converging–Diverging Nozzle
Now consider the converging-diverging nozzle
sketched in the figure.
For curves A and B the back pressure is not low
enough to induce sonic flow in the throat, and the flow
in the nozzle is subsonic throughout. The exit pressure
pe = pb, and the jet is subsonic
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For curve C the area ratio Ae/At exactly equals the critical
ratio Ae/A* for a subsonic Me. The throat becomes sonic, and
the mass flux reaches a maximum. The remainder of the
nozzle flow is subsonic, including the exit jet, and pe = pb.
Now jump for a moment to curve H. Here pb is such that
pb/p0 exactly corresponds to the critical-area ratio Ae/A* for a
supersonic Me. The diverging flow is entirely supersonic,
including the jet flow, and pe = pb. This is called the design
pressure ratio of the nozzle and is the back pressure suitable
for operating a supersonic wind tunnel or an efficient rocket
exhaust
Now back up and suppose that pb lies between curves C and H,
which is impossible according to purely isentropic-flow
calculations. The throat remains choked at the sonic value, and
we can match pe = pb by placing a normal shock at just the
right place in the diverging section to cause a subsonic-diffuser
flow back to the back-pressure condition. The mass flow
remains maximum. At back pressure F the required normal
shock stands in the duct exit. At back pressure G no single
normal shock can do the job, and so the flow compresses
outside the exit in a complex series of oblique shocks until it
matches pb.
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NORMAL SHOCK ANALYSIS
We first establish a control volume that includes the shock region and an
infinitesimal amount of fluid on each side of the shock. In this manner we
deal only with the changes that occur across the shock. It is important to
recognize that since the shock wave is so thin (about 10-6 m), a control
volume chosen in the manner described above is extremely thin in the x-
direction. This permits the following simplifications to be made without
introducing error in the analysis
1. The area on both sides of the shock may be considered to be the same.
2. There is negligible surface in contact with the wall, and thus frictional
effects may be omitted.
We begin by applying the basic concepts of continuity, energy, and
momentum under the following assumptions:
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WORKING EQUATIONS FOR PERFECT GASES
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Try This Example : Helium ( =1.67) is flowing at a Mach
number of 1.80 and enters a normal shock. Determine the
pressure ratio across the shock.
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Rewriting the above equations
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Try This Example : Helium ( =1.67) is flowing at a Mach number of
1.80 and enters a normal shock. Determine the pressure ratio across
the shock.
Solution
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The isentropic flow at the given area ratio as function of mach
number is given by:
For k 1.4, this equation takes the numerical form
The last relation which is plotted in the figure. Can be
approximated by curve fit to enable us to solve any one
dimensional isentropic air flow problem given
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EXAMPLE 2: Air flows from a reservoir where p =
300 kPa and T = 500 K through a throat to section
1 in the figure, where there is a normal-shock
wave. Compute (a) p1, (b) p2, (c) p02, (d) A*2, (e)
p03, (f) A*3, (g) p3, (h) T03, and (i) T3.
Solution
The reservoir conditions are the stagnation properties, which, for
assumed one-dimensional adiabatic frictionless flow, hold through
the throat up to section 1
A shock wave cannot exist unless Ma1 is supersonic; therefore the flow
must have accelerated through a throat which is sonic
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After normal shock the flow is
isentropic, and the total pressure is
constant and the * area is the same
Then, since Ma3 is known to be subsonic because it is downstream of a normal shock
Since the flow
is adiabatic
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Assignment
Oxygen enters the converging section shown in the figure and a normal shock occurs
at the exit. The entering Mach number is 2.8 and the area ratio A1/A2 = 1.7. Compute
the overall static temperature ratio T3/T1. Neglect all frictional losses.
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Dr. Ashraf Sayed
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