SHREE SWAMI ATMANAND SARSWATI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, SURAT
Branch: IT 21
Subject Name: DM Date: 10/1/2025
Tutorial-3
1 Determine the following statements is logically valid or not?
𝑝→𝑞
¬(𝑝∨𝑟)
∴¬ 𝑝 Ans: Logically Valid
2 Obtain the PDNF and PCNF of the form
1. (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (~𝑝 ∧ 𝑟) ∨ (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟)
2. ¬(𝑝 → (𝑞 ∧ 𝑟))
3 Determine whether the following argument form is valid.
1. ∼ 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞 2. 𝑝 ∨ 𝑞
𝑟 →∼ 𝑞 𝑝 →∼ 𝑞
∴ 𝑝 →∼ 𝑟 𝑝→𝑟
Ans: ∴𝑟
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
4 Shelly plays golf or shelly plays basketball. Therefore shelly plays golf. To check valid argument or
not. Ans:
5 If it snows, then streets become slippery. If the streets become slippery, then accidents happen.
Accidents do not happen. Therefore it does not snow. To check valid argument or not.
Ans:
6 Define quantifiers and types of quantifiers with example.
7 Find the truth set of each proposition function p(x) defined on the set Z.
a. 𝑃(𝑥): “𝑥 − 3 > 3” b. 𝑃(𝑥): “𝑥 − 1 < 6” c. 𝑃(𝑥): ”𝑥 + 1 = −3”
8 Find the truth values:
a) P(x): “x ≤ 4" find for P(0), P(4), P(6), P(−3)
b) R(x, y, z, ): “x + y = z" find for R(1,2,3), R(0,0,1)
c) Q(x, y): x is the capital of y find for Q(Delhi, India), Q(New Yourk, New Yourk).
d) Find the truth values of P(0),P(7),P(9) for P(x): “𝑥 ≤ 7".
9 Let 𝐴 = {1,2,3,4,5}. Find the truth value of each of the following statements.
a. ∃ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥 + 3 = 10)
b. ∃ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥 + 3 < 5)
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c. ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥 + 3 ≤ 7)
d. ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 (𝑥 + 3 < 10)
10 Determine the truth values of the following.
a. ∀ 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 (𝑛2 ≥ 𝑛) b. ∃ 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 (2𝑛 = 3𝑛) e. ∃ 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 (𝑛2 = 2)
c. ∀ 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 (𝑛 + 1 > 𝑛) d. ∃ 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 (𝑛2 < 0) 1
f.∃ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 (𝑥 ∙ 2 = 1)
11 Find scope of the quantifier, free and bound occurrence of variables.
a. ∀ 𝑥𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)
b. ∀ 𝑥(𝑃(𝑥) → 𝑄(𝑥))
c. ∀ 𝑥(𝑃(𝑥) → ∃𝑦𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦))
d. ∃𝑥(𝑃(𝑥) ∧ 𝑄(𝑥))
e. ∀ 𝑥(𝑃(𝑥) → 𝑅(𝑥) ∨ ∀ 𝑥(𝑅(𝑥) → 𝑄(𝑥))
12 Translate the following into logical notation. Let the universe of discourse be the real numbers.
a. For any value of x, 𝑥 2 is non negative.
b. For any value of x, there is some value of y such that xy=1
c. There are positive values of x and y such that xy>0
d. There is a value of x such that if y is positive, then x+y is negative.
13 A function 𝑓: ℝ+ → ℝ is defined by𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 8. Check whether 𝑓 is one-one and onto.
ANS : One-one but not Onto.
14 Define even and odd functions. Determine whether the 𝑓: 𝕀 → ℝ+ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 7 is one-to-
one or onto or bijective.
15 Define one-one function. Show that the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ, 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 7 is one- one and onto
both. Also find its inverse.
16 Is function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ − {− 3} → ℝ − {3} , 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥+2
one-one and onto? If yes then find its inverse.
2 2 2𝑥+3
3𝑥−2
ANS: 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 3−2𝑥
17 Let 𝑌 = {𝑛2 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} and 𝑓: ℕ → 𝑌 defined as𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛2 . Show that 𝑓 is invertible and find the inverse
of 𝑓
ANS: 𝑓 −1 : 𝑌 → ℕ; 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥
18 Show that the functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 14 for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ are inverses of one another.
19 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be function defined by𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. Find values of 𝑎 and 𝑏 for which 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝐼𝑅 .
20 Find the composition of two functions 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥). Hence,
show that (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) ≠ (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥).
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21 Define Composite function. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1, then find (𝑓 ∘ 𝑔) ∘ ℎ and
𝑓 ∘ (𝑔 ∘ ℎ).
22 Find the domain of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √81 − 𝑥 2 . ANS: [-9,9]
23 Show that the function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ+ ∪ {0} defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is not invertible. Modify the domain
or codomain of 𝑓 so that it becomes invertible.
