Unit 1 practice [90 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.sl.TZ0.5

Which quantities are different between two species represented by the
notation 128
Te and 128 −?
I
52 53

A. The number of protons only

B. The number of protons and electrons only

C. The number of protons and neutrons only

D. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons [1]

2. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.sl.TZ0.6

What is the relative atomic mass of a sample of chlorine containing 70 % of
the 35Cl isotope and 30 % of the 37Cl isotope?

A. 35.4

B. 35.5

C. 35.6

D. 35.7 [1]
3. [Maximum mark: 8] 22N.2.sl.TZ0.3
Consider the following reaction:

Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

(a) State the ground-state electron configuration for Fe2+. [1]

(b) The mass spectrum for copper is shown:

Source: WebElements, n.d. Copper: isotope data [online] Available at:

https://www.webelements.com/copper/isotopes.html [Accessed 6 October 2021].

Show how a relative atomic mass of copper of 63.62 can be obtained

from this mass spectrum. [1]

The diagram shows an unlabelled voltaic cell for the reaction:

Cu2+ (aq) + Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

(c.i) Label the diagram with the species from the equation and the
direction of electron flow. [2]

(c.ii) Write the half-equation for the reaction occurring at the anode
(negative electrode). [1]

(c.iii) The diagram includes a salt bridge that is filled with a saturated
solution of KNO3. Outline the function of the salt bridge. [1]

(c.iv) Predict the movement of all ionic species through the salt bridge. [2]
4. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.sl.TZ1.5
71 69
Naturally occurring gallium consists of the isotopes Ga and Ga. What is
the approximate percentage abundance of 69Ga?

Mr (Ga) = 69.72.

A. 40 %

B. 50 %

C. 60 %

D. 75 % [1]

5. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.sl.TZ1.6

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a p-orbital?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 6

D. 8 [1]
6. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.sl.TZ1.8
Which of the following is the electron configuration of a metallic element?

A. [Ne] 3s2 3p2

B. [Ne] 3s2 3p4

C. [Ne] 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2

D. [Ne] 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5 [1]

7. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.sl.TZ2.5

Which experimental results support the theory that electrons exist in
discrete energy levels?

A. 1H NMR

B. X-ray diffraction pattern

C. Emission spectra

D. IR spectra [1]
8. [Maximum mark: 1] 22M.1.sl.TZ2.6
What is the relative atomic mass of an element with the following mass
spectrum?

A. 23

B. 24

C. 25

D. 28 [1]
9. [Maximum mark: 15] 22M.2.sl.TZ1.2
Ammonia, NH3, is industrially important for the manufacture of fertilizers,
explosives and plastics.

(a) Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of

a nitrogen atom.

[1]

(b) Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the ammonia molecule. [1]

Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the

equilibrium:

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 (g)

(c(i)) Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this
equation. [1]
(c(ii)) Explain why an increase in pressure shifts the position of equilibrium
towards the products and how this affects the value of the
equilibrium constant, Kc. [2]

(c(iii)) State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the
equilibrium. [1]

The effect of temperature on the position of equilibrium depends on the

enthalpy change of the reaction.

(d(i)) Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the Haber–Bosch process, in
kJ. Use Section 11 of the data booklet. [3]
(d(ii)) Calculate the enthalpy change, ΔH⦵, for the Haber–Bosch process, in
kJ, using the following data.

⦵
ΔH
f
(NH3 )= −46. 2 kJ mol
−1
. [1]

(d(iii)) Suggest why the values obtained in (d)(i) and (d)(ii) differ. [1]

Ammonia is soluble in water and forms an alkaline solution:

NH3 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ NH4+ (aq) + HO– (aq)

(e(i)) State the relationship between NH4+ and NH3 in terms of the
Brønsted–Lowry theory. [1]

(e(ii)) Determine the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the solution formed

when 900.0 dm3 of NH3 (g) at 300.0 K and 100.0 kPa, is dissolved in
water to form 2.00 dm3 of solution. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data
booklet. [2]
 (e(iii)) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in an ammonia
solution with pH = 9.3. Use sections 1 and 2 of the data booklet. [1]

10. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.sl.TZ1.6

What is the ground state electron configuration of an atom of chromium, Cr
(Z = 24)?

A. [Ar]3d6

B. [Ar]4s23d4

C. [Ar]4s13d5

D. [Ar]4s24p4 [1]
11. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.sl.TZ2.5
Which is correct for 34
16
S
2−
?

[1]

12. [Maximum mark: 1] 19M.1.sl.TZ2.6

Which transition in the hydrogen atom emits visible light?

A. n = 1 to n = 2

B. n = 2 to n = 3

C. n = 2 to n = 1

D. n = 3 to n = 2 [1]
13. [Maximum mark: 5] 19M.2.sl.TZ1.6
This question is about iron.

(a) State the nuclear symbol notation, A

Z
, for iron-54.
X [1]

(b) Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following

results:

Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of this sample of iron to two
decimal places. [2]

(c) An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.
 [2]

Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected

through a voltmeter.
14. [Maximum mark: 8] 21N.2.hl.TZ0.9
Fast moving helium nuclei (4He2+) were fired at a thin piece of gold foil with
most passing undeflected but a few deviating largely from their path. The
diagram illustrates this historic experiment.

Figure from PPLATO / FLAP (Flexible Learning Approach To Physics), http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/pplato2/h-

flap/
phys8_1.html#top 1996 The Open University and The University of Reading.

(a) Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this
experiment.

[2]

(b(i)) Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels

occupying various orbital shapes.
 Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.

[2]

(b(ii)) State the electron configuration of copper. [1]

(b(iii)) Copper is a transition metal that forms different coloured complexes.

A complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (aq) changes colour when excess Cl− (aq) is
added.

Explain the cause of this colour change, using sections 3 and 15 from
the data booklet. [3]
15. [Maximum mark: 32] 20N.2.hl.TZ0.1
Chlorine undergoes many reactions.

(a(i)) State the full electron configuration of the chlorine atom. [1]

(a(ii)) State, giving a reason, whether the chlorine atom or the chloride ion
has a larger radius. [1]

(a(iii)) Outline why the chlorine atom has a smaller atomic radius than the
sulfur atom. [2]

(a(iv)) The mass spectrum of chlorine is shown.

 [1]

NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center Collection © 2014 copyright by the U.S. Secretary of
Commerce on behalf of the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Outline the reason for the two peaks at m/z = 35 and 37.

(a(v)) Explain the presence and relative abundance of the peak at

m/z = 74 . [2]

2. 67 g of manganese(IV) oxide was added to 200. 0 cm

3
of
2. 00 mol dm
−3
HCl .

MnO 2 (s) + 4 HCl (aq) → Cl2 (g) + 2H2 O (l) + MnCl2 (aq)
(b(i)) Calculate the amount, in mol, of manganese(IV) oxide added. [1]

(b(ii)) Determine the limiting reactant, showing your calculations. [2]

(b(iii)) Determine the excess amount, in mol, of the other reactant. [1]

(b(iv)) Calculate the volume of chlorine, in dm , produced if the reaction is

3

conducted at standard temperature and pressure (STP). Use section 2

of the data booklet. [1]

(b(v)) State the oxidation state of manganese in MnO and MnCl .

2 2

[2]
(b(vi)) Deduce, referring to oxidation states, whether MnO is an oxidizing
2

or reducing agent. [1]

Chlorine gas reacts with water to produce hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric
acid.

Cl2 (g) + H2 O (l) ⇌ HClO (aq) + HCl (aq)

(c(i)) Hypochlorous acid is considered a weak acid. Outline what is meant

by the term weak acid.

[1]

(c(ii)) State the formula of the conjugate base of hypochlorous acid. [1]

(c(iii)) Calculate the concentration of H

+
(aq) in a HClO (aq) solution
with a pH = 3. 61. [1]

(d(i)) State the type of reaction occurring when ethane reacts with
chlorine to produce chloroethane. [1]
(d(ii)) Predict, giving a reason, whether ethane or chloroethane is more
reactive. [1]

(d(iii)) Explain the mechanism of the reaction between chloroethane and

aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to
represent the movement of electron pairs. [3]

(d(iv)) Ethoxyethane (diethyl ether) can be used as a solvent for this

conversion.
Draw the structural formula of ethoxyethane [1]

(d(v)) Deduce the number of signals and chemical shifts with splitting
patterns in the 1H NMR spectrum of ethoxyethane. Use section 27 of
the data booklet.
 [3]

CCl2 F2 is a common chlorofluorocarbon, CFC.

(e(i)) Calculate the percentage by mass of chlorine in CCl 2 F2 . [2]

(e(ii)) Comment on how international cooperation has contributed to the

lowering of CFC emissions responsible for ozone depletion. [1]

(e(iii)) CFC s produce chlorine radicals. Write two successive propagation

steps to show how chlorine radicals catalyse the depletion of ozone. [2]
16. [Maximum mark: 12] 18M.2.hl.TZ2.9
Organic compounds often have isomers.

A straight chain molecule of formula C5H10O contains a carbonyl group. The

compound cannot be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution.

(a.i) Deduce the structural formulas of the two possible isomers. [2]

(a.ii) Mass spectra A and B of the two isomers are given.

Explain which spectrum is produced by each compound using

section 28 of the data booklet.
 [2]

A tertiary halogenoalkane with three different alkyl groups, (R1R2R3)C−X,

undergoes a SN1 reaction and forms two isomers.

(b.i) State the type of bond fission that takes place in a SN1 reaction. [1]

(b.ii) State the type of solvent most suitable for the reaction. [1]

(b.iii) Draw the structure of the intermediate formed stating its shape.

[2]

(b.iv) Suggest, giving a reason, the percentage of each isomer from the
SN1 reaction. [2]
(c) Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, can be converted to phenylamine via a
two-stage reaction.

In the first stage, nitrobenzene is reduced with tin in an acidic

solution to form an intermediate ion and tin(II) ions. In the second
stage, the intermediate ion is converted to phenylamine in the
presence of hydroxide ions.

Formulate the equation for each stage of the reaction.

[2]

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