THUONG MAI UNIVERSITY

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

----------

DISCUSSION

CULTURAL AWARENESS

Lecturer : Le Thi Phuong Mai

Group : 01

Class : 242ENTI1012_65

Hanoi, March 2025

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No Name Duties Comments Mark

1 Nguyễn Thị Bảo

2 Trần Thị Vân Anh

3 Phùng Thị Lan Anh

4 Vũ Thu Anh

5 Lại Đức Anh

6 Lê Thị Ngọc Ánh

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 Table of contents
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................4
MAIN CONTENT..............................................................................................5
1. Japan and Japanese Culture..........................................................................5
1.1. Japan.........................................................................................................5
1.2. Japanese Culture......................................................................................6
2. Some distinctive and notable aspects of Japanese Culture........................8
2.1. Japanese Social Etiquette and Manners................................................8
2.2. Japanese Working Culture.....................................................................9
2.2.1. Punctuality: A Symbol of Respect and Discipline................................9
2.2.2. Kaizen: The Spirit of Continuous Improvement..................................9
2.2.3. The Impact of Punctuality and Kaizen on Japanese Society.............10
2.3. Japanese culinary culture......................................................................11
3. The Importance of Understanding Different Cultures..............................12
3.1.1. Social Structure and Hierarchy..........................................................12
3.1.2. Punctuality and Kaizen........................................................................12
3.1.3. Cuisine..................................................................................................13
3.2. Travelling and Working in Japan: Essential Etiquette and Customs
........................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................15
REFERENCES.................................................................................................16

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 INTRODUCTION
In an increasingly interconnected world, cultural awareness has become a
fundamental skill that allows individuals to navigate diverse social and professional
environments effectively. Among the many rich and influential cultures worldwide,
Japanese culture stands out as a fascinating blend of deep-rooted traditions and
cutting-edge modernity. From ancient rituals such as the tea ceremony and traditional
performing arts like Noh and Kabuki to contemporary innovations in technology,
fashion, and pop culture, Japan has continuously shaped global perspectives on art,
etiquette, and lifestyle.

The significance of Japanese culture extends far beyond its borders, influencing
various aspects of daily life in different countries. However, understanding a culture
goes beyond mere appreciation of its aesthetics or popular trends. Cultural awareness
involves recognizing the values, customs, and social norms that define a society,
allowing for more meaningful interactions and reducing the risk of misunderstandings.
As Japan plays an increasingly prominent role in global business, tourism, and
diplomacy, it is crucial to be aware of its unique etiquette, work ethic, and
communication styles. Whether traveling to Japan, working with Japanese colleagues,
or simply engaging with its cultural products, developing an awareness of these
cultural differences can foster respect, adaptability, and stronger global connections.

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 MAIN CONTENT

1. Japan and Japanese Culture

1.1. Japan
What do people know about Japan?

Japan is in East Asia, in the Pacific Ocean. Japan is also known as the land of
the rising sun. The Kanji translates to sun origin. This is because from a Chinese point
of view the sun rises from Japan. Japan consists of over 6800 islands. The four largest
islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. These four islands make up
about 97% of Japan's land area. There are 47 prefectures in Japan. More than 70% of
Japan is mountainous. Mount Fuji is the tallest mountain in Japan at 3776 meters.
There are more than 1500 earthquakes a year.

Japan has a population of around 126 million people which is less than half of
the population of the United States (328 million people). Yet the area of Japan is just
slightly larger than the area of California. Japan has the third largest economy in the
world. behind the United States and China. Japan has the second highest life
Expectancy. Women's life expectancy is 87 while the men can expect to live until 80.
Japanese is the official language of Japan. Japan has a prime minister and not a
president but Japan also has an emperor who is the constitutional monarch and
ceremonial head of state.

Many of the important things about life in Japan today were also important
more than 1500 years ago. Japan is near to Korea and China, and many ideas came to
ancient Japan from people in these countries, like Korean and Chinese people. The
ancient Japanese learned to grow rice and to make cloth. Buddhism came to Japan
from Korea and China, and the Japanese began to use Chinese Kanji, or picture words
for writing. Toyoda Sakichi was a very important person in Japan at this time. First, he
changed things in the cloth industry, and after that, people could work better and
faster. Later, his business began to make cars, too, and the Toyota Motor Corporation
was born.

Japan fought in the First World War, 1914 to 18, and by the 1920s, it was an
important country in the world. In the Second World War, 1939 to 45, Japan fought in
the Pacific. In August 1945, US atomic bombs killed more than 200,000 Japanese in
the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Bombs destroyed many of Japan's cities and

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industries in the war. But because Japanese people worked hard and had good ideas,
Japan's industries began to grow. At first, Japan made cars, ships, and steel.

But in the 1970s, the electronics industry became more important. Japan began
to make phones, televisions, computers, and cameras. Soon Japan was famous around
the world for its new ideas in the electronics industry. Then, from the 1990s, industries
in other countries in Asia began to grow, and there were hard times for Japan. But
Japan is the country of Canon, Toyota, Mitsubishi, and Sony. And we see names like
these every day on things in our homes, schools, and places of work.

There are about 1500 earthquakes a year in Japan, but most of them are small.
So why does Japan have so many earthquakes in this part of the world? Under the
Pacific Ocean, the land is always moving. Because of this, there are often earthquakes,
and many of Japan's mountains are volcanoes. About 15 times a year, people near a
volcano in different parts of Japan see smoke and hear noise from the mountain. The
most famous volcano is Mount Fuji, the highest mountain in the country at 3776
meters. Mount Fuji is very beautiful, and many people visit it because of Japan's many
volcanoes; it also has more than 2000 hot springs. Many people come to the springs to
keep well or just because they like the warm water. People in Japan must be careful
about volcanoes and earthquakes, but sometimes they must keep safe in typhoons too.
Typhoons come from the Pacific. They bring very bad weather with powerful winds.
They usually come to Japan between July and October. Typhoons destroy buildings
and roads. Hills sometimes break away in the rain, and often people die when there is
a big typhoon or an earthquake. Japanese people move quickly. In a typhoon, they stay
in their buildings and move away from windows. In an earthquake, they move under a
table and stay safe there.

There are lots of buses and trains in Japan, and they are usually very good.
Trains carry thousands of people under the big cities. Other trains, called shinkansen,
go across the country. Shinkansen are some of the best trains in the world. They can
go at 300. They are nearly always on time.

1.2. Japanese Culture

Japan is a country where tradition and modernity coexist harmoniously,
shaping every aspect of daily life. Deeply rooted cultural values such as respect,
harmony, and discipline influence social interactions, work environments, and even
culinary traditions. These principles not only define individual behaviors but also

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contribute to the strong sense of community and order that characterizes Japanese
society.

One of the most distinctive aspects of Japanese culture is its emphasis on social
etiquette. Politeness and respect are fundamental in both personal and professional
settings, guiding the way people communicate and interact. Bowing is a common form
of greeting and expressing gratitude, while the use of honorifics in speech reflects an
awareness of hierarchy and relationships. Unlike in some cultures, physical contact
like handshakes or hugs is less common, as personal space is highly valued. Gift-
giving is also an important custom, symbolizing appreciation and strengthening
relationships. In public spaces, people are mindful of their behavior, maintaining a
quiet and orderly atmosphere to respect those around them. This collective awareness
helps foster the social harmony that is deeply ingrained in Japanese society.

Beyond social customs, Japan’s work culture is another defining feature of the
country. Discipline, dedication, and teamwork are highly valued, with employees
often demonstrating perseverance and loyalty to their companies. The workplace
follows a hierarchical structure where respect for seniority is emphasized, ensuring
stability and mentorship. Instead of prioritizing individual achievements, Japanese
businesses focus on collective decision-making, reinforcing the importance of
working together toward shared goals. This emphasis on harmony and group cohesion
contributes to the efficiency and long-term success of many Japanese companies.

Food is also a vital part of Japanese culture, reflecting a deep appreciation for
seasonality, aesthetics, and balance. Traditional Japanese cuisine, known as washoku,
emphasizes fresh ingredients and careful preparation to create visually appealing and
nutritionally balanced meals. A typical meal consists of rice, miso soup, and various
side dishes such as fish, vegetables, and pickles. Sushi is one of the most well-known
Japanese dishes, showcasing precision and artistry in its preparation. However,
Japanese cuisine extends far beyond sushi, with dishes like ramen, udon, and soba
noodles, each offering distinct flavors and regional variations. The concept of shun, or
seasonal eating, plays a crucial role in Japanese cooking, ensuring that ingredients are
enjoyed at their peak freshness. Dining etiquette is also important, with customs like
saying itadakimasu before eating and gochisousama deshita after finishing a meal as
expressions of gratitude. Additionally, chopstick manners are carefully observed, as
certain actions are considered inappropriate due to their cultural significance.

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 Through its customs, work ethics, and culinary traditions, Japan showcases a
culture that values respect, discipline, and mindfulness. While the country continues to
modernize, these deep-rooted traditions remain an integral part of its identity, shaping
the way people interact, work, and enjoy food. Understanding these cultural elements
offers valuable insights into the principles that define Japanese society and its unique
way of life.

2. Some distinctive and notable aspects of Japanese Culture

2.1. Japanese Social Etiquette and Manners
In Japan, communication and behavior are deeply influenced by a strong sense
of hierarchy and respect for social status. One of the most fundamental principles in
Japanese culture is wa. meaning harmony, which emphasizes the importance of
maintaining good relationships and avoiding conflict. This cultural value is evident in
both verbal and non-verbal communication, shaping the way Japanese people interact
in various social and professional settings.

One of the most noticeable aspects of Japanese etiquette is the use of keigo, or
honorific language, when speaking to superiors, elders, or those in higher positions.
Keigo consists of respectful expressions and specific verb forms that demonstrate
politeness and acknowledgment of hierarchy. Using the correct level of keigo is
essential in formal conversations, especially in business and professional
environments. Failing to use polite language appropriately can be seen as disrespectful
or unprofessional.

Non-verbal communication is equally important in Japan, with bowing being a

key gesture to show respect. The depth and duration of the bow depend on the context
and the status of the person being addressed. A slight nod is acceptable for casual
interactions, whereas a deeper bow is required in formal situations, such as meetings
with executives or elders. In addition, Japanese people tend to avoid direct eye contact
for extended periods, as excessive eye contact may be perceived as confrontational or
aggressive.

Another significant aspect of Japanese social etiquette is the preference for

indirect communication. Unlike in some Western cultures where directness is valued,
Japanese people often use subtle expressions, hints, or pauses to convey their
thoughts. Disagreeing openly or saying "no" directly can be considered rude or
impolite. Instead, people might use ambiguous phrases such as "It might be difficult"

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or "I will think about it," which imply a negative response without causing
discomfort.

Moreover, group harmony is prioritized over individual opinions, and avoiding

conflict is crucial in both social and professional interactions. Japanese people often
refrain from expressing strong emotions or challenging authority in public. They also
follow the concept of tatemae and honne - tatemae refers to the public persona or
socially acceptable behavior, while honne represents one's true feelings, which are
usually shared only with close friends or family.

Understanding these social customs and etiquette rules is essential for anyone
who wishes to interact with Japanese people, whether in daily life, business, or travel.
Respecting these traditions not only helps build positive relationships but also
demonstrates cultural sensitivity, ensuring smooth and meaningful interactions in
Japanese society.

2.2. Japanese Working Culture

Japan is well-known for its disciplined and highly efficient work culture, which
significantly contributes to its economic success. Among the many aspects that
characterize the Japanese work ethic, punctuality and Kaizen (continuous
improvement) stand out as key principles that reflect the nation's dedication to
excellence. These values not only enhance productivity but also demonstrate a strong
respect for time and self-improvement.

2.2.1. Punctuality: A Symbol of Respect and Discipline

One of the most admired aspects of Japanese work culture is punctuality. Being
on time is not just a professional expectation but a deeply ingrained cultural value that
extends to all areas of life, from work meetings to public transportation. The
importance of punctuality is evident in Japan's world-famous railway system, where
trains are rarely late by even a few seconds. For example, in 2017, a Japanese train
company publicly apologized for departing 20 seconds later than scheduled,
highlighting the nation's commitment to precision.

In the workplace, arriving late is seen as disrespectful to colleagues and

employers. Employees are expected to be present and ready before the official starting
time, ensuring that meetings and operations run smoothly. Many companies also
practice “morning assembly” (chorei), where employees gather before work begins to
discuss daily goals and reinforce team spirit. This practice reflects the Japanese belief
that punctuality fosters discipline, efficiency, and mutual respect.
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 2.2.2. Kaizen: The Spirit of Continuous Improvement
Another defining feature of Japanese work culture is Kaizen, a philosophy that
emphasizes continuous improvement in all aspects of work and life. The word
"Kaizen" is derived from "kai" (change) and "zen" (good), meaning "change for the
better." This principle encourages employees to constantly seek ways to enhance
productivity, reduce waste, and improve work processes.

Kaizen is widely applied in Japanese companies, especially in the

manufacturing industry. Toyota, for instance, is a global leader in implementing
Kaizen. The Toyota Production System (TPS) is built on small, continuous
improvements suggested by workers at all levels. Employees are encouraged to
identify inefficiencies, and even minor adjustments—such as reducing unnecessary
movements in assembly lines—can lead to significant enhancements in overall
efficiency.

Kaizen is not limited to factories; it is also practiced in office environments.

Many Japanese firms hold regular Kaizen meetings where employees share ideas on
optimizing workflows, enhancing customer service, and reducing errors. This fosters a
work environment where innovation and collaboration flourish. Unlike Western
management styles that focus on large-scale overhauls, Kaizen emphasizes
incremental progress, ensuring that improvements are sustainable over time.

2.2.3. The Impact of Punctuality and Kaizen on Japanese Society

The combination of punctuality and Kaizen has played a crucial role in shaping
Japan's economic success and international reputation. These values make Japanese
businesses highly reliable and competitive in the global market. Moreover, they foster
a work culture that prioritizes discipline, responsibility, and a strong sense of
teamwork.

However, the commitment to perfection and continuous improvement also

presents challenges. The high expectations of punctuality and efficiency can lead to
workplace stress and long working hours. To address this, many companies are now
introducing work-life balance initiatives while still maintaining the core values of
discipline and improvement.

The Japanese work culture, characterized by punctuality and Kaizen, reflects a

unique blend of discipline, respect, and innovation. Punctuality ensures efficiency and
mutual respect, while Kaizen promotes a mindset of continuous improvement and
teamwork. These values not only contribute to business success but also inspire
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individuals to strive for excellence in all aspects of life. By embracing these
principles, organizations worldwide can learn valuable lessons on how to enhance
productivity and maintain a culture of respect and growth.

2.3. Japanese culinary culture

Japanese Cuisine (Washoku): More Than Just Food, a Reflection of Philosophy
and Culture

Japanese cuisine, known as washoku, is not just about food—it reflects a deep-
rooted philosophy of life and culture. One of its most distinctive characteristics is the
respect for nature and seasonality. Ingredients are used at their peak seasons to
preserve their original flavors, making dishes not only delicious but also nutritious.
Moreover, balance and harmony play a crucial role, as seen in the “Five Elements”
principle, which ensures harmony in colors, flavors, and nutrition. Aesthetic simplicity
is also highly valued, extending beyond preparation to presentation, embodying the
wabi-sabi philosophy—the appreciation of beauty in simplicity.

One of the most iconic representations of Japanese cuisine is sushi. Originally

developed as a method of preserving fish by fermenting it with rice, sushi has evolved
into various forms such as nigiri, maki, and sashimi, becoming a beloved dish
worldwide. More than just food, sushi showcases meticulous craftsmanship. A sushi
chef (itamae) undergoes years of rigorous training to master the art of cutting fish,
shaping rice, and selecting the finest ingredients to achieve the perfect balance.
Additionally, sushi carries deep cultural values, embodying the principles of
minimalism, the Kaizen spirit (continuous improvement), and a profound respect for
nature—core elements of Japanese culture.

Although both Japan and Vietnam have rich culinary traditions that emphasize
fresh, seasonal ingredients, their approaches to cooking and dining differ significantly.
Japanese cuisine uses minimal seasoning to retain the original taste of ingredients,
whereas Vietnamese cuisine often incorporates a variety of seasonings such as fish
sauce and fresh herbs to create bold flavors. In terms of dining habits, the Japanese
value elegance and slow eating to fully appreciate the flavors, whereas Vietnamese
people tend to eat more flexibly and comfortably. Cultural values in dining also differ.
Japan emphasizes discipline and etiquette, reflected in rules such as not sticking
chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice or avoiding loud noises while eating. In contrast,
Vietnamese meals are often lively and serve as a means of fostering community
bonds.

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 Ultimately, cuisine is not just a part of daily life—it serves as a mirror
reflecting a nation’s culture and way of life. Understanding and respecting these
differences in culinary traditions not only helps us integrate more easily when
traveling or working in Japan but also fosters cultural connections between the two
countries.

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3. The Importance of Understanding Different Cultures
Nowadays, understanding different cultures is more important than ever. It
helps foster mutual respect, improve communication, and broaden our perspectives.
By learning about the traditions, values, and customs of other countries, we not only
gain knowledge but also develop empathy and cultural awareness, which are essential
in both personal and professional contexts. Furthermore, understanding Japanese
culture enhances cross-cultural interactions, especially in areas like business,
education, and tourism… It helps us avoid misunderstandings, build stronger
relationships, and engage with Japanese society more meaningfully.

Culture is considered as a significant role in shaping the identity and behaviors

of individuals within a society. Japan and Vietnam, both located in East Asia, share
historical and cultural connections, somehow influencing each other. However,
Vietnamese and Japanese culture have their own unique features. And those cultural
differences between Japan and Vietnam could affect societal norms and interpersonal
interactions in terms of social structure, communication styles, work ethics, and
traditions, etc.

3.1.1. Social Structure and Hierarchy

One of the fundamental differences between Japanese and Vietnamese cultures
lies in their social structures. Japanese society is deeply rooted in Confucian
principles, emphasizing hierarchy, collectivism, and social harmony. Bowing is a
common form of greeting, and indirect communication is preferred to maintain
harmony, and silence is often seen as a sign of thoughtfulness rather than discomfort.
Conversely, while Vietnamese society also values hierarchy and respect for elders, it
tends to be more flexible and informal compared to Japan. Vietnamese social
interactions are generally more relaxed and expressive, with handshakes and verbal
greetings. They people are more likely to express opinions openly and engage in lively
discussions.

3.1.2. Punctuality and Kaizen

Japanese work culture is renowned for its punctuality and commitment to
continuous improvement (Kaizen). Punctuality in Japan is a deeply ingrained value,
with employees expected to arrive early and meetings starting precisely on time. This
stems from a broader cultural emphasis on respect, efficiency, and collective
responsibility. In contrast, Vietnam’s work culture tends to be more flexible with time,

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where meetings and deadlines are often treated with relative leniency, reflecting a
more relationship-oriented business environment. While Japan’s Kaizen philosophy
encourages constant small improvements and strict adherence to processes,
Vietnamese workplaces often prioritize adaptability over rigid procedural discipline.
However, as globalization influences Vietnam’s corporate environment, many
businesses are adopting Kaizen principles to enhance productivity and efficiency

3.1.3. Cuisine
While Japanese people value the natural, delicious taste of food, trying to use
minimal spices, Vietnamese think that spices are not only mere additives but also
upgrade the flavors to the art of seasoning, creating a harmony. Japanese cuisine often
emphasizes the minimal use of spices to highlight the fresh, pure, and natural flavors
of the dish, but Vietnamese cuisine possesses a peculiar allure. Illustrating the utmost
restraint in the use of spices, we can mention the globally renowned Japanese dish,
Sashimi. On the other hand, for the Vietnamese, spices are no longer mere additives
but elevated to the art of seasoning, creating a harmonious blend of the five flavors
symbolizing the human emotional spectrum.

Japan and Vietnam have some cultural similarities due to historical influences,
however, their distinct traditions, communication styles, and societal norms highlight
significant differences. Japan’s culture leans towards formality, hierarchy, and indirect
communication, whereas Vietnam exhibits more flexibility, directness, and vibrancy in
social interactions. Understanding these cultural differences is essential for fostering
cross-cultural communication and appreciation between the two nations. As
globalization continues to bridge cultural gaps, recognizing and respecting these
unique cultural traits will contribute to stronger relationships and mutual
understanding between Japanese and Vietnamese societies.

3.2. Travelling and Working in Japan: Essential Etiquette and Customs

Understanding Japanese etiquette is crucial for travelers and professionals, as
social norms play a significant role in both daily life and the workplace.

One of the most fundamental aspects of Japanese culture is the deep respect for
hierarchy, which is reflected in both verbal and non-verbal communication. When
greeting others, bowing at different angles signifies varying degrees of respect, with
deeper bows reserved for those of higher status. Business cards (meishi) are
exchanged with both hands and should be carefully examined before being put away,
as this gesture demonstrates attentiveness and professionalism. Additionally, using

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honorifics such as "-san" is a basic yet essential way to show politeness in
conversations.

Punctuality is another key value deeply ingrained in Japanese society. Arriving

late, even by a few minutes, is considered disrespectful, especially in business
environments. This emphasis on time management extends to the broader philosophy
of Kaizen, or continuous improvement, which encourages individuals to consistently
enhance their efficiency and skills. In professional settings, employees are expected to
contribute to the collective success of their company by adopting a mindset of lifelong
learning and self-discipline.

Japanese dining culture also follows strict etiquette rules, especially when
eating sushi. The proper way to enjoy sushi is to dip the fish side into soy sauce rather
than the rice, as this preserves the balance of flavors and prevents the rice from
breaking apart. Additionally, passing food directly from one pair of chopsticks to
another is considered inappropriate, as it resembles funeral customs. When dining
with Japanese people, it is customary to wait until everyone raises their glass and says
"Kanpai!" before drinking, reinforcing the sense of harmony and respect in social
gatherings.

Adapting to Japanese customs allows visitors and professionals to integrate

more smoothly into society and foster meaningful relationships. By showing respect
for hierarchy, valuing punctuality, embracing the Kaizen spirit, and adhering to dining
etiquette, individuals can navigate both social and professional settings in Japan with
ease and cultural awareness.

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 CONCLUSION
Understanding Japanese culture is essential for fostering positive interactions
and building meaningful relationships in both professional and social settings. Japan's
cultural values emphasize respect, discipline, and harmony, which contribute to its
global reputation for excellence. Whether in business, travel, or daily interactions,
embracing these cultural principles enhances mutual understanding and cooperation.

Moreover, recognizing cultural differences is not merely about avoiding

misunderstandings; it is about cultivating a mindset of adaptability and openness. The
ability to navigate different cultural norms fosters stronger global connections and
enriches personal growth. By actively learning and respecting Japan’s unique customs
—such as proper etiquette, punctuality, and humility—individuals can integrate more
smoothly into Japanese society and develop valuable cross-cultural skills.

Ultimately, cultural awareness is a bridge to deeper relationships and successful

international interactions. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the
willingness to embrace cultural diversity is not just beneficial but necessary. Whether
visiting or working in Japan, adopting an open-minded approach will lead to a more
fulfilling and rewarding experience.

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 REFERENCES
1. https://mytour.vn/vi/blog/bai-viet/h2vietnamese-japanese-cuisine-similarities-and-
differences-h2.html
2. https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-main-cultural-differences-between-Japanese-
and-Vietnamese-people
3. https://www.byfood.com/blog/lunar-new-year-japan-travel-p-553

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