A_©bxwZ wØZxq cÎ

Dbœqb cwiKíbv BDwbU

f‚wgKv
wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZx©Kv‡j c„w_exi wewfbœ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Dbœqb cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv
nq| g‡b Kiv nq Dbœqb cwiKíbv `ª“Z A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| wKš‘ wewfbœ
†`‡k Dbœqb cwiKíbvi AwfÁZv Avkvbyiƒc nqwb| d‡j mˇii `k‡Ki †kl fvM †_‡K
Dbœqb cwiKíbv Zvi ¸i“Z¡ nviv‡Z _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b Dbœqb cwiKíbv c~‡e©i b¨vq ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
bq|

cvV - 1 : msÁv I ¸i“Z¡

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb −
♦ Dbœqb cwiKíbvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb ;
♦ Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

1. msÁv
Dbœqb cwiKíbv ej‡Z `xN©Kv‡j A_©‰bwZK wm×vš— MÖnY mgwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ miKv‡ii
m‡PZb cÖ‡Póv‡K eySvq| Dbœqb cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g miKvi Dbœq‡bi D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK PjK (†hgb − Avq, †fvM, wewb‡qvM, wb‡qvM, mÂq, Avg`vwb, ißvwb
BZ¨vw`) †K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z, cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z ev wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Pvq| mnRfv‡e ejv hvq,
Dbœqb cwiKíbv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó msL¨vMZ j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖYxZ
GKwU `wjj|

2. Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡

wKQyKvj c~‡e© Dbœq‡bi hš¿ wn‡m‡e Dbœqb cwiKíbv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© g‡b Kiv nZ|
Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
1. evRvi e¨_©Zv : Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki `ªe¨ I Dcv`v‡bi evRvi c~Y© cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK
bq| GgZve¯’vq Drcv`b I wewb‡qvM evRv‡ii kw³i Dci †Q‡o w`‡j mvgvwRK
Kvg¨ Drcv`b I wewb‡qvM nqbv| Dbœqb cwiKíbv A_©bxwZi Kvg¨ Drcv`b I
wewb‡qvM wba©vi‡Y D‡j−L‡hvM¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 269

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

2. m¤ú` mgv‡ek I eivÏKiY : Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Avw_©K I `¶ gvbe m¤ú‡`i

cwigvY mxwgZ| GB mxwgZ m¤ú`‡K mvgvwRK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K m‡e©vËg e¨env‡i
wb‡qvwRZ Kiv DwPZ| evRvi kw³i Dci †Q‡o w`‡j mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg
e¨envi nq bv| †hgb − evRvi kw³ abx‡`i Rb¨ †fvM¨cY¨ Drcv`b K‡i| G
Ae¯’vq Dbœqb cwiKíbv Ggbfv‡e wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶Î evQvB K‡i Ges wewb‡qvM
mgš^q K‡i hv‡Z mxwgZ m¤ú` me‡P‡q Drcv`bkxj Lv‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
3. gvbwmK cÖfve : Dbœqb cwiKíbvq RvZxq mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni
wek` eY©bv _v‡K| Giƒc GKwU `wjj gvby‡li g‡bvfv‡ei Dci ¸i“Z¡c~Y© gvbwmK
cÖfve †d‡j| ZLb miKv‡ii c‡¶ Dbœqb cwiKíbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †`‡ki mKj
†kªYxi gvbyl‡K GKwÎZ Kiv m¤¢e nq| Gi d‡j miKv‡ii c‡¶ `vwi`ª we‡gvPb,
wk¶v we¯—vi, †ivM cÖwZ‡iva cÖf…wZ RvZxq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ KvR
Kiv mnR nq| gvbyl Zv‡`i mvgvwRK, agx©q, A_©‰bwZK, †MvÎxq we‡f` fz‡j wM‡q
mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi mvaviY j‡¶¨ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ : Dbœqb cwiKíbv wØc¶xq I eûc¶xq ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ cvIqvi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ© wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| RvZxq ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Ges evQvBK…Z cÖK‡í
wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ cvIqv mnR nq| `vZv‡`i‡K †evSv‡bv hvq †h Zv‡`i
†`qv A_© †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó cÖK‡í e¨envi Kiv n‡e| e¯‘Zc‡¶ A‡bK
mgv‡jvPK g‡b K‡ib Dbœqb cwiKíbv ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ cvIqvi nvwZqvi ˆe wKQy
bq|
G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq Dbœqb cwiKíbv evsjv‡`‡ki gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

mvims‡¶c
Dbœqbkxj cwiKíbv GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó msL¨vMZ j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
miKv‡ii m‡PZb cÖqvm|
Dbœqb cwiKíbv (1) evRvi e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ A_©bxwZ‡Z Kvg¨ wewb‡qvM I Drcv`b bv
nIqvi mgm¨v `~i K‡i, (2) †`‡ki mxwgZ Avw_©K I gvbe m¤ú‡`i m‡e©vËg e¨envi
wbwðZ K‡i, (3) gvbyl‡K Zv‡`i mvgvwRK, agx©q, A_©‰bwZK, †MvÎxq BZ¨vw`
†f`v‡f` fz‡j wM‡q mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mvaviY j‡¶¨ KvR Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i Ges
(4) wØc¶xq I eûc¶xq ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ cvIqvi c_ myMg K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. Dbœqb cwiKíbv ej‡Z wK †evSvq?
2. Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ ms‡¶‡c D‡j−L Ki“b|

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 270

 A_©bxwZ wØZxq cÎ

cvV - 2 : ¯^í I `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbvq A_©vq‡bi Drm

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb −
♦ ¯^í I `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv Kv‡K e‡j ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
♦ ¯^í I `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbvq A_©vq‡bi Drm m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

13.2 ¯^í‡gqv`x I `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv

mg‡qi w`K †_‡K we‡ePbv K‡i Dbœqb cwiKíbv‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †hgb −
¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbv I `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv|
mvaviYZ 4, 5 ev 6 eQi †gqv‡`i cwiKíbv‡K ¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbv ejv nq| cwiKíbv
ev¯—evq‡bi myweavi Rb¨ Giƒc cwiKíbv‡K †f‡½ evwl©K cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv ¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbvi D`vniY|
mvaviYZ 15, 20, 25 eQi †gqv‡`i cwiKíbv‡K `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv ev †cÖw¶Z
cwiKíbv e‡j| `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv †Kvb †`‡k _vK‡Z cv‡i ev bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| Gi
D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨i `xN©‡gqv`x cwi‡cÖw¶Z iPbv Kiv|
`xN©‡gqv`x D‡Ïk¨ ch©vqµ‡g AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv‡K K‡qKwU
¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbvq fvM Kiv nq|

13.2.2 Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi Drm

Dbœqb cwiKíbv ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb| GB A_© wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Avm‡Z
cv‡i| Dbœqb cwiKíbvq `yÕwU LvZ _v‡K, h_v − miKvix LvZ I †emiKvix LvZ| GB
`ywU Lv‡Zi A_©vq‡bi Dr‡mi cÖK…wZ wKQyUv wfbœ nq| wb‡P Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi
Drm m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

13.2.2.1 miKvix Lv‡Zi A_©vq‡bi Drm

miKvix Lv‡Zi A_©vq‡bi Drmg~n‡K cÖavbZt `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_v − Af¨š—ixY
Drm I ˆe‡`wkK Drm|

K. Af¨š—ixY Drm
1. ivR¯^ DØ„Ë ej‡Z ivR¯^ Avq I ivR¯^ e¨‡qi cv_©K¨‡K eySvq| G‡K mvKvix
mÂqI ejv hvq| ivR¯^ DØ„Ë Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb Drm|
2. miKvi Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_© ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ we`¨gvb K‡ii nvi e„w× I bZzb Ki
Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cv‡i ev we`¨gvb K‡ii AvIZv evov‡Z cv‡i| †hgb − 1992 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_gev‡ii gZ g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki Pvjy Kiv nq| cieZx©Kv‡j GB
K‡ii AvIZv evov‡bv n‡q‡Q|
3. bxU g~jab Avq ej‡Z mÂqcÎ, WvKNi mÂq e¨vsK AvgvbZ Znwe‡ji Aax‡bi
AvgvbZ cÖf…wZ †_‡K bxU Avq‡K eySvq| bxU g~jab Avq A_©vq‡bi GKwU
¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drm|

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 271

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

4. ¯^kvwmZ ms¯’vmg~‡ni wbR¯^ Avq †_‡K Dbœqb cwiKíbvi wKQy A_©vqb n‡q _v‡K|
GQvov miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Avq cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡b e¨envi Kiv nq|
5. NvUwZ e¨q Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Drm| miKv‡ii ¯^vfvweK
Drmmg~n †_‡K Avq Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó nq bv| G Ae¯’vq
miKvi eÛ weµq K‡i †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wbKU †_‡K ev †emiKvix LvZ †_‡K FY
†bq| G‡K NvUwZ e¨q e‡j| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k ïay †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wbKU
†_‡K FY NvUwZ e¨q wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki wbKU †_‡K FY
†`‡ki gy`ªvi †hvMvb e„w× K‡i| hw` Giƒc F‡Yi cwigvY †ewk nq Zvn‡j †`‡k
`vgùxwZ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

L. ˆe‡`wkK Drm
Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi GKwU eo Ask ˆe‡`wkK Drm †_‡K Av‡m| ˆe‡`wkK
miKvix mvnvh¨ mvaviYZ †iqvZx k‡Z© (ev mnR k‡Z©) †`qv nq| A_©vr G mvnvh¨ Aby`vb
n‡Z cv‡i hv GKKvjxb w`‡q †`qv nq ev FY n‡Z cv‡i hv Avš—R©vwZK g~jab evRvi
†_‡K wb‡j †h k‡Z© wb‡Z nZ Zvi †P‡q Kg my‡`i nv‡i I `xN© cwi‡kvaKv‡ji Rb¨ †`qv
nq| miKvi A‡bK mgq evwYwR¨K k‡Z©I FY †bq| †hgb − ißvwb FY, BKzBwU
wewb‡qvM Ges wek¦e¨vsK Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK Dbœqb e¨vsK †_‡K KwVb k‡Z© FY|
†iqvZx FY‡K mvaviYZ miKvix Dbœqb mvnvh¨ e‡j ev ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ e‡j|

2. †emiKvix Lv‡Zi A_©vqb

†emiKvix Lv‡Zi A_©vqb e¨w³MZ mÂq A_ev FY †_‡K nq| AmsMwVZ gy`ªv evRvi,
e¨vswKs LvZ, Ae¨vswKs Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, GbwRI, we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb cÖf…wZ Drm
†_‡K †emiKvix LvZ FY cvq| GQvov †Kvb †Kvb cÖK‡í ev wkí cÖwZôv‡b ˆe‡`wkK
cÖZ¨¶ wewb‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i|

mvims‡¶c
4, 5 ev 6 eQi †gqv`x cwiKíbv‡K ¯^í‡gqv`x cwiKíbv I 15, 20 I 25 eQi
†gqv`x cwiKíbv‡K `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv e‡j|
Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi Drm miKvix I †emiKvix Lv‡Zi Rb¨ wfbœ nq| miKvix
Lv‡Z Af¨š—ixY Drm I ˆe‡`wkK Drm †_‡K A_©vqb nq| Af¨š—ixY Dr‡mi g‡a¨
ivR¯^ DØ„Ë, AwZwi³ Ki Av‡ivc, bxU g~jab Avq, ¯^kvwmZ ms¯’v I miKvix wefv‡Mi
wbR¯^ A_©vqb I NvUwZ e¨q Aš—fz©³| ˆe‡`wkK Drm †_‡K cÖvß A_© Aby`vb, mnR
k‡Z© FY ev KwVb k‡Z© FY n‡Z cv‡i A_ev evwYwR¨K k‡Z© FY n‡Z cv‡i|
†emiKvix LvZ wbR¯^ mÂq Øviv ev wewfbœ Drm †_‡K FY wb‡q A_©vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. Dbœqb cwiKíbvi A_©vq‡bi Af¨š—ixY Drm m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 272

 A_©bxwZ wØZxq cÎ

cvV - 3 : evsjv‡`‡k cwiKíbvi AwfÁZv : mdjZv I e¨_©Zv, e¨_©Zvi KviYmg~n

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb −
♦ evsjv‡`‡ki cwiKíbvi AwfÁZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
♦ cwiKíbvi e¨_©Zvi KviYmg~n ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
13.3.1 evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb cwiKíbvi AwfÁZv
evsjv‡`‡ki m~PbvKvj †_‡K †m cwiKwíZ Dbœq‡bi c_ a‡i AMÖmi n‡”Q| 1973 mv‡ji
RyjvB gv‡m cÖ_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv ïi“ nq| Gici 1978 - 80 mgqKvj GKwU
wØevwl©K cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki _v‡K| 1980 mv‡j wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv Avi¤¢ nq
Ges cici Giƒc wZbwU cwiKíbv ev¯—evwqZ nq| PZz_© cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi †gqv`
(1990-95) †k‡l Avi †Kvb cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv ïi“ bv K‡i A_©bxwZ‡K GKwU
Askx`vwiZ¡g~jK †cÖw¶Z cwiKíbvi (1995-2010) AvIZvq Avbv nq| wKš‘ cÂevwl©Kx
cwiKíbvi Dc‡hvwMZv cybivq Dcjwä K‡i 1997 - 2002 †gqv‡`i Rb¨ cÂevwl©Kx
cwiKíbv Avi¤¢ Kiv nq|
1. cÖ‡Z¨K cwiKíbvq †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b e„w×i Mo evwl©K nv‡ii j¶¨gvÎv kZKiv
5 Gi †ewk wba©viY Kiv nq| wKš‘ `xN© cwiKíbvKv‡j GB nvi kZKiv 3.8 †_‡K
4.15 Gi g‡a¨ mxwgZ _v‡K|
2. gv_vwcQy Mo Avq 1972/73 mv‡ji Zzjbvq 1996/97 mv‡j wظ‡Yi †ewk
†e‡o‡Q| G m‡½ †`‡k `vwi`ª cwiw¯’wZi wKQy DbœwZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j RbmsL¨vi
83% `vwi`ª mxgvi wb‡P wQj| Zv K‡g 1996 mv‡j `uvovq 45.8% G| myZivs
†`Lv hv‡”Q A_©bxwZ‡Z GLbI e¨vcK `vwi`ª i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Avq e›U‡b ˆelg¨
e„w×i cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq|
3. wewfbœ cwiKíbvq Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖKí MÖnY Kiv nq| Gi d‡j
†eKvi‡Z¡i nvi wKQyUv n«vm cvq, h_v − 1972/73 mv‡j †eKvi‡Z¡i nvi wQj
38.8%, 1996-97 mv‡j Zv K‡g 27.0% G `uvovq| A_©vr A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨vcK
†eKviZ¡ Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
4. cwievi cwiKíbv I cwievi Kj¨v‡Y j¶¨Yxq DbœwZ N‡U‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi
1971 mv‡ji 2.5% †_‡K †b‡g 1996 mv‡j 1.8% G `uvwo‡q‡Q| Mo cÖZ¨vwkZ
Avqy®‹vj 1970 mv‡j wQj 45 eQi, Zv †e‡o 1996 mv‡j `uvwo‡q‡Q 58 eQi|
1975 mv‡j RbmsL¨vi 56% wbivc` cvbxq Rj †fvM KiZ, 1996 mv‡j 90%
†jvK GB myweav †fvM K‡i| wk¶vLv‡Z †ek AMÖMwZ j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb eq¯‹
wk¶vi nvi 1974 mv‡j wQj 25.40%, 1991 mv‡j Zv `uvwo‡q‡Q 35.30% G|
G DbœwZ m‡Ë¡I Aek¨ †`‡ki †ewkifvM †jvK GLbI wbi¶i †_‡K †M‡Q|
5. †`‡ki mgwóK A_©‰bwZK PjKmg~‡n j¶¨Yxq DbœwZ N‡U‡Q| †`kR m‡qi nvi
1972-73 mv‡j wQj − 1.92%, Zv †e‡o 1996-97 mv‡j `uvwo‡q‡Q 7.70% G|
GKB mg‡q RvZxq m‡qi nvi − 2.77% †_‡K †e‡o 14.63% G `uvwo‡q‡Q|
wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi 3.01% †_‡K †e‡o `uvwo‡q‡Q 17.37% G| G DbœwZ m‡Ë¡I
evsjv‡`‡k mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi nvi cvk¦eZx© Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Kg|
Gi d‡j †`‡k RvZxq Av‡qi e„w× nvi Kg|
†`‡k ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci wbf©ikxjZv K‡g‡Q| cÖ_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvKv‡j
†gvU e¨‡qi kZKiv 60 fvM Af¨š—ixY m¤ú` I kZKiv 40 fvM ˆe‡`wkK Drm n‡Z

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 273

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

Avni‡Yi j¶¨ wba©vwiZ nq| Ae‡k‡l cwiKíbv †k‡l †`Lv hvq GB wbf©ikxjZv †e‡o
kZKiv 77 fv‡M `uvwo‡q‡Q| cÂg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i Dci
wbf©ikxjZv n«vm †c‡q kZKiv 22 fv‡M †cŠuQv‡bvi j¶¨ wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq cwiKíbvKv‡j wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î †ek mvdj¨ AwR©Z
n‡q‡Q| Avevi wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î Avkvbyiƒc AMÖMwZ AwR©Z nqwb| mvwe©Kfv‡e wbæ gv_vwcQy
`vwi‡`ªi AvcvZb, wbæ wk¶vi nvi, Avq e›U‡b ˆelg¨ BZ¨vw` ¸i“Z¡c~Y© mgm¨v wn‡m‡e
GLbI we`¨gvb| ZvQvov cÖ‡Z¨K cwiKíbvq †h j¶¨gvÎv wba©vwiZ nq Zv AwaKvsk
†¶‡Î c~iY nqwb|
13.3.3 cwiKíbvi e¨_©Zvi KviYmg~n
evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb cwiKíbvi AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hvq cwiKíbv †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
mdjZv AR©b K‡i‡Q, Avevi †KvbI †KvbI †¶‡Î †miƒc mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
cwiKíbvi GB e¨_©Zvi Rb¨ wKQy KviY KvR K‡i‡Q| wb‡P GB KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj|
1. evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥jMœ †_‡K ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv †j‡MB Av‡Q| BwZg‡a¨ `yRb
†cÖwm‡W›U‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges K‡qKevi mvgwiK Afz¨Ìvb I cÖwZ Afz¨Ìvb
n‡q‡Q| GQvov †`‡k ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb, niZvj BZ¨vw` †j‡MB Av‡Q| Gm‡ei
d‡j †`‡k myôz wewb‡qvM I cÖe„w×i cwi‡ek bó n‡q‡Q|
2. evsjv‡`k D`vi ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ jvf K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i cÖevn I
mvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡bi aib Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i‡Q| cÖ_gZ, ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i
cÖevn DVvbvgv K‡i, d‡j cwiKíbvq AwbwðqZvi m„wó nq| wØZxqZ, ˆe‡`wkK
mvnv‡h¨i †¶‡Î cY¨ mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY n«vm cvIqvq G mvnvh¨ †_‡K MwVZ cÖwZiƒc
Znwe‡ji cwigvY K‡g †M‡Q Ges G Znwej Øviv wewfbœ cÖK‡íi A_©vqb K‡g
†M‡Q|
3. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †hgb − eb¨v, Liv, N‚wY©So cÖf…wZi d‡j Dbœqb cÖwµqv e¨vnZ
n‡q‡Q| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M A_©bxwZ ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j miKvix Znwe‡ji wKQyUv wewb‡qvM
†_‡K mwi‡q cybe©vmb I cybM©V‡bi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡M e¨w³MZ m¤ú`, dmj, Mevw` cï, KjKâv ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡j e¨w³MZ mÂq
I wewb‡qvM n«vm cvq| Gi d‡j Dbœqb e¨vnZ nq|
4. cÖKí ev¯—evq‡b `ye©jZv †`Lv hvq| miKvix cÖKímg~n AwaKvsk †¶‡Î mgqgZ
m¤ú~Y© nq bv|
5. miKvix cÖkvmb h‡š¿ mykvm‡bi Afve i‡q‡Q| AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv Ges `ybx©wZi
d‡j cÖKí ev¯—evq‡b RwUjZvi m„wó nq|
mvims‡¶c
evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb cwiKíbv mdjZv I e¨_©Zvi PgrKvi wb`k©b| cwiKíbvi e¨_©Zvi
cÖavb KviY¸‡jv nj : 1. ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZvi Afve, 2. ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i cÖevn
n«vm, 3. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, 4. cÖKí ev¯—evq‡b `ye©jZv I 5. †`‡k mykvm‡bi Afve|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`‡k cwiKíbvi e¨_©Zvi KviY¸wj ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 274

 A_©bxwZ wØZxq cÎ

bgybv cÖkœ

A_©bxwZ
wØZxq cÎ
welq †KvW : HSC-2803
mgq- 3 NÈv
c~Y©gvb - 100
[`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡ki msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK|]

K wefvM - iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

(†h †Kvb cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi w`b)
gvb- 125×5 = 60
b¤^i
1| miKvwi A_©e¨e¯’v wK? miKvwi A_©e¨e¯’vi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 3+9=12
2| K‡ii msÁv w`b| K‡ii D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wK? K‡ii Kvbyb¸‡jv eY©bv
Ki“b| 2+4+6=12
3| ev‡RU wK? ev‡RU KZ cÖKvi I wK wK? ev‡R‡Ui ¸i“Z¡ Av‡jvPbv
Ki“b| 2+4+6=12
4| A_© Kv‡K e‡j? A_©bxwZ‡Z A‡_©I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 3+9=12
5| gy`ªvùxwZ wK wK Kvi‡Y N‡U? gy`ªvùxwZi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 6+6=12
6| DbœZ, AbybœZ Ges Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k Ki“b|
evsjv‡`k DbœZ, AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj †`k-hyw³mn Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 5+7=12
7| evsjv‡`‡ki cwienb Lv‡Zi mgm¨v¸wj Av‡jvPbv Ki“b Ges
mgvav‡bi c_ wb‡`©k Ki“b| 6+6=12
8| ‡K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki msÁv wjLyb| †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vewjmg~n
Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 3+9=12
9| mgv‡jvPbvmn g¨vj_v‡mi RbmsL¨v ZË¡wU eY©bv Ki“b| 12
10| Dbœqb cwiKíbv ej‡Z wK eySvq? Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ Av‡jvPbv
Ki“b| 3+9=12

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 275

 A_©bxwZ 2q cÎ

L-wefvM : msw¶ß DËicÖkœ

(†h †Kvb AvUwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b)
gvb - 5×8 = 40
b¤^i
1| (K) GDP I GNP ej‡Z wK †evSvq? 5
(L) `ªe¨ wewbgq cÖ_v ej‡Z wK eySvq? 5
(M) gvbyl wK wK D‡Ï‡k¨ A‡_©i Pvwn`v Abyfe K‡i? ms‡¶‡c wjLyb| 5
(N) miKvwi e¨q wK? D`vniYmn wjLyb| 5
(O) exgv wK? 5
(P) A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wb‡`©k
Ki“b| 5
(Q) evsjv‡`‡ki we`y¨r Lv‡Zi mgm¨v¸‡jv wK wK? 5
(R) K…wli AvaywbKxKiY ej‡Z wK eySvq? 5
(S) e„n`vqZb, ¶z`ª I KzwUiwkí ej‡Z wK eySvq? 5
(T) ¯’vbxq I †K›`ªxq miKvi wK? 5
(U) cwievi cwiKíbvi ¸i“Z¡ wjLyb| 5
(V) evsjv‡`‡k we`¨gvb †eKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvqmg~n ms‡¶‡c
Av‡jvPbv Ki“b| 5
(W) wnDg¨vb †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb‡W· (HDI) wK? 5
(X) †kqvi evRvi wK? 5
(Y) †`‡ki wkívq‡b †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi f~wgKv ms‡¶‡c wjLyb| 5
(Z) AeKvVv‡gv wK? 5

GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg c„ôv - 276