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Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

Course Title: Advanced Inorganic Chemistry

Course Code: Chem. 661

Credit Hours: 3

Prerequisite: -none

Course Description:

This course deals with Symmetry and Group Theory & its Applications, Covalent Bonds and
Bond Energies, Shapes and Polarity of Molecules, Ionic bonding and the Solid State, Acid-Base
Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry in Non-aqueous Solvents and Solid-State Chemistry.

Course Rationale:

This course, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, grounds to teach symmetry and group theory
application of group theory in chemistry, the basics of covalent bond with a primary emphasis on
facts, and then to use the student’s growing factual as a basis for discussing the important
principles in structure or shapes, bonding and bond energy in molecules. Emphasizing on the
importance of water as a medium for inorganic reactions stems not only from the fact that it is far
more readily available than any other solvent, but also because of the abundance of accurate
physicochemical data for aqueous solutions compared with the relative scarcity of such data for
solutions in non-aqueous solvents. Dealing with solid state chemistry describes the common
structures of crystals and then give molecular orbital explanation of their bonding. This can
further explain the thermodynamic and electronic properties of materials and uses.

Course Objective: After studying this course students will be able to:

* Illustrate the application of symmetry and group theory in inorganic chemistry

 Provide approximate pictures of the overall shapes and polarities of molecules
 Improve bonding theories to accommodate an ever-growing variety of compounds
 Examine and predict most common arrangements of ions in crystals
 Rationalize and predict molecular structures of variety of compounds
 Direct the students toward a cosmopolitan attitude toward acids and bases in dealing with
various chemical situations
 Determine the behavior of different reactions in a given solvent system
Course Content:

1. Symmetry and Group Theory

1.1 Symmetry elements and operations
1.2 Point groups
1.3 Non-degenerate representations
1.4 Matrices
1.5 Degenerate representations
 1.6 Application Symmetry and Group Theory
2. Covalent Bonds and Bond Energies
2.1. Guides for writing Lewis structure
2.1.1. Resonance and formal charge
2.1.2. Secondary resonance
2.1.3. Ionic resonance
2.2. Homonuclear Bond Energies
2.2.1. Bond dissociation Energies
2.2.2. Thermochemical Bond Energies
2.2.3. Multiple Bonds: σ and π bonding elements
2.3. Hetronuclear Bond Energies
2.3.1. Electronegativity-An Alternate Approach
2.3.2. Factors influencing Hetronuclear Bond Energies
2.4. Homonuclear Bond Lengths: Non-polar covalent Radii
2.5. Hetronuclear Bond Lengths
2.6. The prediction of structure and Reactions from Bond Energies
3. The shapes and polarity of molecules
3.1. Valance Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
3.2. Hybridized Orbitals
3.2.1. Hybridization involving only s and p Type orbitals
3.2.2. Unequal Hybridization and Bent’s Rule
3.2.3. Hybridization schemes incorporating d-orbitals
3.2.4. The Role of Symmetry in Hybridization
3.3. Bond polarity and percent ionic character
3.3.1. The equalization of Electronegativity
3.3.2. Dipole moments
4. Ionic bonding and the Solid State
4.1. The formation of free ions
4.2. Electrostatic Energies
4.2.1. Interactions in the solid state: the Madelung Constant
4.2.2. Corrections for Orbital Overlap
4.2.3. Experimental Lattice Energies: Born-Haber Cycles
4.2.4. The stoichiometries of Ionic Compounds
4.3. Covalency in Ionic Crystals
4.4. Ionic Lattices Based on Cubic Geometries
4.4.1. A survey of Cubic Lattice Types
4.4.2. Some MX2 and M2X systems-1:2 Stoichiometry
4.4.3. Other related systems
4.4.4. Factors Influencing Lattice Choice
4.5. Ionic Radii: Radius Ratios
4.6. Variations on the Themes: Some Ternary Systems
4.6.1. Metal Cyanides
4.6.2. Some Oxygen containing Anions
4.6.3. Thermochemical Radii
4.7. Defect and nonstoichiometric Lattice
5. Acid-Base Chemistry
 5.1. Definition of Acids and Bases
5.1.1. Theories based on Anion Transfer
5.1.2. The Lewis Theory-Electron Pair Donors and Acceptors
5.1.3. The Usanovich Definition
5.1.4. The Relationship b/n Acid –Base and Oxidation –Reduction reactions
5.2. Hydrogen Ion Donors and Acceptors
5.2.1. Proton Affinities
5.2.2. Charge, Inductive and Resonance effects
5.3. Proton Donors and Acceptors in Aqueous Solution
5.3.1. Experimental Determination of Acid-Base strength in water
5.3.2. The strength of Binary Acids
5.3.3. Ternary (Oxy-) Acids
5.3.4. Anhydrides
5.3.5. Pyroacids
5.3.6. Acidity Resulting From Metal ion Hydrolysis
5.4. Strength of Lewis Acids and Bases
5.5. Hard and Soft Acids and Bases
5.5.1. Inherent Acid-Base Strength versus the Hard-Soft Model
5.5.2. Ambidentate Ligands
5.5.3. Symbiosis
5.5.4. Solvent water as a hard base
5.6. Quantitative Aspects of Lewis Acid and Base Theory
5.6.1. Donor acceptor Numbers
5.6.2. E and C Parameters: The Drago-Wayland Equation
5.7. Electronic, Steric and Leaving-Group Effects
6. Inorganic Chemistry in Non-aqueous Solvents
6.1. Solvent Classifications
6.1.1. Dielectric Constant
6.1.2. Self Ionization
6.1.3. . Acidic and Basic Tendencies
6.1.4. .Complexation
6.1.5. Oxidation-Reduction Tendencies
6.2. Chemistry in Liquid Ammonia
6.2.1. .Solubilities
6.2.2. .Bronsted Acid-Base Chemistry
6.2.3. Complexation (Lewis Acid-Base) Chemistry
6.2.4. Oxidation Reduction Chemistry
6.2.5. Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia
6.2.6. Reactions
6.3. Hydrogen Fluoride as a Solvent
6.3.1. Solubilities
6.3.2. Reaction Chemistry in HF
6.3.3. Superacids
6.4. Acetonitrile: An Aprotic Solvent
6.4.1. Solubilities
6.4.2. Acid-Base Chemistry
 6.4.3. Oxidation-Reduction Potentials
6.5. . Chemistry in Molten Salts
6.5.1. General Properties: Correlations with Traditional Solvents
6.5.2. The Eutectic Mixture of LiCl and KCl
7. Solid State Chemistry
7.1. Crystals, Structures, Symmetry, Diffraction-Techniques, quasicrystals
7.2. Amorphous Solids, Short range order, long Range order, Disordered Glass, Metallic
Glasses
7.3. Fast Ion Conductors
7.4. Fullerenes
7.5. Superconductors
7.6. Catalysis

Mode of delivery:

Active Learning Methods like Gaped-Lecture, Group Discussion, Assignment in group or

individually, Demonstration, Group or/and Individual Presentation etc.

Mode of assessment:

50% Continuous assessment (like: Quizzes, Lab-report, Presentation, Assignments, Project

Work, Fieldtrip Report, etc)

50% Test- and Final- Examination

References (Texts):
1. Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed., C.E. Home Croft, A. G. Sharpe, 2005.
2. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr, 1991.
3. Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., B. Douglas, D. McDaniel and
J. Alexander, 1965.
4. An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry, Purcell and Kotz, 1980.
5. Inorganic Chemistry, Principles of Structures and Reactivity, 3rd Ed., James E. Huheey, 1983