DAE (1st Year)

MATH-113 IMPORTANT—DEFINITIONS
By: Ali Nawaz Bajwa (M.Phil. (Math), M.Ed.) Mob # : +92(345)6743869
CH # 01---19 Lecturer in Mathematics Government College of Technology, Sialkot.

** P A P E R – A **
Chapter # 02 Chapter # 04
1: Define a sequence. 10: What is partial fractions?
(IIA-2017), (IA-2018), (IIA-2019), (IIA-2020) Ans. The process, which convert a single
Ans. A set of numbers arranged in order by rational fraction, into the sum of two or
some fixed rule is called a sequence. more single rational fractions is called
Examples: (i) 2, 4, 6,... (ii) 3, 9, 27,... partial fractions.
2: Define finite sequence. 11: Define proper fraction and give one example.
(IIA-2018) (IA-2015), (IA-2017), (IIA-2017), (IA-2019), (IIA-2019)
Ans. A sequence is called finite sequence, if it Ans. A fraction in which the degree of the
has finite terms. numerator is less than the degree of the
denominator is called proper fraction.
Example: 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . ,50
2x
3: Define infinite sequence. Example:
( x − 2 )( x + 5 )
(IA-2019)
Ans. A sequence is called infinite sequence, if 12: Define improper fraction and give one example.
it has infinite terms. (IIA-2015), (IIA-2016)
Example: 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . Ans. A fraction in which the degree of the
4: Define common difference. numerator is greater then or equal to the
degree of denominator is called
(IIA-2015), (IA-2016)
x2 + 1
Ans. The difference between any two improper fraction. Example:
consecutive terms of an A.P. is called ( x + 1)( x − 1)
common difference.
Chapter # 05
5: Define a series.
13: Define degree and radian measures.
(IIA-2016)
(IA-2018)
Ans. The sum of the terms of a sequence is
Ans. Degree: If a circle is divided into 360º equal parts,
called a series.
then angle subtended by one part at the center of the
6: Define Arithmetic means (A.Ms). circle is called a degree.
Ans. If a, A, b are three consecutive terms in Radian: Radian is the measure of the angle
an A.P., then A is called A.M. of a & b subtended at the center of the circle by an arc, whose
a+b length is equal to the radius of the circle.
and A =
2
Chapter # 07
7: Define a common ratio.
14: Define the law of sines.
Ans. The Ratio between any two consecutive
(IIA-2015), (IA-2016), (IIA-2016), (IA-2018), (IIA-2020)
terms of G.P., is called common ratio.
Ans. In any triangle ABC, with usual
an
=r , n>1 . a b c
a n −1 notations. = =
sin α sin β sin γ
8: Define geometric means.
15: Define the law of cosines.
(IIA-2017)
(IA-2015), (IIA-2017), (IA-2019)
Ans. If a, G, b are three consecutive terms in
a G.P., then G is called G.M. of a and b Ans. In any triangle ABC, with usual
i. a = b + c − 2bc cos α
2 2 2

and G = ± ab
notations. ii. b2 = c2 + a2 − 2ca cos β
Chapter # 03 iii. c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ
9: State Binomial Theorem for positive integer 'n '. 16: Define angles of Elevation and Depression.
(IA-2019) (IA-2017), (IA-2018), (IIA-2018)
n
Ans. The rule for expansion of ( a + b ) , where Ans. Angle of elevation: If the line of sight is
upward from the horizontal, the angle is
‘n’ is any positive integral power, is called angle of Elevation.
called binomial theorem, and defined as: Angle of depression: If the line of sight
n n n o n n n is downward from the horizontal, the
( a +=
b)  a b +   an −1 b1 +   an −2 b2 + ... +   a o bn
0  1  2  n angle is called angle of Depression.
 ** P A P E R – B **
12:
Chapter # 08 Define rectangular matrix.
(IIA-2018)
1: What is a scalar? Give examples.
Ans. A matrix in which no. of rows and no. of
Ans. A scalar is a quantity having magnitude columns are not equal is called
only but no direction. rectangular matrix.
Examples: Length, Mass, Time, Volume, etc.
13: Define the minor of an element of a
2: What is a vector? Give examples. matrix.
Ans. A vector is a quantity having both (IA-2018)
magnitude and direction.
Ans. If A = a ij  is a square matrix of order n,
Examples: Force, Velocity, Acceleration, etc.
3: What is a unit vector? then minor of an element a ij of A is
Ans. A vector whose magnitude is unity is denoted by Mij is the determinant of
called a unit vector. order ( n − 1, n − 1) and which is obtained
4: What are parallel vectors? by deleting the ith row & jth column of
(IA-2019) A.
 
Ans. Two vectors a and b are parallel if 14: Define a co-factor of an element of a
there exist a non-zero k ε R, such that matrix.
  (IIA-2019)
a = kb . i+ j

5: Define scalar product of two vectors.

Ans. The number Cij = ( − 1) Mij , Where Mij
is the minor of element a ij is called the
(IIA-2018)
Ans. The cofactor of element a ij .
 scalar product of two vectors
a & b is denoted by a  b and defined
    Chapter # 10
=as a  b a b cos θ 15: Define plane figures.
6: Define vector product. (IIA-2015), (IA-2019)
(IA-2016), (IA-2018) Ans. Those figures which occupy an area with
Ans. The vector product of two vectors only two dimensions are called plane
    figures.
a & b is denoted by a × b and is
    16: Define a triangle.
defined as
= a × b a b sin θ nˆ .
Ans. A plane figure bounded by three straight
lines is called a triangle.
Chapter # 09 17: Define Isosceles triangles.
7: Define row and column matrices.
(IA-2015), (IA-2018), (IIA-2020)
(IA-2017) Ans. A triangle whose two sides are equal
Ans. A matrix has only one row is called row and third side is different is called
matrix. Isosceles triangle.
A matrix has only one column is called
18: Define equilateral triangle.
column matrix.
(IA-2016)
8: Define identity matrix.
Ans. A triangle whose all sides are equal in
(IA-2019) length is called equilateral triangle.
Ans. A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal
elements are 1 is called identity matrix. Chapter # 11
9: Define symmetric matrix. 19: Define a quadrilateral.
(IA-2015) Ans. A plane figure bounded by four straight
lines is called a quadrilateral.
Ans. A square matrix A is said to be
symmetric if A t = A . 20: Define a rhombus.
(IIA-2017)
10: Define diagonal matrix.
Ans. A quadrilateral having all sides are equal
(IA-2016), (IIA-2016), (IA-2018) with unequal diagonals.
Ans. A square matrix in which all elements
21: Define a cyclic quadrilateral and write
except diagonal elements are zero is
called diagonal matrix. its area.
(IA-2017)
11: Define scalar matrix.
Ans. A quadrilateral inscribed in a circle
(IIA-2017), (IIA-2020) is known as a cyclic quadrilateral.
Ans. A diagonal matrix in which all diagonal
Area = ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c )( s − d )
elements are same is called scalar
matrix.
 Chapter # 12 Chapter # 15
22: Define a polygon. 33: Define polygon prism.
(IA-2019) (IIA-2014)
Ans. A plane figure bounded by a finite
number of straight lines is called Ans. A prism with a polygon base is known as
polygon. polygon prism.
23: Define a regular polygon. Chapter # 16
Ans. A polygon is said to be regular, when all 34: Define cylinder.
its sides and angles are equal.
Ans. Cylinder is a solid figure generated by a
24: Define inscribed polygon straight line moving parallel to its original
(circumscribed circle). position, while its end describes a
(IA-2015), (IIA-2015), (IIA-2016), (IA-2018), (IIA-2020) closed figure in a plane.
Ans. If a circle passes through the corners of
35: Define hollow circular cylinder.
a polygon, then this polygon is called
inscribed polygon. (IIA-2018)
25: Define circumscribed polygon Ans. The space between two concentric
(inscribed circle) cylinders is called Hollow Circular
(IA-2017), (IIA-2018) Cylinder.
Ans. If a polygon is drawn outside a circle, so 36: Define Elliptic cylinder.
that every side of the polygon Ans. The cylinder with a base, is an ellipse is
touches the circle, then this polygon is called an elliptic cylinder.
called circumscribed polygon.
Chapter # 13 Chapter # 17
37: Define pyramids.
26: Define a circle.
Ans. The set of points whose distance from a (IIA-2017), (IA-2019), (IIA-2019)
fix point is constant. Ans. A pyramid is a solid, whose base is a
27: Define diameter of a circle. plane polygon and sides being triangles
(IIA-2018) that meet in a common vertex.
Ans. A chord passing through the center of
the circle is called a diameter.
Chapter # 18
38: Define cone.
28: Define chord of a circle.
Ans. A line segment whose end points are (IIA-2014), (IA-2018)
any two points of a circle is called a Ans. A cone is a solid figure generated by a
chord of the circle. line, one end of which is fixed and the
29: What are concentric circles. other end describes a closed curve in a
(IIA-2019) plane.
Ans. The circles with common center are
called concentric circles.
Chapter # 19
39: Define sphere.
30: Define a sector of the circle.
Ans. A part of a circle, lie between two radii (IA-2019)
and arc of circle. Ans. A sphere is a solid bounded by a closed
31: Define a segment. surface, every point of which is
Ans. A part of a circle which is cut off by a equidistance from a fixed point called
straight line not passing through the the Centre.
center. 40: Define spherical shell.
Chapter # 14 (IIA-2019)
32: Define irregular figure. Ans. A spherical shell is the region between
Ans. A figure which is not uniforms and two concentric spheres of different
regular in shape is called irregular figure. radius.

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