• Guided By :Dr. M. P.

Kadam Sir
• Sub : DRCS

Presentation on IS – • Prepared By :
456 : 2000 • 1) Aniket Dilip Bhoj (27)
• 2) Rohit Shashikant Datir (29)
• 3) Rutuja Bharat Deshmukh (30)
• 4) Sakshi Dattatray Deshmukh (31)
 • 22.2 Effective Span :
• Unless otherwise specified, the effective span of a member shall be as follows:
• a} Simply Supported Beam or Slab-The effective span of a member that is not
built integrally with its supports shall be taken as clear span plus the effective
depth of slab or beam or centre to centre of supports. whichever is less.
• b) Continuous Beam or Slab - In the case of continuous beam or slab. jf the
width of the support is less than 1/12of the clear span, the effective span shall be
as in 22.2 (a). If the supports are wider than 1/12 of the clear span or 600 mm
whichever is less, the effective span shall be taken as under:
• 1) For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for

22 ANALYSIS intermediate spans. the effective span shall be the clear span between supports;
• 2) For end span with one end free and the other continuous, the effective span
shall be equal to the clear span plus half the effective depth of the beam or slab or
the clear span plus half the width of the discontinuous support, whichever is less;
• 3) In the case of spans with roller or rocket bearings. the effective span shall
always he the distance between the center of bearings.
• c) Cantilever- The effective length of a cantilever shall he taken as its length to
the face of the support plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end
of a continuous beam where the length to the centre of support shall be taken.
• d) Frames - In the analysis of a continuous frame, centre to centre distance shall
he used.
 22.5.1 Unless more exact estimates are made. for beams of uniform
cross-section which support substantially uniformly distributed loads
over three or more spans which do not differ by more-than
15percent of the longest, the bending moments and shear forces
22.5 Moment used in design may be obtained using the coefficients given in Table
1.2 and Table 13 respectively. For moments at supports where two

and Shear
unequal spans meet or jn case where the spans are not equally
loaded, the average of ttlc two values for the negative moment at
the Support may be taken for design.

Coefficient for Where coeficients given in Table 12 are used for calculation of
bending moments ,redistribution referred to in 22.7 shall not be

Continuous permitted.
22.5.2 Beams and Slabs Over Free End Supports Where a member is

Beams
built into a masonry wall which develops nnly partial restraint. the
member shall be designed to resist a negative moment at the face of
the support of Wl/24 where W is the total design load and l is the
effective span, or such other restraining moment as may be shown
to he applicable, For such a condition shear coefficient given in Table
13 at the end support may be increased by 0.05.
 22.6.1 For monolithic construction, the moments
computed at the face of the supports shall be used in
the design of the members at those sections. For

22.6 Critical non.. monolithic construction the design of the

member shall be done keeping in view 22.2.

Sections for
22.6.2 Critical Section/or Shear The shears
computed at the face of the support shall be used in
the design of the member at that section except as in
Moment [Link].
22.6.Z.1 When the reaction in the direction of the
and Shear applied shear introduces compression into the end
region of the member, sections located at a distance
Jess than d from the face of the support may be
designed for the same shear as that computed at
distance d (see Fig. 2).
 23.0 Effective Depth
Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of
the area of tension reinforcement and the maximum compression
fibre, excluding the thickness of finishing material not placed
monolithically with the member and the thickness of any concrete
provided to allow for wear. This will not apply to deep beams.
23.1 T-Beams and L·Beams

23 BEAMS 23.1.1 General

A slab which is assumed to act as a compression flange of a T-beam
or L-beam shall satisfy the following:
a) The slab shall be cast integrally with the web, or the web and the
slab shall be effectively bonded together in any other manner; and
b) If the main reinforcement of the slab is parallel to the beam,
transverse reinforcement shall be provided as in Fig. 3; such
reinforcement shall not be less than 60 percent of the main
reinforcement at mid span of the slab.
 23.1.2
Effective
Width of
Flange
 but in no case greater c) For isolated beams,
than the breadth of the the effective flange
web plus half the sum of a) ForT-beams,h, =~ +b", b) For L-beams,b, = +bw width shall be obtained T-beam, bf=to/(I1/b)+4
the clear distances to the + 6D, I + 3 D, 12 as below but in no case +bw
adjacent beams on greater than the actual
either side. width:

lo =distance between
L-beam bf =effective width of
where points of zero moments bw = breadth of the web,
,bf=0.5Io/(lo/b)+4 flange,
in the beam,

NOTE - Por continuous

Df=thickness of flange, b = actual width of the beams and frame., ",,'
and flange. may be assumed lUI 0.7
times the effective span.
 The deflection of a structure or part there of shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. The deflection shall generally be limited to the
following:
a) The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roof sand all other
horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/2S0.
b) The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after

23.2 Control
erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed span/350
or 20 mm whichever is less.
23.2.1

of
The vertical deflection limits may. Generally be assumed to be satisfied provided that the span to
depth ratios are not greater than the values obtained as below:
a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:

Deflection
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
b) For spans above 10m,the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in metres, except for
cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.
c) Depending on the area and the stress of steel for tension reinforcement, the values in(a) or (b)
shall bemodified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per Fig. 4.
d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to depth ratio be
further modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per Fig. 5.
e) For flanged beams, the values of (a) or (b) be modified as per Fig. 6 and the
reinforcement percentage for use inFig.4and5shouldbebasedon area of section equal to
b,d. NOTE-When deflections are required to be calculated, the method given in Annex C
may be used.
 A simply supported or continuous beam shall be
23.3 so proportioned that the clear distance between
the lateral . 250b z restraints does not exceed 60 b
Slenderness or 250b^2/d

Limit'! for whichever is less, where d is the effective depth of

Beams to the beam and b the breadth of the compression
face midway between the lateral restraints.
Ensure
Lateral For a cantilever, the clear distance from the free
end of the cantilever to the lateral restraint shall
Stability not 100bz exceed 25 b or 100b^2/d whichever is
less.
 24.1 General The provisions of 13.2 for beams apply to slabs also.

NOTES

24 SOLID 1 For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two spans should be used for
calculating the span to effective depth ratios.

SLABS 2 For two-way slabs of shorter spans(up to 3.~ m) with mild steel reinforcement, the span to
overall depth ratios given below may generally be assumed 10 satisfy vertical deflection mits
for loading class up to 3 kN/mJ• Simply supported slabs 3S Continuous slabs 40 For high
strength deformed bars of Fe415. the values given above should be multiplied by 0.8.

24.2 Slabs Continuous Over Supports Slabs spanning in one direction and continuous over
supports shall be designed according to the provisions applicable to continuous beams.
24.3 Slabs Monolithic with Supports Bending moments in slabs(except flat
slabs)constructed monolithically with the supports shall be calculated by taking
such slabs either as continuous over supports and capable of free rotation or as
members of a continuous framework with the supports, taking into account
the stiffness of such supports. If such supports are formed due to beams which
justify fix it at the support of slabs, then the effects on the supporting beam,
such as, the bending of the web in the transverse direction of the hewn and
the torsion in the longitudinal direction of the beam. Where applicable, shall
also be considered in the design of the beam.

24.3.1 For the purpose of calculation of moments in slabs in a monolithic

structure, it will generally be sufficiently accurate to assume that members
connected to the ends of such slabs are fixed in position and direction at the
ends remote from their connections with the slabs.
 24.4 Slabs Spanning in two Directions at right
angle

The slabs spanning in two directions at right

angles and carrying uniformly distributed
load may be designed by any acceptable NOTES-The IDOII commonly Used elastic
theory or by using coefficients given in methods are based on A pard', or Wester-
Annex D. For determining bending moments pard', theory and the most commonly used
in slabs spanning in two directions at right limit state of collapse method is based on
angles and carrying concentrated load, any Johansen's yield line theory.
accepted method approved by the
engineer-In-charge may be adopted.
 The loads on beams supporting solid slabs
24.5 Loads on spanning in two directions at right angles
and supporting uniformly distributed loads,
Supporting Beams may be assumed to be in accordance with
Fig. 7.
 25.1 Definitions
25.1.1 Column or strut is a compression member, the
effective length of which exceeds three times the least lateral
dimension. 25.1.2 Short and Slender Compression Members
25 A compression member may be considered as short when
both the slenderness ratio lex/D and ley/b are less than 12
COMPRESSION Where
MEMBERS lex = effective length in respect of the major axis,
D = depth in respect of the major axis,
Iey - effective length in respect of the minor y axis, and
b = width of the member,
It shall otherwise be considered as a slender compression
member.
25.1.3 Unsupported Length
The unsupported length, I, of a compression member . shall he taken as the clear distance between end restraints
except that:
a) in flat slab construction, it shall be clear distance between the floor and the lower extremity of the capital, the
drop panel or slab whichever is the least.
b) in beam and slab construction, it shall be the clear distance between the floor and the underside of the shallower
beam framing into the columns in each direction at the next higher floor level.
c) in columns restrained laterally by struts, it shall be the clear distance between consecutive struts in each vertical
plane, provided that to be an adequate support, two such struts shall meet the columns at approximately the same
level and the angle between vertical planes through the struts shall not vary more than 3Qt' from a right angle. Such
struts shall be of adequate dimensions and shall have sufficient anchorage to restrain the member against lateral
deflection.
d) in columns restrained laterally by struts or beams, with brackets used at the junction, it shall be the clear distance
between the floor and the lower edge of the bracket, provided that the bracket width equals that of the beam strut
and is at least half that of the column.
25.2 Effective Length of Compression Members In the absence of more exact analysis, the
effective length ler' of columns may be obtained as described in Annex E.
25.3 Slenderness Limits for Columns
25.3.1 The unsupported length between end restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least
lateral dimension of a column.
25.3.2 If, in any given plane, one end of a column is unrestrained, its unsupported length,
it shall not exceed JOOb 2 ---' [) where b = width-of that cross-section, and D = depth of the
cross-section measured in the plane under consideration.
25.4 Minimum Eccentricity All columns shall be designed for minimum eccentricity, equal
to the unsupported length of column! 500 plus lateral dimensions/30, subject to a
minimum of 20 rom. Where bi-axial bending is considered , it is sufficient to ensure that
eccentricity exceeds the minimum about one axis at a time.
 26.1 General Reinforcing steel of same type and grade shall be used
as main reinforcement in a structural member. However,
simultaneous use of two different types or grades of steel for main
and secondary reinforcement respectively is permissible.
26.1.1 Bars may be arranged singly. or in pairs in contact, or in
26 groups of three or four bars bundled in contact. Bundled bars shall
been closed within stirrups or ties. Bundled bars shall be tied
together to ensure the bars remaining together. Bars larger than 32
REQUIREMENTS mm diameter shall not be bundled. except in columns.

GOVERNING 26.1.2 The recommendations for detailing for earthquake-resistant

construction given in IS 13920 should be taken into consideration,

REINFORCEMENT
where applicable (see also IS 4326).
26.2 Development of Stress in Reinforcement The calculated tension
AND DETAILING or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each
side of the section by an appropriate development length or end
anchorage or by a combination thereof.
26.2.1 Development Length of Bars The development length Ld is
given by L _ ,a. (1--- 4fbd where , = nominal diameter of the bar, a
=stress in bar at the section considered at design load, and t hd
=design bond stress given in 26.Z.1.1.
[Link] Design bond stress in limit state method for
plain bars in tension shall be as below:
For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786these values shall be increased by 60 percent.

For bars in compression. the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall be increased by 25 percent.

[Link] Bars bundled in contact

The development length of each bar of bundled bars shall be that for the individual bar, increased by )0 percent for two bars in contact, 20 percent for three bars in contact and 33 percent for four
bars in contact.

26.2.2 Anchoring Reinforcing Bars

[Link] Anchoring bars in tension

a) Deformed bars may be used without end anchorages provided development length requirement is satisfied. Hooks should normally he provided for plain bars in tension.

b) Bends and hooks - Bends and hooks shall conform to IS 2502

1) Bends-The anchorage value of bend shall be taken as 4 times the diameter of the bar for each 45t ' bend subject to a maximum of 16 times the diameter of the bar.

2) Hooks-The anchorage value of a standard U-type hook shall be equal to J6 times the [Link] of the bar.

[Link] Anchoring bars in compression The anchorage length of straight bar in compression shall be equal to the development length of bars in compression as specified in 26.2..1. The projected
length of hooks, bends and straight lengths beyond bends if provided for a bar in compression, shall only be considered for d evelopment length.

[Link] Mechanical devices[or anchorage Any mechanical or other device capable of developing the strength of the bar without damage to concrete may be used as anchorage with the approval of
the engineering-charge.
[Link] Anchoring shear reinforcement
a) Inclined bars- The development length shall be as for bars in tension; this length shall be measured as under:
1) In tension zone, from the end of the sloping Of inclined portion of the bar, and
2) In the compression zone ,front the mid depth of the beam.
b) Stirrups-Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this standard, in case of secondary reinforcement, such as stirrups and transverse ties,
complete development lengths and anchorage shall be deemed to have been provided when the bar is bent through an angle of at least 90"
round a bar of at least its own diameter and is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at least eight diameters, or when the bar
is bent through an angle of 1350 and is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at least six bar diameters or when the bar is bent
through an angle of 1HO° and is continued beyond the end of the curve for a length of at least four bar diameters.
[Link] Bearing stresses at bends The hearing stress in concrete for bends and hooks described in IS 2502 need not be checked. The bearing
stress in idea bending any other bend shall be calculated as given below: Fht Bearing stress = rei> where }/'ol =: tensile force due to design
loads in a bar or group of hal's, ,. = internal radius of the bend, and ¢ = size of the bar or, in bundle. the size of bar of equivalent area. For limit
stale method of design, this stress shall not I.5f~k t +' h h .. exceed W iere r. k IS t e. characteritics cube 1+2~/a C· strength of concrete and a, for
a particular buror group of bars in contact shall he taken as the centre to centre distance between bars or groups of bars perpendicular to the
plane of the bend; for a bar Of group of bars adjacent to the face of the member a shall be taken as the cover plus size of bar ( q». For working
'stress method of design. the bearing stress shall not exceed fck/1+2@/a
[Link]
Flexural reinforcement shall not be tenninated in a tension zone unless anyone of the following conditions is satisfied:
a) The shear at the cut-off point does not exceed two-thirds that permitted, including the shear strength of web reinforcement provided.
b) Stirrup area in excess of the required for shear and torsion is provided along each tenninated bar overall distance from the cut-off point
equal to three-fourths the effective depth of the member. The excess stinup area shall be not less than 0.4 bIll" where b is the breadth of
beam. sis the spacing and[, is the characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2. The resulting spacing shall not exceed dIs Pit where Ph is
the ratio of the area of ban cut-off to the total area of bars at the section, and d is the effective depth.
c) For 36rnmandsmallerbars,thecontinuing bars provide double the area required for flexure at the cut-off point and the shear does not
exceed three-fourths that permitted.
[Link] Positive moment reinforcement
a) At least one-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one fourth the positive moment reinforcement in
continuous members shall extend along the same face of the member in to the support,to a length equal to Ld/3.
b) When a flexural member is part of the primary lateral load resisting system, the positive reinforcement required to be extended into the
develop its design stress in tension at the face of the support.
c) At simple supports and at points of inftection, positive moment tension reinforcement shall be limited to a diameter sucht hat Ld computed
for fd by 26.2.1 does not exceed .
.-- M, '* .....- of lUiltllCe of tile section
.......,[Link] aecdOD to ......tot..; ttl •
0.871, In tbI c... of liJpit sJate desip andthO
penni••ible...(J. in-the case of working Stroll deillft; V
= shearforce at the section due'todesip loads; Lo =
sum oftheanchorage beyondthecentre of the
support and the equivalent ,p~J1orale value of any
hook or mNhan~ ~geatsimple support; andat a
pointlit iltlWURaJ, bRis limited totheeffecdvo dopth
ofdie ""m~1l PJ 12;, whichever is pater; and ; =
diameter of bar. Thevalue ofM./Vin theabove
expression may be incr••,ad by 30 percent when the
ends of the reinforCOlftO,;r.... ~OJJtined
byacompressive reaction.
[Link] Lap Splice
Lapsplicesshall notbeusedforbarslargerthan' 36 rom; for larger diameters, bars may be welded (see 12.4); in cases where welding is not practicable, lapping of bars
larger than 36 mm may be permitted, in which case additional spiralsshouldbeprovided around the lapped bars.
b) Lap splices shall be considered asstaggered if the centre to centre distance of the splices is not Jess than 1.3timesthe l aplength calculated asdescribed in (e).
c) Lap lengthincluding anchorage valueof hooks for bars in flexural tension shall be Ld tse« 26.2.1) or 30(/) whichever is greater and for direct tension shall be 2Ld or
30~ whicheveris greater. The straightlengthof the lapshall not be Jess than IS, or 200mm. The following provisions shall also apply: Wherelap occursfora tension
barlocated at:
1) top of a section8S cast and theminimum cover is less than twice the diameter of the lapped bar,the lap lengthshallbe incre ased by a factor of 1.4.
2) corner of a section and the minimum cover to either face is less than twice the diameter of the lapped bar or where the cl ear distance betweenadjacent laps is less
than 7S mm or 6 times the diameterof [Link] is greater, the lap lengthshouldbeincreased by a factorof ).4.' Wherebothcondition (1) and(2) apply. thelap
lengthshould be increased by a factorof 2.0. NOTE-Splices ia tension members shall be enclosed in spirals madeof bon DOllessthan6 mmdiameter withpitch . not lnofe
than 100mm.
d) The lap lengthin compression shan beequalto the development length in compression, calculated as described in ~.1.1. but not less than 24~.
e) When bars of two differentdiameters are to be spliced, the lap le"gth shall be calculated on the basis of diameterof the smallerbar.
f) When splicing of welded wire fabric is to be carried out, lap splices of wires shall be made so that overlapmeasured between the extreme cross wiresshallbe not
lessthanthespacingof pross wires plus 100 mm,
g)In case of b"ndlod bars, lapped splices of l1""dtcd ban shallbemadebysplicingone bar IS456:~ ata time; suchindividual splic eswithina bundle shall be staggered.
J6.3.1 Minimum Distance Between Individual Bars
The following shall apply for spacing of bar:
a) The _orizontal distance between two parallel main'reinforcinl bars shall usually be not less thantho lreato., oftho
foUowina: I) ll-" di..meter of tho bar ifthe diameteR are e4l~alt 2) Th~ diameter of the larler bar if the diamolCrs are
unoqual. and 3) S111m moro than tho nominalmaximum size of ~p~ _IPlalO. ~OTB-This doesnot preclude the
useorllllpr sizeof D.I",.itel beyond the conceated reinfon:ement in the lAme member; lhe aize of ,"relates ,nay be
naduoocl Ground con,clted reinforcement tQ comply with thil provision.
b) Qreater horizontaldistance thantho minimum specified in (a) should be prov~dod wherevor possible. However
when needle vibrators aro 45 IS 456 : 2000 used the horizontal distance between bars of a group may be reduced to
two-thirds the nominal maximumsize of the coarse aggregate, provided that sufficient space is left between groups of
bars to enable the vibrator to be immersed.
c) Where there arc two or more rows of bars, the bursshall he vertically in line and the minimum vertical distance
between the bars shall be 15mrn, two-thirds the nominal maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of bars,
whichever is greater.
26.3.3 Maximum, Distance Between Bars in Tension
Unless the calculation of crack widths shows that a greaterspacing is acceptable, the followingrules
shall he applied to flexural members in normal internal or external conditions of exposure.
a) Beams - The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars, or groups, ncarthe tension
face of a beam shall not be greater than the value given in Table 15 depending on the amount of
redistribution carried out in analysis and the characteristic strength of the reinIorcement.
b) Slabs
1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement barsshallnotbemorethanthree
times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 IntTI whichever issmaller.
2) The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against shrinkage and
temperatureshall not be more than five times the effective depth of a solid slab or 450 mm
whichever is smaIler.
26.4 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement
26.4.1 Nominal Cover Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to all steel reinforcements, including links.
It is the dimension usedindesignand indicatedin thedrawings. It shall be not less than the diameter of the bar.
26.4.2 Nominal Coverto MeetDurability Requirement Minimum values for the nominal cover of normalweight
aggregate concrete which should be provided to all reinforcement, including links depending onthe condition of
exposure described in 8.2.3 shall be as given in Table 16
[Link] However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall in any case not be less than 40
mm, or less than the diameter of such bar. In the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200 mmor
under,whosereinforcing bars do not exceed 12mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be used.
[Link] For footingsminimumcover shall be 50 mm.
26.4.3 Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Re..sistance Minimum values of nominal cover of normal-
weight aggregateconcrete to be provided to all reinforcement including links to meet specified period of fire
resistance shall begiven in Table 16A.
26.5 Requirements of Reinforcement for
Structural Members
26.5.1 Beams
[Link] Tension reinforcement
a) Minimum reinforcement-The minimum areaof tensionreinforcementshall be not less
than that given by the following: = 0.85 bd f y where A. = minimum area of tension
reinforcement, b = breadthof beamor the breadthof the web of 'f-beam. d = effective
depth, and f, = characteristic strengthofreinforcement in N/mm2 .
b) Maximum reinfo~eme",- Themaximum area of tension reinforcement shall notexceed
0.04 bD.
[Link] Compression reinforcement
The maximum area of compression reinforcement shall notexceed 0.04 bD. Compressionreinforcement
in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral restraint. The arrangementof stirrups shall be
as specified in [Link].
[Link] Side face reinforcement
Wherethedepthofthe webin a beamexceeds750mm, sidefacereinforcementshallbe providedalongthe two
faces. The totalarea of suchreinforcementshall be not less than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 111m or web thickness whichever is
less.
[Link] Transverse reinforcement in beamsfor shear and torsion
The transverse reinforcement in beams shall be taken around the outer-mosttension and compression bars.
"In T-beams andf-beams, suchreinforcement shallpass aroundlongitudinal barslocatedclose to theouter face
of the flange.
[Link] Maximum spacing ofshear reinforcement
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured alongtheaxisofthe membershallnotexceed
0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrupsat 45' ,where d is the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no
case shall the spacing exceed 300mm.
[Link] Minimum Shear Reinforcement
Minimum shearreinforcement in the formofstinups shall beprovidedsuch that:
where
Asv= total cross-sectional area of stirruplopeffective in shear.
Sv= stirrup SPacinl alonl tho Ieft8th of the member.
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of thenweb offtanled beam. and
Fy= characteristic ItreDltb of the stirrupreinforcementinN/mm2 which shallnot be takenpater dian 415N/mm2
Where themaximum shearstresscalculatedillelsthanhalf the permissible value and in memben of minor
structural importance such u lintels. this provision neednot be compliedwith.
[Link] Distribution of torsion reinforcement
When a member is desilned for tonion (see 41 or 8-6) tonion reinforcementshallbe providedu below:
a) The transverse reinforcement for tonion sball be rectanplar closed stirrups placed perpendicularto theWSofthe
member. Thespacinl of the stirrup. shall not exceed the least of x1 (X1+Y1)/4 and 300mm, where x1 and y1
reapectively the short and lonl dimension. of the ltimap.
b) Lonptudinal reinforcement shall beplaced.. close asispracticable tothe cornen oftbecroa.. section and in all casea,
there shall beat leatone IonJitudinai barin eachcom. ofthe tiel.
When the croll-sectional dimension of the member exceeds 450 mm, additional longitudinal [Link] beprovided to
satisfy the requirementl of minimum reinforcement and spacinl givenin [Link].
[Link] Reinforcement in flange of T-and L-beams shall satisfy the requirements in 23.1.1(b). Where tlaDles are in
teuioD, part of the main tension reinforcement shall be dillribuled over the effective flange width or a width equal to
~tonth ofthe span. whichever is smaller. If the effective flanle width exceeds one-tenth of the span, nominal
lonaitudinal reinforcement shall beprovided in the outer portions of the flange.
26.5.2 Sl abs

The rul es given in 26.1.2..1 and 26.5.2 shall apply to slabs in addi tion to those ,gi ven in the appropriat e clauses.

26.5.2.1Minimwn reinforcemeat

The mild steel reinforcemeat in either directi on isslabs shal l not be less than 0.15 percent of the total cross sectional area however the v alue can be re duced to 0.12 % when hi gh strength deformed bars or welded wire fabri c are used.

[Link] Maximum reinforcement

The diameter of reinforcing bar shall not exceed one eight of the total thick ness of the slab.

26.5.3 Columns

[Link] Longit udinal reinforcement

a) The cross-sect ional area of lonaitudinalreinforcement,shall be notlesst han 0.8% nor moro t han 6 percent of t he gross c/s area of the column.

b) In any column that bas a longer cross-sect ional area than that required t o support the l oad~ the mi ni mum percenta,e of st eel Ihall be bued upon the area of concrete requlNCl to resist the directstress and Dot upon theact ual area.

c) The minimum number of longit udinal bars provi ded in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and six in circular columns.

d) The bars shall not be less than 12 mm i n diameter.

e) A reinforced concrete column havinl helical reinforcement shall have at leut lix bin of lonlit udinal reinforcement within tho helical reinforcement.

f) Inahelically _fmeedcolumn. the l onptudinal bars shall be in contact wi th the helical reinforcement and equidistant aroundits inner circumference.

s) ·Spacina of l onptudinal bars meuured alonl the periphery of the column shall not exceed 300mm.

h) In case of pedeStall in whi ch the IORlitudinal reinforcement isDot takeD i naccount instrenath calculations, nominaIlonptudi naireinforcement notless. than0.15percentof thecross-sect ional

area'shallbe provi ded.

[Link] Transverse reinforcement
a) General-A reinforced concrete compression member shall have transverse or helical reinforcement so disposed that every longitudinal bar nearest to the
compression face has effective lateral support against buckling subjecttoprovisionsin(b). Theeffective lateral support is given by transverse reinforcement either in the
fonn of circular rings capable of taking up circumferential tension or by polygonal links(lateral ties)withinternal angles notexceeding 13.50 a Theendsof the transverse
reinforcement shall be properly anchored [see [Link] (b)].
b) Arrangement of transverse reinforcement
1) If the longitudinal bars are notspaced more than 75 mm on either side. transverse reinforcement needonlyto goroundcorner and alternate bars for the purpose of
providing effective lateral supports (set Fig. 8).
2) If the longitudinal bars spaced at a distance of not exceeding 48 times the diameter ofthe tie are effectivelytiedin [Link] longitudinal
barsinbetween thesebarsneedto be tiedin onedirection byopenties(see Fig. 9). '
3) Where the longitudinal reinforcing bars in a compression member are placedin more thanonerow, effective lateral support to the longitudinal barsin the innerrows
may be assumed to have beenprovided if:
i) transverse reinforcement is provided for the outer-most row in accordance with [Link], and
ii) no bar of the inner row is closer to thenearest compression face than three times the diameter of the largest bar in the inner row..
4) Where the longitudinal bars in a compression member are grouped (not in contact) andeachgroup adequately tiedwith transverse reinforcement inaccordance with
[Link], the transverse reinforcementforthe compression member as a whole may be provided on the assumption that each group is a single longitudinal bar for
purpose of determining the pitch and diameter of the transverse reinforcement inaccordance with [Link]. The diameter of such transvers reinforcement need not.
however, exceed20mm
c) Pitch anddiameter of laura;tits
1) Pitch-The pitch of transverse reinforcementshallbe not morethan the leastof the following distances:
i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members;
ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameterof thelongitudinal reinforcement bartobe tied: and
iii) 300mm.
2) Diameter-The diameter of the polygonal links orlateral tiesshallbe notlessthanonefourth of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar. and in no case less than 16mm.
d) Helical reinforcement
1) Pitch-Helical reinforcement shall be of regular formation withthe turnsof the helix spaced evenly andits
endsshallbeanchored properly by providing one and a half extra turns of the spiral bar. Where an increased load on
the column on the strength of the helical reinforcement isallowed for, thepitch ofhelical turnsshallbenotmore
than75mm, normorethanone-sixth of thecorediameter of thecolumn. norless than2.5 mm, norless
thanthreetimesthediameter of the steelbar forming the helix. .
[Link]
In columns where longitudinal bars are off set at a splice, the slope of the inclined portion
of the bar with the axis of the column shall not exceed 1 in 6.
and the portions of the bar above and below the off set shall be parallel to the axis of the
column. Adequate horizontal support at the offset bends shall be treated as a matter of
design. and shall be provided by metal ties, spirals. or parts of the floor construction. Metal
ties or spirals so designed shall be placed near (not more than eight-bar diameters from)
the point of bend. The horizontal thrust to be resisted shall be assumed as one and half
times the horizontal components of the nominal stress in the inclined portion of the bar.
Offsetbarsshall be bentbeforetheyare placedin the forms, Where column faces
areoffset75mmormore, splices of vertical barsadjacent to theoffsetfaceshall be made by
separate dowels overlapped as specified in [Link].
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