Database Concepts
Ninth Edition
Chapter 1
Getting Started
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Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
2
• Understand the importance of databases in Internet Web
applications and mobile apps
• Understand the nature and characteristics of databases
• Understand the potential problems with lists
• Understand the reasons for using a database
• Understand how using related tables helps you avoid the
problems of using lists
• Know the components of a database system
• Learn the elements of a database
• Learn the purpose of a database management system (DBMS)
• Understand the functions of a database application
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Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
3
• Introduce Web database applications
• Introduce data warehouses and business intelligence (BI)
systems
• Introduce Big Data and cloud computing
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The Importance of Databases in the
4
Internet and Mobile App World
Understand the importance of databases in
Internet Web applications and mobile apps
• The Internet was created as the ARPANET in 1969 and grew to
connect LANs.
• It became known and used when the World Wide Web (Web)
became accessible in 1993.
• In the early 2000s, Web 2.0 sites started to appear allowing
users to add content.
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is the latest development which
allows all types of devices to connect with each other.
• All of these items depend upon databases.
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Figure 1.1(a) Searching a Database in
5
a Web Browser
Courtesy of Pearson Education
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Figure 1.2 The Internet and Mobile
6
Device World
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Why Use a Database?
7
Understand the nature and characteristics of
databases
• The reason databases are used is to keep track of things.
• Databases store more complicated information than simple lists
like a spreadsheet.
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Figure 1.7 The Student with Advisor
8
and Department List
Understand the potential problems with lists
• A major problem with using lists include:
– Modification problems: Redundancy and multiple themes
can create modification problems such as deleting,
updating, and inserting records as seen in the figure below.
Excel 2019, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation.
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Using Relational Database Tables
9
Understand how using related tables helps you
avoid the problems of using lists.
• Relational model is a methodology used as a solution for
database design.
• A relational database contains a collection of separate tables.
• A table holds data about only one theme.
• Each column, also known as fields, in a table stores a
characteristic common to all rows in a table. An example is
StudentNumber.
• A row in a table, also known as a record, has data about an
occurrence. An example would be all the information on one
student.
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Figure 1.8 The Advisor and Student
10
Tables
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Figure 1.9 Modifying the Advisor and
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Student Tables
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Figure 1.10 The Department,
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Advisor, and Student Tables
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Figure 1.11 The Art Course List with
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Modification Problems
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Figure 1.12 The Art Course Database
14
Tables
Access 2019, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation.
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Figure 1.13 The Project Equipment
15
List as a Spreadsheet
Excel 2019, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation.
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Figure 1.14 The Project Equipment
16
Database Tables
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How do I Process Relational Tables
17
Using SQL?
• The leading technique for data definition and manipulation is
Structured Query Language (SQL).
• SQL is an international standard for creating, processing, and
querying databases and their tables.
• Using SQL you can:
– Reconstruct lists from their underlying tables,
– Query for specific data conditions,
– Perform calculations on data in tables, and
– Insert, update, and delete data.
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SQL Art Course Database Example
18
Understand how using related tables helps you
avoid the problems of using lists
• Using SQL, the following code will combine the three tables in the Art
Course Database as seen in Figure 1.12:
• The results of running the code above can be seen in Figure 1.15 on
the next page.
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Figure 1.15 Results of the SQL
19
Query to Recreate the Art Course
List Data
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What is a Database System?
20
Know the components of a database system
• A database system has four components consisting of:
1. Users,
2. Database application
3. Database management system (DBMS), and
4. Database.
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Figure 1.17 Components of a
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Database System
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The Database
22
Know the components of a database system
• A user of a database system will:
– Employ a database application to keep track of things
– Use forms to read, enter, and query data
– Produce reports
• A database is a self-describing collection of related tables:
– Self-describing means a description of the structure of the
database is contained with the database itself.
– Metadata is data about the structure of the database.
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Figure 1.18 Example Metadata: A
23
Relationship Diagram for the Art
Course Tables in Figure 1.12
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Figure 1.19 Database Contents
24
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Figure 1.20 Functions of a DBMS
25
Learn to purpose of a database management
system (D B M S)
• The purpose of a DBMS is to create, process, and administer
databases and are licensed from a vendor.
• The functions of a DBMS are shown in the following slide:
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Referential Integrity Constraints
26
Learn the purpose of a database management
system (DBMS)
• Referential integrity constraints are rules enforced by the
DBMS to ensure values of a column in one table are valid when
compared to values in another table.
– For example, in the Art Course database what would
happen if a user mistakenly entered 9 for CustomerNumber
in the ENROLLMENT table?
§ Since 9 does not exist in that table it would cause errors
and not execute.
§ To prevent this situation, the DBMS enforces the rule
that if a CustomerNumber is entered in the
ENROLLMENT table, must also exist in the
CUSTOMER table.
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Figure 1.21 Functions of Database
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Application Programs
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Figure 1.22 Example Data Entry
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Form
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Figure 1.23 (a) Query Parameter
29
Form, and (b) Query Results
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Figure 1.24 Example Report
30
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Personal vs. Enterprise-Class
31
Database Systems
• A personal database system is used by only one person and
would include:
– Only a few tables containing only a few hundred rows of
data
– Use only one computer with one user at a time
• An enterprise database system is used international
organizations with thousands of concurrent users and would
include:
– Hundreds of tables with millions of rows of data
– In use 24/7 24 hours a day
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Figure 1.25 Personal Database
32
System
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Figure 1.26 SQL Generated by
33
Microsoft Access Query
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Figure 1.27 Microsoft Access 2019
34
Access 2019, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation.
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Figure 1.28 Enterprise-Class
35
Database System
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Figure 1.29 My SQL 8.0
36
My SQL Community Server 8.0, My SQL Workbench, Oracle Corporation.
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Figure 1.30 Microsoft SQL Server
37
2017
SQL Server 2017, SQL Server Management Studio, Microsoft Corporation.
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Figure 1.31 Oracle Database XE
38
Oracle Database XE, SQL Developer 18.4, Oracle Corporation.
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What is a Web Database Application?
39
Introduce Web database applications
• A Web database application is an application with a Web user
interface that is dependent on a database to store the data
needed by the application (see Figure 1.32).
• An application programming interface (API) is a programming
language such as PHP or JavaScript to connect to a DBMS
allowing the sending of SQL commands to the DBMS and then
to receive them back.
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Figure 1.32 The WP Web Page
40
Microsoft Edge, Windows 10, Microsoft Corporation.
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What are Data Warehouses and
41
Business Intelligence (BI) Systems?
Introduce data warehouses and business
intelligence (B I) systems
• Transactions are purchases bought online that are recorded in
a company’s database, also referred to as an online
transaction processing (OLTP) database.
• Data analysis is done on an organization’s online analytical
processing (OLAP) database and is used for research.
• A business intelligence system consists of tools used to
analyze and report on company data.
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What is Big Data?
42
Introduce Big Data and cloud computing
• Big Data is the current term for the enormous datasets
generated by Web and mobile applications.
• Nonrelational databases are used to store Big Data (also
known as NoSQL).
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Figure 1.33 ArangoDB
43
Courtesy of ArangoDB GmbH.
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What is Cloud Computing?
44
Introduce Big Data and cloud computing
• Cloud Computing is the use of another company’s hardware
to conduct business via an Internet connection or through a
Web server.
• Examples include:
– Amazon Web Services (AWS)
– Google Cloud Platform
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Figure 1.34 Microsoft Azure Cloud
45
Service
Azure, Microsoft Edge, Microsoft Corporation.
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Copyright
46
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