Applied Calculus

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 Course Contents
 Functions
 Derivatives
…
 Applications of Derivative
 Techniques of Differentiation
 Logarithmic Functions and Applications
 The Definite Integrals
 The Trigonometric Functions

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 Tutorial 1

Functions

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 Chapter Outline
 Functions and Their Graphs
 Some Important Functions
 The Algebra of Functions
 Zeros of Functions
 The Quadratic Formula and Factoring
 Exponents and Power Functions
 Functions and Graphs in Applications

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Rational & Irrational Numbers

Definition Example
Rational Number: A number
that may be written as a finite 2
   0.285714 285714 ...
or infinite repeating decimal, in 7
other words, a number that can  0.285714
be written in the form m/n such 1
that m, n are integers   0.5
2
Irrational Number: A number
that has an infinite decimal
representation whose digits 3  1.73205
form no repeating pattern

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The Number Line

The Number Line

A geometric representation of the real numbers is shown below

2
 3
7
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Open & Closed Intervals

Definition Example
Infinite Interval: The set of
numbers that lie between a -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
given endpoint and the 4, 
infinity x4
Closed Interval: The set of
numbers that lie between -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
two given endpoints, [1,4]
including the endpoints
themselves 1  x  4
Open Interval: The set of
numbers that lie between -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

two given endpoints, not (1,4)

including the endpoints 1  x  4
themselves

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Functions
• A function f is a rule that assigns to each value of a real variable x
exactly one value of another real variable y.
• The variable x is called the independent variable and the variable y is
called the dependent variable.
• We usually write y = f (x) to express the fact that y is a function of x. Here
f (x) is the name of the function.
x y
y = f (x)
EXAMPLES:
f x   x 2  4

g x  
1
x 3
h x   x 2  1
k t   e  2t  sin2 t 

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Functions
EXAMPLE

If f (x) = x2 + 4x + 3, find f (−2) and f (a − 2).

SOLUTION

f x   x 2  4 x  3 This is the given function.

f  2  (2)2  4(2)  3  1 Replace each x with – 2.

f a  2   a  2   4a  2   3 Replace each x with a – 2.

2

f a  2  a 2  4a  4  4a  2  3 Evaluate (a – 2)2 = a2 – 4a + 4.

f a  2  a 2  4a  4  4a  8  3 Remove parentheses and distribute.

f a  2  a 2  1 Combine like terms.

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Functions

EXAMPLE

Rx  
100 x
Let .
b x
(a) Suppose that b = 20. Find R when x = 60.
(b) Determine the value of b if R(50) = 60.

SOLUTION
100  60
(a ) R60   75 Replace b with 20 and x with 60.
20  60

Therefore, when b = 20 and x = 60, R (x) = 75.

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Functions

CONTINUED

100x
(b) R x   This is the given function.
b x
100  50
R50  Replace x with 50.
b  50
100  50
60  Replace R(50) with 60.
b  50
b  50  60  5000  b  50 Multiply both sides by b + 50.
b  50
60b  3000  5000 Distribute on the left side.
60b  2000 Subtract 3000 from both sides.
b  33.3 Divide both sides by 60.
Therefore, b = 33.3 when R (50) = 60.

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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The domain of the function

f x   x 4  3x 2  6
The set of acceptable values
for the variable x.
is
R
 x
( ,)

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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The domain of the function

f x   x  2
The set of acceptable values
for the variable x.
is
x20
x  2
[- 2 ,)

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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The The domain of the function
2x
f x   2
set of acceptable values for
the variable x. x 4
is
x2  4  0
x  2
x  R \  2

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Domain of a Function

Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The The domain of the function
set of acceptable values for x2
the variable x. f x  
3 x
is
3 x  0
x 3
(, 3)

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Graphs of Functions

Definition Example
Graph of a Function: The set of
all points (x, f (x)) where x is the
domain of f (x). Generally, this
forms a curve in the xy-plane.

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The Vertical Line Test

Definition Example
Vertical Line Test: A curve in
the xy-plane is the graph of a
function if and only if each
vertical line cuts or touches the
curve at no more than one
point.

Although the red line intersects the

graph no more than once (not at all in
this case), there does exist a line (the
yellow line) that intersects the graph
more than once. Therefore, this is
not the graph of a function.

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Graphs of Equations
EXAMPLE
 1
Is the point (3, 12) on the graph of the function f x    x  x  2 ?
 2
SOLUTION

 1
f x    x  x  2 This is the given function.
 2
 1
f 3  12   3  3  2 Replace x with 3 and
 2 replace f (3) with 12
12  2.55 Simplify.
12  12.5 Multiply.

False
Since replacing x with 3 and f (x) with 12 did not yield a true statement in the original
function, we conclude that the point (3, 12) is not on the graph of the function.

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Linear Equations

Equation Example

y = mx + b
(This is a linear function)

x=a
(This is not the graph of a
function)

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Linear Equations
CONTINUED

Equation Example

y=b

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Piece-Wise Functions
EXAMPLE
1  x for x  3
Sketch the graph of the following function f x    .
2 for x  3
SOLUTION
We graph the function f (x) = 1 + x only for those values of x that are less than or equal
to 3. 6

0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2

-4

-6

Notice that for all values of x greater than 3, there is no line.

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Piece-Wise Functions
CONTINUED

Now we graph the function f (x) = 2 only for those values of x that are greater than 3.

0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Notice that for all values of x less than or equal to 3, there is no line.

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Piece-Wise Functions
CONTINUED

Now we graph both functions on the same set of axes.

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

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Quadratic Functions

Definition Example
Quadratic Function: A
function of the form
f x   ax2  bx  c
where a, b, and c are
constants and a ≠ 0.

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Polynomial Functions

Definition Example
Polynomial Function: A
function of the form
f x  an x n  an1 x n1    a0 f x   17x 3  x 2  5
where n is a nonnegative
integer and a0, a1, ..., an are
given numbers.

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Rational Functions

Definition Example
Rational Function: A
function expressed as the 3x  x 4
quotient of two polynomials. g x   2
5x  x  1

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Power Functions

Definition Example
Power Function: A
function of the form f  x   x 5.2
f x   x r .

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Absolute Value Function

Definition Example

Absolute Value Function:

The function defined for all
f x   x
numbers x by
f x   x ,
f  1 2    1 2  1 2
such that |x| is understood to
be x if x is positive and –x if
x is negative

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Adding Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f x   and g x   , express f (x) + g(x) as a rational function.
x 3 x2
SOLUTION

f (x) + g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x 3 x  2 functions.
x2 2 1 x 3
    Multiply to get common
x  2 x 3 x  2 x 3 denominators.
2x  4 x3
  Evaluate.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3
2x  4  x  3 3x  1
  Add and simplify the numerator.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3
3x  1
 Evaluate the denominator.
x2  x  6

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Subtracting Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f x   and g x   , express f (x) − g(x) as a rational function.
x 3 x2
SOLUTION

f (x) − g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x 3 x  2 functions.
x2 2 1 x 3
    Multiply to get common
x  2 x 3 x  2 x 3 denominators.
2x  4 x3
  Evaluate.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3

2 x  4  x  3 Subtract.
x  2x  3
x7 x7
  2 Simplify the numerator and
x  2x  3 x  x  6 denominator.

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Multiplying Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f x   and g x   , express f (x)g(x) as a rational function.
x 3 x2
SOLUTION

f (x)g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x3 x2 functions.
2 1
 Multiply the numerators and
x  3x  2 denominators.
2
 Evaluate.
x2  x  6

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Dividing Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1 f x 
Given f x   and g x   , express as a rational function.
x 3 x2 g x 
SOLUTION
f x 

g x 
2
 x3 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
1 functions.
x2
2 x2
  Rewrite as a product (multiply by
x3 1 reciprocal of denominator).
2 x  2 
 Multiply the numerators and
 x  31 denominators.
2x  4
 Evaluate.
x 3

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Composition of Functions
EXAMPLE
Table 1 shows a conversion table for men’s hat sizes for three countries. The
function g x  8x  1 converts from British sizes to French sizes, and the function
1
f x   x converts from French sizes to U.S. sizes. Determine the function h (x)
8
= f (g (x)) and give its interpretation.

SOLUTION
h (x) = f (g (x)) This is what we will determine.

1
  g x 
In the function f, replace each
8 occurrence of x with g (x).
1
  8 x  1 Replace g (x) with 8x + 1.
8
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Composition of Functions
CONTINUED
1 1
  8x  1 Distribute.
8 8
1
 x Multiply.
8
Therefore, h (x) = f (g (x)) = x + 1/8. Now to determine what this function h (x) means,
we must recognize that if we plug a number into the function, we may first evaluate
that number plugged into the function g (x). Upon evaluating this, we move on and
evaluate that result in the function f (x). This is illustrated as follows.

g (x) f (x)
British French French U.S.

h (x)
Therefore, the function h (x) converts a men’s British hat size to a men’s U.S. hat size.

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Composition of Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f x   and g x   .
x 3 x2
Find (f ○ g) (x) = f (g (x)) and (g ○ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) . Simplify your answer.
SOLUTION
(f ○ g) (x) = f (g (x)) =
2
 Replace x by g(x) in the function
g x   3
f (x)
2
 Substitute.
1
3
x2
2 x2
  Multiply the numerators and
3 x2
1
denominators by x + 2.
x2
2x  4

 3x  5 Simplify.

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Composition of Functions

CONTINUED
(g ○ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) =
1

f x   2
Replace x by f(x) in the function
g (x)
1

2
2
Substitute.
x 3
1 x3
  Multiply the numerators and
 2 x3
2
x3 denominators by x + 2.

x3
 Simplify.
2x  4

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Zeros of Functions

Definition Example

Zero of a Function: For a

f x   x2  1
function f (x), all values of x
such that f (x) = 0. 0  x2  1
x  1

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Zeros of Functions

Definition Example

Zero of a Function: Using

x2  5x  6  0
Factorization,
(x – a)(x – b) x  2x  3  0
= x2 – (a + b)x + ab x  2, x  3

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Zeros of Functions

Definition Example

Quadratic Formula: A formula x 2  3x  2  0

for solving any quadratic
a  1; b  3; c  2
equation of the form
2
ax  bx  c  0  3  32  41 2
x
21
The solution is:
 b  b 2  4ac  3  17
x x
2a 2

There is no solution if These are the solutions/zeros

of the quadratic function
b 2  4ac  0
f x   x 2  3 x  2

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Graphs of Intersecting Functions
EXAMPLE

Find the points of intersection of the pair of curves.

y  x 2  10 x  9; y  x  9
SOLUTION
The graphs of the two equations can be seen to intersect in the following graph. We can
use this graph to help us to know whether our final answer is correct.

100

80

60

40

20

0
-5 0 5 10 15
-20

-40

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Graphs of Intersecting Functions
CONTINUED
To determine the intersection points, set the equations equal to each other, since they
both equal the same thing: y.
x 2  10 x  9  x  9
Now we solve the equation for x using the quadratic formula.
x 2  10 x  9  x  9 This is the equation to solve.
x2  11x  9  9 Subtract x from both sides.
x 2  11x  18  0 Add 9 to both sides.
( x  2)(x  9)  0 x = 2 or x = 9

OR, a = 1, b = −11, and c =18.

  11   11  4118
2

x Use the quadratic formula.

21

11  121  72
x Simplify.
2
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Graphs of Intersecting Functions
CONTINUED

11 49
x Simplify.
2
11 7
x Simplify.
2
11  7 11  7
x , Rewrite.
2 2
x  9, 2 Simplify.

We now find the corresponding y-coordinates for x = 9 and x = 2. We can use either of
the original equations. Let’s use y = x – 9.
x9 x2
y  x9 y  x9
y 99 y  29
y0 y  7

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 42 of 78
Graphs of Intersecting Functions
CONTINUED

Therefore the solutions are (9, 0) and (2, −7). This seems consistent with the two
intersection points on the graph. A zoomed in version of the graph follows.

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5

-10

-15

-20

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 43 of 78
Factoring
EXAMPLE

Solve the cubic equation 6 x  2 x 3  0.

SOLUTION

6 x  2 x3 This is the given polynomial.

2 x3  x2  Factor 2x out of each term.

2x 3  x2
2
 Rewrite 3 as 3 .
2

Now I can use the factorization pattern: a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b).


2x 3  x  3x  Rewrite
2
3  x 2 as  3x  
3x .


2x 3  x  
3x 0 Solve the equation.

x  0, x   3

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 44 of 78
Factoring
EXAMPLE
5 6
Solve the equation for x: 1   2
x x
SOLUTION
5 6
1  2 This is the given equation.
x x
5 6 
x 2 1    2  x 2 Multiply everything by the LCD: x2.
x x 
5 6
x2   x2  2  x2 Distribute.
x x
x2  5x  6 Multiply.
x 2  5x  6  0 Subtract 5x + 6 from both sides.
x  1x  6  0 Factor.
x 1  0 x60 Set each factor equal to zero.
x  1 x6 Solve.

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 45 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example

b n  b
 b
b
 53  5  5  5
n times

1 1
b  b
n n
5 3 5
3

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 46 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example

 b  5
m 3
m 3
b  b 
n n m n
5  5 
4 4 3 4

m
 1 1 1 3
1 1 1
 m n m 

5  3 4 3 
 b
b n

 5
4
m 3
bn b n
5 4
54

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 47 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example

1 2 1 2 3

b b  b
r s r s
6 6  6
3 3 3 3
 6  61  6
3

1
1  1 1 1
b  r
r
4  1 2

b 42 4 2

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 48 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example
4
r 7 3 4 1

3
b
s
 b r s 1 7 3 3
 7  71  7
3

b 7 3

b 
5
r s
b rs  54  45
8 4 1

 9   95 8  98  92  9  3
 

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 49 of 78
Exponents

Definition Example
125  27 1/ 3
 1251 / 3  271 / 3
ab r
 a r  br
 3 125  3 27  5  3  15
r 4
a a 10  10 
r 4

   r     2 4
 16
b b 5
4
5

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 50 of 78
Applications of Exponents
EXAMPLE

Use the laws of exponents to simplify the algebraic expression

 27 x  5 2/ 3

3
x
SOLUTION

 27 x  5 2/ 3

This is the given expression.

3
x
 27  x 5 
2/ 3 2/ 3

abr  a r  br
3
x
 27  x 5 
2/ 3 2/ 3
1

1/ 3 b n b
n
x
 27  2/ 3
 x10 / 3
b 
r s
 b rs
1/ 3
x
3
2

 27  x10 / 3 m
b  n bm 
n
 b
n
m

x1 / 3
M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 51 of 78
Applications of Exponents
CONTINUED

 3 2
 x10 / 3 3
 27  3
1/ 3
x
10 / 3
9x
 32  9
x1 / 3
br
9x 10 / 31 / 3
s
 br s
b

9 x9 / 3 Subtract.

9x3 Divide.

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 52 of 78
Geometric Problems
EXAMPLE

Consider a rectangular corral with two partitions, as shown below. Assign

letters to the outside dimensions of the corral. Write an equation expressing the
fact that the corral has a total area of 2500 square feet. Write an expression for
the amount of fencing needed to construct the corral (including both partitions).

SOLUTION
First we will assign letters to represent the dimensions of the corral.

x x x x

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 53 of 78
Geometric Problems
CONTINUED

Now we write an equation expressing the fact that the corral has a total area of 2500
square feet. Since the corral is a rectangle with outside dimensions x and y, the area of
the corral is represented by:
A  xy

Now we write an expression for the amount of fencing needed to construct the corral
(including both partitions). To determine how much fencing will be needed, we add
together the lengths of all the sides of the corral (including the partitions). This is
represented by:
F  xxxx y y
F  4x  2 y

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 54 of 78
Surface Area
EXAMPLE

Assign letters to the dimensions of the geometric box and then determine an
expression representing the volume and the surface area of the open top box.

SOLUTION
First we assign letters to represent the dimensions of the box.

y
x
Therefore, an expression that represents the volume is:
V = xyz.

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 55 of 78
Surface Area
CONTINUED

y
x

Now we determine an expression for the surface area of the box. Note, the box has 5
sides which we will call Left (L), Right (R), Front (F), Back (B), and Bottom (Bo).
We will find the area of each side, one at a time, and then add them all up.

L: yz R: yz
F: xz B: xz

Bo: xy

Therefore, an expression that represents the surface area of the box is:
S = yz + yz + xz + xz + xy = 2yz + 2xz + xy.

M129 ©–2010
Applied
PearsonCalculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 56 of 78