BDwbU 8 gvV dmj Drcv`b

f‚wgKv

avb, cvU, AvL, †cu‡c, Avbvim, Kjvi Drcv`b cÖwµqv GK iKg bq| ejyb‡Zv
cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq? avb, cvU, AvL Pv‡l cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi Avjv`vfv‡e hZœ †bevi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv| mvwe©Kfv‡e gv‡Vi dm‡ji hZœ †bIqv nq| wKš‘ Kjv ev †cu‡c ev Avbvi‡mi
cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi hZœ bv wb‡j Avkvbyiƒc djb cvIqv hvq bv| mvwe©K e¨e¯’vcbv I h‡Zœ
†h dmj Drcvw`Z nq Zv n‡jv gvV dmj| Avi †h dm‡ji cÖwZ Mv‡Qi h‡Zœi
cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv D`¨vbZvwZ¡K dmj| G BDwb‡U Avgiv gvV dmj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
Kie|

cvV- 1: exR, fvj ex‡Ri ˆewkó¨, exR msi¶Y, ex‡Ri weï×Zv Ges
exRZjv
cvV- 2: f‚wgKl©Y, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, c×wZ I hš¿cvwZ
cvV- 3: mvi I mv‡ii †kªwYwefvM, dmj Drcv`‡b mv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
I cÖ‡qvM c×wZ
cvV- 4: km¨ msi¶Y I km¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, KxU cZ½ I
†ivM evjvB `gb c×wZ
cvV- 5: e¨envwiK: ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg I ˆRemvi cÖ¯‘ZKiY
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 1 exR, fvj ex‡Ri ˆewkó¨, exR msi¶Y, ex‡Ri weï×Zv Ges
exRZjv

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

exR Kv‡K e‡j eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

fvj ex‡Ri ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

exR msi¶Y cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

ex‡Ri weï×Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

exRZjv ˆZwi cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

exR wK

cv‡Ui `vbv, KuvVv‡ji exwP, Av‡gi AvwU gvwU‡Z eyb‡j ev cyZ‡j Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq
cwi‡ek cÖ`vb Ki‡j Pviv MvQ Ges Pviv MvQ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í eo Mv‡Q cwiYZ nq|
Avevi KPzi jZv, Av‡Li WMv, gv›`v‡ii Wvj, †MvjAvjy, Kjvi †kvlK gvwU‡Z jvMv‡j
bZzb Mv‡Q cwiYZ nq| Gevi GKUz fveyb‡Zv exR wK? Mv‡Qi †h Ask gvwU‡Z †ivcY
ev ecb K‡i Dchy³ cwi‡ek cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb Mv‡Qi Rb¥ nq Ges gvZ…Mv‡Qi
gZ kvLv cÖkvLv, dzj, dj I exR cÖ`vb Ki‡Z m¶g nq Zv‡`i‡KB exR ejv nq|

Mv‡Qi †h Ask gvZ…Mv‡Qi gZ bZzb MvQ Rb¥v‡Z cv‡i Zv‡KB exR ejv nq|

ex‡Ri ¸iæZ¡

dmj Drcv`‡b exR gyL¨ I †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| gvbyl Ges cï cvwLi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e exR
e¨eüZ nq| ex‡Ri e¨emv K‡i eû gvbyl RxweKv aviY K‡i| exR †_‡K wewfbœ
ai‡bi Jla ˆZwi nq| exR †_‡K bvbv Rv‡Zi is ˆZwi Kiv nq| wk‡íi KuvPvgvj
wn‡m‡e exR e¨eüZ nq| exR ißvwb K‡i ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR©Z nq| GKgvÎ DbœZ
Rv‡Zi weï× ex‡Ri gva¨‡g dm‡ji Drcv`b D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× Kiv m¤¢e| weMZ
`y`k‡K Avgv‡`i avb Ges Avjyi djb wظ‡YiI †ewk e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GUv †Kg‡b
m¤¢e n‡jv? G m¤¢vebvi wcQ‡b me‡P‡q †ewk KvR K‡i‡Q DbœZ gv‡bi exR|
dmj Drcv`‡b exR †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| exR Lv`¨, Jla ˆZwii DcKiY Ges
wk‡íi KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| km¨ Drcv`‡b ex‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 144

 Bangladesh Open University

wPÎ 8.1.1: wewfbœ ai‡bi exR|

fvj ex‡Ri ˆewkó¨ ¯^v¯’¨eZx fvj gv my¯’ mšÍvb cÖme K‡i G K_v mK‡jiB Rvbv| Zv n‡j ejyb my¯’ MvQ
Ges Avkvbyiƒc djb †c‡Z n‡j †Kgb ex‡Ri `iKvi? Avkv Kiv hvq mK‡jB ej‡eb
DËg ex‡Ri| Zv n‡j Pjyb Avgiv DËg ex‡Ri ˆewk󨸇jv †R‡b †bB|

fvj exR me mgq eskxqfv‡e weï× n‡e|

Ab¨ Rv‡Zi exR wgwkªZ _vK‡e bv|

exR †ivMvµvšÍ I †cvKvi LvIqv n‡e bv|

exR †`L‡Z AvKl©Yxq I D¾¡j n‡e|

ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg ¶gZv Kgc‡¶ kZKiv 80 fvM n‡e|

Drcvw`Z km¨ gvZ…¸Y wewkó n‡e|

DËg exR DrK…ó dmj Drcv`‡b m¶g|

exR msi¶Y

AwaKvsk †¶‡Î GK †gŠmy‡gi exR w`‡qB cieZ©x †gŠmy‡gi dmj Drcv`b Kiv nq|
ZvB Av`k© c×wZ‡Z exR msiw¶Z bv n‡j ex‡Ri mRxeZv I m‡ZRZv bó n‡q hvq|
Avi †m exR †_‡K mRxe I m‡ZR MvQ Rb¥vq bv, d‡j Kvw ¶Z djb cvIqv hvq
bv| ZvB exR †_‡K fvj Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j DËg c×wZ‡Z exR msi¶Y Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb| G m¤ú‡K© Kv‡ivi wØgZ _vKvi K_v bq| GLb †`Lv hvK wKfv‡e exR
msi¶Y Kiv hvq Ges msi¶Y Kivi Av‡Mi KvR¸‡jv wK?

exR msMÖnc~e© KvR
DbœZgv‡bi fvj exR †c‡Z n‡j gvZ…MvQ‡K †cvKv I †ivMgy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|

gvZ… Mv‡Qi exR cyó n‡j exR msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|

Rwg‡Z †Kvb AvMvQv _vK‡j Mv‡Q dzj Avmvi c~‡e©B Zv aŸsm K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e|

gv‡VB MÖnY‡hvM¨ MvQ evQvB K‡i c‡i wbe©vwPZ MvQ †_‡K exR msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 145

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

exR msi¶Y ex‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq ¸Y¸‡jv wVK ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡P DwjøwLZ bxwZ¸‡jv †g‡b Pjv
cÖ‡qvRb:

†h Rv‡Zi exR `xN©w`b mRxe _v‡K msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †miƒc exR wbe©Pb Ki‡Z
n‡e|

ﮋ I VvÐv cwi‡e‡k exR msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e|

exR msi¶YvMvi Aek¨B cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ Ges ﮋ n‡e|

exR msi¶‡Yi c~‡e© msi¶Y cvÎ †cvKv gvKo I †ivMgy³ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

msiw¶Z exR mwVK Ae¯’vq Av‡Q wK bv Zv g‡a¨ g‡a¨ hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e|

msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ ¯’v‡b †ivM I †cvKv cÖwZ‡ivaK e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
exR ¯^v¯’¨ m¤§Z Ae¯’vq ivL‡Z n‡e|

exR msi¶Y bxwZ †gb Pj‡j djb evo‡e|

ex‡Ri weï×Zv

Avkvbyiƒc dj‡bi Rb¨ weï× ex‡Ri †Kvb weKí †bB| Pvlvev‡`i mKj wbqvgK wVK
_vK‡j I ïay weï× ex‡Ri Afv‡e k‡m¨i kZKiv 25 fvM ev ZviI †ewk K‡g †h‡Z
cv‡i| cvRvg av‡bi ex‡Ri mv‡_ gvjv av‡bi exR wg‡k †M‡j Avi Zv ecb Ki‡j
Zvi djb wK AvkvcÖ` n‡Z cv‡i? KLbI bv, KviY gvjv avb hLb †c‡K Avm‡e
cvRv‡g ZLb gvÎ dzj Avm‡e| ZvB GK LÛ Rwg‡Z GKKvjxb Pv‡li Rb¨ G ai‡bi
wgkªY ewR©Z exR ecb AZ¨vek¨K| G ai‡bi wek×Zv‡K AwgkªYRwbZ weï×Zv
e‡j| cvkvcvwk Rwg‡Z wewfbœ Rv‡Zi djm Rb¥v‡j evZvm ev †cvKv gvKo Øviv
wewfbœ ai‡bi civMvqb N‡U| Gi d‡j †hgb gvjv av‡bi mv‡_ Pvw›`bvi mswgkª‡Y
bZzb Rv‡Zi av‡bi m„wó n‡e Ges RvZ ˆewkó¨ wVK ivL‡Z bv cvi‡j djb K‡g
hv‡e|
L
× 100
K

†h †Kvb dm‡ji Kvw•LZ dj‡bi Rb¨ exR AwgkÖYRwbZ Ges eskMZfv‡e weï× n‡Z n‡e|

ex‡Ri weï×Zv wba©viY Avkvbiƒc dj‡bi Rb¨ ex‡Ri weï×Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© wbðqB Avcbv‡`i Avi
wØgZ bvB| ZvB †Kvb dm‡ji ex‡Ri DcRv‡Zi exR, Nvm exR, gvwU KsKi BZ¨vw`
wgwkªZ _vK‡e bv| ZvB exR ec‡bi Av‡M ex‡Ri weï×Zvi nvi †R‡b †bIqv GKvšÍ
cÖ‡qvRb| wbw`©ó dm‡ji ex‡Ri bgybv wb‡q Zvi IRb wb‡Z n‡e| Zvici hveZxq
wgkªY †d‡j w`‡q IRb wb‡Z n‡e| awi cÖ_gevi ÒKÓ MÖvg exR wQj Ges wØZxqevi
ÒLÓ MÖvg cvIqv †Mj| G‡¶‡Î weï×Zvi nvi n‡e|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 146

Bangladesh Open University

exR ec‡bi A‡M ex‡Ri weï×Zvi nvi †R‡b wb‡j ex‡Ri AcPq
Kg nq Ges k‡m¨i Drcv`b e„w× cvq|

exRZjv

mKj gvV dm‡ji Rb¨ exR Zjvi Pviv Drcv`b cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb
dm‡ji Rb¨ exZjvq Pviv D‡Ëvjb AvZ¨vek¨K| G ai‡bi GKwU dm‡ji bvg Kiæb
†Zv? wbðq mK‡jB GK ev‡K¨ ej‡eb ÒavbÓ| gvV dm‡ji g‡a¨ avb Pv‡li Rb¨
c„w_exi mKj †`‡kB exRZjv ˆZwi Kiv nq| exRZjv cÖm‡½ Avgiv av‡bi exRZjv
m¤ú‡K©B Avgv‡`i Av‡jvPbv mxwgZ ivL‡ev| ejyb †Zv av‡bi exRZjv KZ cÖKv‡ii
n‡Z cv‡i| av‡bi exRZjv 4 cÖKv‡i Kiv hvq|

ïKbv exRZjv

wfRv exRZjv

fvmgvb exRZjv

`vcM exRZjv|

†Kvb †Kvb dm‡ji Rb¨ exRZjv AZ¨vek¨K| †hgb- avb| av‡bi exRZjv Pvi
iK‡gi nq- ïKbv, wfRv, fvmgvb I `vcM|

ïKbv exRZjv

evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î ïKbv exRZjvi cÖPjb Av‡Q| Z‡e me©Î weÁvb wfwËK exRZjv
Kiv nq bv| GZ ex‡Ri AvcPq nq Ges Pviv `ye©j nq| hvi d‡j k‡m¨i Drcv`b
Kg nq| weÁvb m¤§Z exRZjv ˆZwii Rb¨ Dchy³ Av`ª©Zvq gvwU 4/5 evi fvjfv‡e
Pvl I gB w`‡q gvwU SziSz‡i K‡i wb‡Z nq| Zvici hveZxq AvMvQv cwi®‹vi K‡i
†dj‡Z nq| Gevi cÖ‡qvRb gZ exRZjv‡K ¶z`ª ¶z`ªfv‡e fvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
1
cÖwZwU ¶z`ª exRZjv 1−1 wgUvi cÖk¯Í n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRb gZ j¤^v n‡e| cÖwZ 2wU
4
L‡Ûi g‡a¨ 25−30 †[Link]. duvKv RvqMv †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e| G RvqMvi gvwU 2 w`‡Ki
exR Zjvq DwV‡q w`‡j exR Zjv wKQyUv DuPz n‡e| d‡j cvwb R‡g _vK‡e bv| Avevi
G duvKv RvqMvq e‡m 2 w`‡Ki AvMvQv cwi®‹vi Kiv I wbovbx †`Iqv m¤¢e n‡e|

Rwg cÖ¯‘wZi ci cÖ‡qvRb gZ exR ecb K‡i gvwU nvévfv‡e Kzwc‡q exR eyb‡Z n‡e
Ges exR m‡gZ gvwU fvjfv‡e bvovPov Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z exR¸‡jv AšÍZ gvwUi 3/4
†mw›UwgUvi wb‡P c‡o| Pviv MRvevi ci AvMvQv cwi®‹vi I Nb Pviv cvZjv K‡i
cÖ‡qvRbgZ †mP w`‡Z n‡e| †cvKv gvK‡oi Jla cÖ‡qvM Acwinvh©|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 147

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wPÎ 8.1.2: ïKbv exRZjv|

ïKbv exRZjvi Rb¨ gvwU Pvl gB w`‡q Szi Sz‡i K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
1
Pvi h‡Zœi myweav‡_© exRZjv‡K 1−1 wgUvi cÖk¯Í Ges cÖ‡qvRb
4
gZ j¤^v K‡i fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| `ywU exRZjvi g‡a¨ 25−30 †[Link].
duvKv ivL‡Z n‡e| exR ey‡b gvwUi mv‡_ bvovPvo K‡i AšÍZ 3−4
†m. gvwUi wb‡P †dj‡Z n‡e|

wfRv exRZjv

†gŠmygx evqy cÖfvweZ evsjv‡`‡k wfRv exRZjvi cÖPjb †ewk| G exRZjvi Rb¨ †`v-
Auvk I G‡Uj †`v-Auvk gvwU DËg| Rwg wbe©vPb K‡i Kgc‡¶ 2wU Pvl I 2wU gB
AvovAvwofv‡e w`‡q AšÍZ 8/10 w`b †d‡j ivL‡Z n‡e hvi d‡j AvMvQv Ges Ab¨vb¨
AveR©bv c‡P hv‡e| G mgq Rwg‡Z Aek¨B cvwb _vK‡Z n‡e| Zvici Av‡iv 4/5wU
Pvl gB w`‡q Rwg _K_‡K Kv`vgq Ki‡Z n‡e| Rwg cÖ¯‘wZi †kl ch©v‡q Rwg‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbgZ †Mvei ev AveR©bv cPv mvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Gevi cÖwZwU exRZjv 1
wgUvi PIov K‡i cy‡iv RwgwU‡K A‡bK¸‡jv exRZjvq fvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| `y‡Uv
exRZjvi gvSLv‡b 50 †[Link]. RvqMv †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e| G RvqMvi gvwU `yw`‡K
exRZjvq DwV‡q exRZjv DPz K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| d‡j ga¨Lv‡b bvjvi m„wó n‡e| G
bvjv w`‡q cvwb wbKvk I †m‡Pi KvR Pj‡e| GQvov G RvqMvq e‡m `yw`‡Ki
exRZjvi AšÍeZ©xKvjxb cwiPh©v Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Kv`v †hb cvZjv
bv n‡q hvq| exRZjvi gvwU Lye my›`ifv‡e mgvb Ki‡Z n‡e| G c×wZ‡Z †evbvi
Av‡MB exR MwR‡q †bIqv nq| exRZjv ˆZwi nevi ci AšÍZ K‡qK N›Uv ïwK‡q exR
†evbv DËg|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 148

Bangladesh Open University

wPÎ 8.1.3: wfRv exRZjv|

wfRv exRZjvi Rb¨ †`v-Auvk I G‡Uj †`v-Auvk gvwU DËg| Rwg cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvl I
gB w`‡q DËgiƒ‡c Kv`v K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU exRZjv 1 wgUvi cÖk¯Í Ges
cÖ‡qvRbgZ `xN© n‡e| cÖwZ 2wU exRZjvi gv†S 50 †[Link]. duvKv †i‡L H RvqMvi
gvwU 2 w`‡K DwV‡q w`‡q GKUv bvjvi gZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Zvi mvnv‡h¨ cvwb †mP
m¤¢e n‡e| exR †evbvi Av‡M exR MwR‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

fvmgvb exRZjv

evsjv‡`‡k cÖvqB eb¨v nq| exRZjv ˆZwi Kivi gZ RvqMvI A‡bK mgq cvIqv hvq
bv| wKš‘ eb¨vi c‡iB Avevi Rwg‡Z Pviv eyb‡Z nq| ZvB fvmgvb c×wZ‡Z exRZjv
ˆZwi K‡i Pviv Drcv`b Ki‡j Pv‡li myweav nq| euv‡ki gvPv A_ev Kjv Mv‡Qi
†fjvi Dci Kjvi cvZv ev cwjw_b wewQ‡q Zvi Dci 3/4 Bw Kv`vi cÖ‡jc w`‡q
cvwicvwU K‡i exR eyb‡Z nq| †fjv ev gvPv fvj LywU ev Mv‡Qi mv‡_ k³ K‡i †e‡a
ivL‡Z nq †hb eb¨vi cvwb fvwm‡q wb‡q bv hvq|

wPÎ 8.1.4: fvmgvb exRZjv|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 149
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

eb¨vi ci ciB hv‡Z Rwg‡Z jvMvevi Dc‡hvMx av‡bi Pviv cvIqv

hvq Zvi Rb¨ euv‡ki gvPv ev KjvMv‡Qi †fjvi Dci KjvcvZv ev
cwjw_b wewQ‡q Zvi Dci 3/4 Bw Kv`v w`‡q exR eyb‡Z nq| GUvB
fvmgvb exRZjv|

`vcM exRZjv

fvmgvb exRZjvi gZ `vcM exRZjv eb¨v KewjZ GjvKvi Rb¨B Kiv nq| G
exRZjv mvaviYZ eb¨v KewjZ GjvKvi DPz RvqMv ev evwoi DVv‡b BU ev KjvMv‡Qi
†Lvj w`‡q †PŠ‡KvYvKvi N‡ii gZ K‡i Zv‡Z cwjw_b wewQ‡q Zvi Dci A¼zwiZ exR
eyb‡Z nq| exR ec‡bi ci 3/4 w`b ch©šÍ k³ KvwV w`‡q bvovPvov K‡i w`‡Z n‡e
†hb wkKo¸‡jv †j‡M bv hvq| G Pviv ec‡bi 14/15 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Aí cvwb wewkó
cwjgq Rwg‡Z †ivcY K‡i w`‡Z nq| G c×wZ‡Z Aí cwigvY RvqMvq A‡bK Pviv
Drcv`b m¤¢e| Avevi †h‡nZz gvwUi †QuvqvP bvB ZvB 14/15 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Pviv bv
jvMv‡j Lv‡`¨i Afv‡e gviv hvq|

wPÎ 8.1.5: `vcM exRZjv|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 150

 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 1

A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
1. gvV dmj ej‡Z wK eySvq?
K. gv‡V eybv dmj
L. mvwe©K cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g Drcbœ dmj
M. we‡kl cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g Drcbœ dmj
N. cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi Rb¨ cwiPh©vi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
2. wb‡¤œi †KvbwU gvV dmj?
K. †ivcv Avgb
L. Kjv
M. U‡g‡Uv
N. cUj|
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU exR?
K. jvD Gi WMv
L. Av‡Li WMv
M. KuvVv‡ji wkKo
N. cvb cvZv|
4. cvRv‡gi mv‡_ bvBRvi kvB‡ji cÖvK…wZK wgkª‡Y cvRv‡gi djb K‡g hv‡e †Kb?
K. cvRvg Rv‡Zi avb MvQ †ewk j¤^v Ges Aí evZv‡m †n‡j hvq
L. cvRvg Ges bvBRvi kvBj GKB mg‡q cvK‡ebv
M. cvRv‡g †ivM AvµgY †ewk n‡e
N. cvRv‡g Kzwki msL¨v K‡g hv‡e|
5. K…wl Dbœq‡b ex‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ me©vwaK †Kb?
K. exR ißvbx K‡i ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv cvIqv hvq
L. DbœZ Rv‡Zi exR km¨ Drcv`b D‡jøL‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i
M. DbœZ Rv‡Zi exR †ivM cÖwZ‡iva m¶g
N. DbœZRv‡Zi exR K…lKw`M‡K mn‡R AvK…ó K‡i|
Av) msw¶ß cÖkœ-DËi
1. gvV dmj wK ms‡¶‡c wjLyb|
2. exR ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
3. ex‡Ri weï×Zv wK?
4. exR msi¶‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
5. exRZjv ˆZwii wfRv c×wZi eY©bv w`b|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| K, 3| L, 4| L, 5| L|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 151
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 2 f‚wgKl©Y, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, c×wZ I hš¿cvwZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

f‚wgKl©Y eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

f‚wgKl©‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

f‚wgKl©Y c×wZ¸‡jvi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb;

f‚wgKl©Y hš¿cvwZi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

f‚wgKl©Y hš¿cvwZi KvRmg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKl©Y
GK_v A‡b‡KB Rv‡bb †h, jv½j AvwK®‹v‡ii c~‡e©I gvbyl Dw™¢` Rb¥v‡Zv Ges
Dw™¢‡`i djb e„w×i Rb¨ Mv‡Qi euvKv Wvj A_ev wewfbœ AvKv‡ii cv_i Øviv f‚wg
Av‡jvwoZ Ki‡Zv| wewfbœ fv‡e f‚wg Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j f‚wgi †fŠwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
N‡U| GB cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’v‡K Kwl©Zve¯’v e‡j|
cÖvPxbKv‡j †`kx jv½j Zvici Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í DbœZ c×wZi jv½j Avwe®‹…Z nIqvq
gvbyl h_v_©fv‡e f‚wg Kl©‡Yi my‡hvM cvq| f‚wg Kl©‡Yi ga¨‡g gvwU AvjMv I ¸ov
K‡i dm‡ji exR ev PvivMvQ eyb‡j MvQi A¼z‡iv`Mg mnR nq| PviMvQ ¸ov gvwU
†_‡K mn‡R Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i †gvUv ZvRv n‡q e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| d‡j cwiYZ eq‡m
my›`i djb cÖ`vb K‡i| Zv n‡j ejyb f‚wg Kl©Y Kv‡K e‡j? Mv‡Qi mylg e„w×i Rb¨
wewfbœ Kl©Y hš¿cvwZi gva¨‡g f‚wgi †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b mvab
cÖwµqv‡K f‚wg Kl©Y e‡j| GK_v mn‡RB Aby‡gq wewfbœ dm‡ji Rb¨ Kl©Y MfxiZv
wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| ejyb †Zv cvU I M‡gi Rb¨ f‚wgKl©Y MfxiZv wK GK n‡e?
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB f‚wgKl©‡Yi cÖPjb wQj| Kl©Y hš¿cvwZi gva¨‡g f‚wgi †fŠZ I
ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b mvabB f‚wgKl©Y| wewfbœ dm‡ji Rb¨ f‚wgKl©Y wewfbœ n‡q _v‡K|

f‚wgKl©‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
GZ¶Y Avcbviv f‚wgKl©Y wK Ges †Kb GK_v Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| Gevi GKUz fvj
K‡i wPšÍv K‡i †`Lyb Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK? f‚wg Kl©‡Yi cÖavb cÖavb
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv¸‡jv wb‡P AvjvPbv Kiv n‡jv−
cwZZ Rwg‡K Kl©‡Yi gva¨‡g D›gy³ K‡i Zvi Avf¨šÍixY Ae¯’vi †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK
cwieZ©b NUv‡bv m¤¢e| km¨ Drcv`‡b Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwinvh©| Gi d‡j m~‡h©i
Av‡jv Kwl©Z Rwg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i I †cKv gvKo I †ivM RxevYy aŸsm K‡i| Kwl©Z
f‚wg‡Z mn‡R evqy cÖ‡ek K‡i| f‚wgi AvMvQv g‡i hvq Ges Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í c‡P wM‡q
f‚wgi De©iZv kw³ e„w× K‡i| G mKj Kvi‡Y ex‡Ri A¼zi mn‡R MRvq, Pviv-MvQ
mn‡R Lv`¨ cvq, Mv‡Qi e„w× Z¡wiZ nq| evi evi Kl©‡Yi d‡j ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_©
mylgfv‡e wg‡k wM‡q km¨ Drcv`‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 152
Bangladesh Open University

cÖ_g Pv‡l Rwg‡ZB eo eo wXjv D‡V| evi evi Pvl gB Gi mvn‡h¨ wXjv ¸ov n‡q
wM‡q km¨ Drcv`‡b mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| Pvl, gB I AvPov ev Uªv±‡ii mvnv‡h¨
Amgvb Rwg‡K mn‡RB mgZj Rwg‡Z cwiYZ Kiv hvq| wewfbœ ˆRe I A‰Re mvi
†hgb- BDwiqv, dm‡dU, cUvk, †Mvei, ˆLj Ges K‡¤úv÷ mvi Rwg‡Z DËgiƒ‡c
†gkv‡bvi Rb¨ Rwg DËiƒ‡c Kl©Y Kiv DwPZ| km¨ KZ©‡bi ci Rwg‡Z AovAvwo Pvl
gB w`‡j k‡m¨i AwZwi³ Ask cu‡P wM‡q ˆRe mv‡i cwiYZ nq|
f‚wg Kl©Y gvwUi wfZ‡ii †fŠZ I ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b NUvq| gvwU ch©vß evZvm
I m h©v‡jvK cvq| †cvKv gvKo I †ivM RxevYy aŸsm nq| Rwg‡Z wewfbœ mvi
DËgiƒ‡c †gkv‡bvi Rb¨ f‚wg Kl©Y cÖ‡qvRb| f‚wg Kl©Y gvwU‡K imvj K‡i|

Kl©Y c×wZ
wewfbœ ai‡bi Kl©Y c×wZ c„w_exi me©Î cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z
†ewkifvM †¶‡Î cyivZb Kl©Y c×wZ cÖPwjZ| Z‡e Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í G †`k¸‡jv‡Z
AvaywbK Kl©Y c×wZi cÖPjb evo‡Q| cÖPwjZ Kl©Y c×wZmg~n n‡jv−

jv½‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Pvl

evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK Kl©Y †`kx jv½‡ji mvnv‡h¨ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e wKQy msL¨K weËevb
Pvlx ev mgevqxiv Pv‡li Rb¨ K‡ji jv½j ev Uªv±i e¨envi K‡i _v‡Kb| gB Gi
mvnv‡h¨ wXjv fv½v Ges f‚wg mgZj Kiv nq|
AvovAvwo Pv‡li c‡i euvk ev KvV wbwg©Z gB Gi mvnv‡h¨ f‚wgi wXjv †f‡½ †`Iqv nq
Ges f‚wg‡K mgZj Kiv nq| A‡bK †¶‡Î n¨v‡iv ev hvwš¿K gB I e¨envi Kiv nq|
Avcbv‡`i G¸‡jv AwZ cwiwPZ Abykxjb| gywó‡gq 2/4 Rb ev` w`‡j Avcbviv
mK‡jB GB c×wZ¸‡jvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Kl©Y c×wZ AwZ cÖvPxb| Z‡e AvaywbK Kl©Y c×wZ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í cÖPwjZ
n‡”Q| jv½j Kl©Y I gB wXjv fv½b I gvwU mgZj Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq|

AvšÍ Kl©Y
gv‡V km¨ _vKv Ae¯’vq AvšÍKl©‡Yi KvR Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Giƒc `yÔ†qKwU Kv‡Ri bvg
ejyb‡Zv? G KvRwU Avcbv‡`i c‡¶ †gv‡UB KwVb bq|
ˆekvL I ˆR¨ô gv‡m e„wói ci gvwU ïwK‡q Avm‡j cvU †¶‡Î ev AvDk avb †¶‡Î
AvPov w`‡Z †`‡L‡Qb? AvšÍKl©Y †Kv`vj ev Kv‡¯Íi mvnv‡h¨I Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb
AvL ev cv‡Ui Rwg †hLv‡b mvwi K‡i exR †evbv nq †mLv‡b †Kv`v‡ji mvnv‡h¨,
Avevi cv‡Ui Rwg †hLv‡b mvwi e¨envi Kiv nq bv †mLv‡b wbovwbi mvnv‡h¨ AvšÍKl©Y
Kiv nq| AvšÍKl©Y gvwU‡K im a‡i ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avevi AvMvQv I `gb K‡i|
eZ©gv‡b av‡bi Rwg‡Z AvšÍKl©‡Yi Rb¨ ivBm DBWvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 153
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

PviMvQ †ivcY ev exR ec‡bi ci AvMvQv aŸsm, Pviv cvZjv Kiv,

gvwU‡K imv‡jv ivLvi Rb¨ AvšÍKl©Y Kiv nq|

mvem‡qj Kl©Y c×wZ

GKwU Rwg‡Z K‡qK eQi Dchy©cwi Av‡Li ev G Rv‡Zi dmj Pvl Ki‡j G
dmj¸‡jv Rwgi DcwifvM †_‡KB Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i| KviY G dmj¸‡jv ¸”Qg~j
wewkó| ZvB 2/3 eQi AvL Pvl Kivi ci hw` Rwg‡Z cvU Pvl Kiv nq Z‡e 2/3
eQi cv‡Ui dj Lye fvj nq| G Abykxjb¸‡jvi ˆeÁvwbK KviY Avgv‡`i K…lK‡`i
Rvbv bv _vK‡jI Zviv AwfÁZv †_‡KB G¸‡jv K‡i _v‡K|

¸”Qg~j wewkó dmj Pv‡li ci j¤^v wkKo wewkó dmj A_ev Zvi
D‡ëv c×wZ‡Z mvem‡qj Kwl©Z n‡q _v‡K|

i¶Ykxj Kl©Y c×wZ

Kl©Y c×wZi bvg w`‡qB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb GLv‡b i¶YkxjZv i‡q‡Q| Av‡gi ev
KuvVv‡ji evMvb Ki‡Z me Rwg K…lKiv Pvl K‡i bv| †hLv‡b Pviv jvMv‡eb †m
RvqMvq MZ© K‡i mvi, LBj w`‡q gvwU cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡q Pviv †ivcb K‡ib| jvD,
Kzgov Pvl Ki‡ZI ïay Pviv jvMvei RvqMvwU eo K‡i ˆZwi K‡i Pviv jvMv‡bv n‡q
_v‡K Ges g‡a¨ g‡a¨ gvwU Kv‡¯Í ev †Kv`v‡ji mvnv‡h¨ bvovPvov K‡i w`‡Z nq|
Zvn‡j GZ¶‡Y i¶Ykxj Kl©Y c×wZ wK Aek¨B ey‡S‡Qb| mviv Rwg‡Z Kl©‡Yi KvR
bv K‡i ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvUzKz Kl©Y KivB i¶Ykxj Kl©Y c×wZ|

mxwgZ AvKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq RwgUzKz Kl©YB i¶Ykxj Kl©Y c×wZ|

k~b¨Kl©Y c×wZ
gb‡K bvov w`‡”Q GUv Avevi †Kgb Kl©Y c×wZ ZvB bv| k~b¨B hw` n‡jv Zv n‡j
Avevi Kl©Y c×wZ †Kb? A‡b‡K nq‡Zv Pv evMv‡b hvbwb ev Pv evMvb †`‡Lbwb|
GKevi MZ© K‡i Pviv jvwM‡q Qvqv cÖ`vbKvix MvQ gv‡S gv‡S jvwM‡q w`‡q eQ‡ii ci
eQi `ywU cvZv GKwU Kzwo K‡i km¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡”Q| Avevi †`‡ki A‡bK
GjvKv‡ZB Avgb avb †¶‡Z gvmKjvB, †Lmvix A_ev mwilv wQwU‡q ey‡b †`qv nq|
avb †K‡U †bevi ci km¨ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Rwgi k~Y¨¯’vb c~iY K‡i PgrKvi djb cÖ`vb
K‡i| Gme dm‡ji Rb¨ †Kvb Kl©Y c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb nqwb| Kl©Y c×wZ Qvov k‡m¨i
Avev`B k~b¨ Kl©Y c×wZ|

†Kvb cÖKv‡ii Kl©Y Qvov km¨ Drcv`b KivB k~b¨ Kl©Y c×wZ| †hgb- avb
†¶‡Z mwilvi Pvl, Pv‡qi evMvb GKevi jvwM‡q `xN© mgq a‡i dmj cvIqv|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 154

Bangladesh Open University

†mvcvb c×wZ
Pviv MvQ †ivc‡Yi `~iZ¡ Abymv‡i wKQy Ask Pvl bv K‡i j¤^vjw¤^ dvwj K‡i Rwg Pvl
Kiv‡K †mvcvb Pvl c×wZ e‡j| Avg, KuvVvj, †cqviv BZ¨vw` k‡m¨i evMv‡bi Rb¨ G
c×wZ we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|

Rwg‡Z mvwi K‡i wba©vwiZ RvqMv Kl©Y K‡i MvQ jvMv‡bvB †mvcvb
Kl©Y c×wZ|

wewfbœ Kl©Y hš¿cvwZ

ejyb‡Zv Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖPwjZ Kl©Y hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv wK wK? G¸‡jv cÖvq mK‡jiB
cwiwPZ| wb‡P wKQy Kl©Y hš¿cvwZi msw¶ß weeiY D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv−

†`kx jv½j
†`kx jv½j mvaviY Kv‡Vi ˆZwi| jv½‡ji g~j KvVv‡gv GK n‡jI KvVv‡gvi Ask
we‡k‡li MVb wKQyUv Avjv`v †`Lv hvq| G jv½‡ji g~j KvVv‡gvi AvMvi w`‡K †jvnvi
djK _v‡K| ga¨fv‡M wQ`ª K‡i Ck jMv‡bv nq| C‡ki mv‡_ Av‡iK LÐ KvVI _v‡K
C‡ki †KŠwYK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨| G LÐwU‡K wLj ejv nq| g~j KvVv‡gvi Dc‡ii
Ask‡K nvZj e‡j| nvZ‡ji Dc‡ii fvM‡K KzwU e‡j| nv‡Z aivi Rb¨ G KzwU
e¨eüZ nq| KzwU wewfbœ RvqMvq wewfbœ ai‡bi nq| C‡ki AMÖfv‡Mi wb‡Pi w`‡K LuvR
KvUv _v‡K| GB Lv‡Ri mv‡_ iwk w`‡q †Rvqv‡ji mv‡_ jv½j euvav nq| A‡bK mgq
Ck Kv‡Vi cwie‡Z© cvKv k³ euvk w`‡qI ˆZwi Kiv nq|

wPÎ 8.2.1: †`kx jv½j|

†`kx jv½‡j Kv‡Vi eµ KvVv‡gv Ges GKwU Ck _v‡K| KvVv‡gvi

gvSvgvwS RvqMvq Ck ms‡hvM Kiv nq|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 155
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†Rvqvj
jv½j, AvPov, gB BZ¨vw` Uvbvi Rb¨ KvV ev euv‡ki GK ai‡bi gReyZ `Û ˆZwi Kiv
nq| GB `Û Miæ gwn‡li Kv‡a †KŠk‡j †eu‡a Zvi mv‡_ jv½j, AvPov gB BZ¨vw`
euvav nq|

wPÎ 8.2.2: †Rvqvj|

†Rvqvj KvV ev euv‡ki gReyZ `Û| jv½j, gB Ges AvPovi mv‡_

†Rvqvj hy³ K‡i Miæ ev gwn‡li Kuv‡a †eu‡a †`Iqv nq|
†`kx jv½‡ji myweav I Amyweav `y‡UvB i‡q‡Q| myweav¸‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv−

†`kx jv½‡ji myweav
†`kx jv½‡ji IRb Kg| K…lKMY Zv mn‡R `~i `~iv‡šÍ enb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk Miæ AvKv‡i †QvU Ges `ye©j| Giv †`kx jv½j mn‡R
Uvb‡Z cv‡i|

†`kx jv½j †QvU †QvU f‚-L‡Û e¨envi Kiv hvq|

†`kx jv½‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Rwg Kv`v Kiv Lye mnR|

†`kx jv½j ¯’vbxq `ªe¨vw` Øviv Zzjbvg jKfv‡e Kg`¶ wgw¯¿iv ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

†`kx jv½‡ji †givgZ K…lKiv wb‡RivB Ki‡Z cv‡i|

†`kx jv½‡ji Amyweav

†`kx jv½‡ji Amyweav
†`kx jv½‡ji mvnv‡h¨ gvwU Mfxifv‡e Pvl Kiv hvq bv|

†`kx jv½‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Pvl Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M †ekx|

†`kx jv½j A‡bKw`b e¨envi Kiv hvq bv, ZvovZvwo bó n‡q hvq we‡kl K‡i
djv ¶q n‡q hvq|

k³ I ﮋ gvwU‡Z †`kx jv½j e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|

†`kx jv½‡ji mvnv‡h¨ mveav‡b Pvlvev` bv Ki‡j Rwg Abvev`x †_‡K hvq|

AmZK©Zvi `iæb cïi cv‡q AvNvZ †j‡M ¶Z nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 156

 Bangladesh Open University

†gvì‡evW© jv½j

†gvì‡evW© jv½j†K K‡ji jv½jI ejv nq| †gvì‡evW© jv½‡ji †gvì‡ev‡W©i m‡½
nvZj Ges KzwU ev gywV mshy³ _v‡K| †gvì‡evW© †`L‡Z cvLbvi gZ| GB
†gvì‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³ _v‡K Ck| Ck †`L‡Z †`kx jv½‡ji C‡ki gZ| cvLbvi
gZ †gvì‡ev‡W©i Rb¨B GB jv½j‡K †gvì‡evW© jv½j e‡j|

wPÎ 8.2.3: †gvì‡evW© jv½j|

myweav¸‡jv n‡jv:
†gvì‡evW© jv½‡ji
GB jv½j Øviv gvwUi †ek Mfxi ch©šÍ Pvl Kiv m¤¢e|
myweav
†Kvb RvqMv AKwl©Z _v‡K bv|

wba©vwiZ mg‡q †`kx jv½‡ji cÖvq wZb¸Y Rwg Pvl Kiv hvq|

Kwl©Z gvwU my›`ifv‡e IjU cvjU nq|

k³ gvwU Pvl Ki‡Z G jv½j AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx|

meyR mvi cuPv‡bvi Rb¨ G jv½j Lye Dc‡hvMx|

G jv½j wU‡K A‡bK w`b|

Amyweav¸‡jv n‡jv:
†gvì‡evW© jv½‡ji
LiP †ewk ZvB Mixe Pvlxiv µq Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
Amyweav
†QvU Miæ Uvb‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ Mixe Pvlxiv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

cvWwjs ev Kv`vKi‡Yi Rb¨ G jv½j Dc‡hvMx bq|

†`kx wgw¯¿ Øviv G jv½j ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv|

K…lKMY G jv½j †givgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

GKevi Lvivc n‡j †gKvwbK‡mi gyLv‡c¶x n‡Z nq|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 157
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvIqvi wUjvi
abx K…lKiv eûw`b †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡ki cvIqi wUjvi e¨envi Ki‡Qb| cvIqvi
wUjvi GK ai‡bi K‡ji jv½j| cvIqvi wUjvi g~jZ `yB PvKv wewkó GKwU hš¿| Gi
wcQ‡b wewfbœ Kl©Y hš¿cvwZ ms‡hvM K‡i PvlgB Gi KvR Kiv nq| G hš¿ Øviv †mP I
gvovB Gi KvRI P‡j| w`b w`b cvIqvi wUjv‡ii e¨envi evo‡Q GUv Avcbviv
wbðqB j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb| G hš¿ A‡bK hyeK evwYwR¨K wfwˇZI LvUv‡”Q GUvI
Avcbv‡`i `„wó Gwo‡q hvevi K_v bq|

wPÎ 8.2.4: cvIqvi wUjvi|

cvIqvi wUjvi `y PvKv wewkó K‡ji jv½j| cvIqvi wUjv‡ii wcQ‡b
Kl©Y hš¿cvwZ ms‡hvM K‡i PvlgB Gi KvR Kiv nq|
myweavmg~n
cvIqvi wUjv‡ii
Mfxifv‡e Rwg Kl©Y m¤¢e|
myweav
†`kx jv½j I †gvì‡evW© jv½‡ji †P‡q †ewk Rwg Pvl Kiv hvq|

cvwb‡Z G jv½j e¨envi Kiv hvq|

AvKv‡i †QvU nIqvq †QvU Rwg‡Z G hš¿ e¨envi Kiv hvq|

G h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ AvMvQv `gb Kiv mnR|

†QvU iv¯Ív w`‡q Rwg‡Z Avbv †bIqv Kiv hvq|

G jv½‡j k³ gvwU‡Z e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Amyweavmg~n
cvIqvi wUjv‡ii
G h‡š¿i `vg mvaviY Pvlxi bvMv‡ji evB‡i|
Amyweav
GKevi bó n‡j †givgZ Kiv e¨qmv‡c¶|

mKj K…lK wb‡Riv †givgZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

cÖwk¶Y Qvov G hš¿ e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e bq|

Pvjvb Ges †givgZ `yÕKv‡Ri Rb¨B cÖwk¶Y cÖ‡qvRb|

G jv½‡ji LyPiv Ask mn‡R cvIqv hvq bv|
BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 158
 Bangladesh Open University

Uªv±i

Uªv±i Pvi PvKv wewkó BwÄb| GB Bwćbi wcQ‡b jv½j, n¨v‡iv BZ¨vw` ms‡hvM Kiv
hvq| hvwš¿K Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ c„w_exi me©Î Uªv±i e¨envi Kiv nq| mgevq Lvgvi Ges
eo K…lK‡`i Rwg cvIqvi wUªjv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Pvl Kiv nq| AwZ Aí mg‡q Uªv±‡ii
mvnv‡h¨ A‡bK Rwg Pvl Kiv nq| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z
Uªv±i e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvwMZv A‡bK Kg| Uªv±i gvjvgvj cwien‡Yi Rb¨I e¨envi Kiv
hvq|

wPÎ 8.2.5: Uªv±i|

Uªv±i Pvi PvKv wewkó BwÄb| GB Bwćbi wcQ‡b jv½j, n¨v‡iv
BZ¨vw` ms‡hvM Kiv Aí mg‡q A‡bK Rwg Pvl Kiv hvq|
myweavmg~n
Uªv±‡ii myweav
Aí mg‡q AwaK Rwg Pvl Kiv m¤¢e|

Rwgi †Kvb Ask AKwl©Z _v‡Kbv|

my›`ifv‡e gvwU IjU cvjU n‡q _v‡K|

Av‡jv evZvm gvwUi wfZi cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Lye k³ gvwUI Pvl Kiv m¤¢e|

AwZ mn‡R AvMvQv `gb m¤¢e|

Uªv±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †mP hš¿, gvovB hš¿ Ges cwienY hš¿ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Amyweavmg~n
Uªv±‡ii Amyweav
Uªv±‡ii `vg AZ¨waK †ewk weavq mvaviY K…lKiv µq Ki‡Z m¶g bq|

†QvU †QvU cø‡U Uªv±i Pvjbv m¤¢e bq|

fvj cÖwk¶Y bv _vK‡j Uªv±i Pvjbv Ges msi¶Y †KvbUvB m¤¢e bq|

†givgZ I i¶Yv‡e¶Y e¨qmv‡c¶|

LyPiv hš¿vsk mnRjf¨ bq|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 159
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Ab¨vb¨ Kl©Y hš¿cvwZ

D‡jøwLZ hš¿cvwZ Qvov f‚wgKl©‡Yi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq †`kx hš¿ cvwZ n‡jv
gB, AvPov, †Kv`vj, wbovbx I Lyicx, Kv‡¯Í, `v, Rvcvbx AvMvQv wbovbx hš¿ Ges
n¯Í PvwjZ wbovbx hš¿| †k‡li `ywU hš¿ Qvov Ab¨¸‡jv Avcbv‡`i mK‡jiB cwiwPZ|
†k‡lv³ `ywUI A‡bK GjvKvq e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq weavq A‡b‡KiB G¸‡jvi mv‡_
cwiPq _vK‡Z cv‡i|

gB

gB mivmwi Kl©Y hš¿ bq wKš‘ Kl©Y Kv‡R AZ¨vwaK mnvqK hš¿| gB euvk ev KvV Øviv
ˆZwi Kiv nq| `yB ev wZb LÐ j¤^v evk LvU gReyZ euvk Øviv AvUwK‡q gB ˆZwi Kiv
nq| gvwU mgvb, wXjv fv½v, gvwU †P¨‡c †`qv BZ¨vw` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ gB-Gi mv‡_ iwk
†eu‡a †Rvqv‡ji mv‡_ †eu‡a w`‡Z nq|

wPÎ 8.2.6: gB|

gB euvk ev Kv‡Vi ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| gB gvwU mgZj Kiv, wXjv fv½v
BZ¨vw` Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| euv‡ki gB Avgv‡`i †`‡k †ewk cÖPwjZ|

wbovbx ev Lyicx
wbovbx ev Lyicx Lye †QvU wKš‘ AZ¨vekKxq Kl©Y hš¿| AvMvQv DVv‡bv, Pviv cvZjv
Kiv, gvwUi Dc‡ii k³ AvPo †f‡½ SziSz‡i Kivq wbovbx ev Lyicxi Rywo †bB|
Mv‡Qi g~j QvUvB Ges gvwUi mv‡_ mvi wgwk‡q †`evi Rb¨ wbovbx ev Lyicx
AZ¨vekK|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 160

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wPÎ 8.2.7: wbovbx ev Lyicx|

wewfbœ AvKv‡ii ˆZwi †jvnvi dj‡Ki mv‡_ Kv‡Vi †QvU evU jvMv‡bv GKwU hš¿B
wbovbx ev Lyicx|

AvPov ev we`v

K…lKMY ˆekvL I ˆR¨ô gv‡m cvU Ges AvDk avb †¶‡Z wPiæYxi gZ GK ai‡bi hš¿
e¨envi K‡i| AvPov ev we`vq Kv‡Vi g~j KvVv‡gv‡Z euvk ev †jvnvi wLj jvMv‡bv n‡q
_v‡K|

wPÎ 8.2.8: AvPov|

AvPov ev we`v gvwUi Dcwifv‡Mi Av¯Íi †f‡½ Szi Sz‡i Kiv, AvMvQv `gb Ges Pviv
cvZjv Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq| AvPovi g~j KvVv‡gvi ga¨Lv‡b eo GKwU wQ`ª _v‡K|
H wQ‡`ª jv½‡ji gZ Ck jvMv‡bv _v‡K| Ck †Rvqv‡ji mv‡_ †e‡a w`‡q Uvbv nq|

Kv‡Vi ewW‡Z euvk ev †jvnvi wLj jvMvb wPiæYxi gZ Kl©Y hš¿|

AvMvQv cwi®‹vi gvwU bvovPvov Kiv Ges Pviv cvZjv Kivi Rb¨ G hš¿
e¨envi Kiv nq|

Kv‡¯Í

avb ev Mg KvUvi Rb¨ Kv‡¯Í e¨eüZ nq GUv Avcbv‡`i mK‡ji Rvbv|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 161

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wPÎ 8.2.9: Kv‡¯Í|

myweavgZ evKv †jvnvi dj‡Ki mv‡_ Kv‡Vi AvQvo jvwM‡q Kv‡¯Í
ˆZwi Kiv nq| Kv‡¯Í wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i|

Rvcvbx AvMvQv wbovbx hš¿

Rvcvbx AvMvQv wbovbx hš¿ DbœZ gv‡bi wbovbx hš¿| mvwi‡Z jvMv‡bv av‡bi gv‡Vi
AvMvQv cwi®‹vi Ges gvjwPs Gi Rb¨ G hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv ïay wfRv gvwU‡Z
e¨envi Kiv nq|

wPÎ 8.2.10: DbœZgv‡bi wbovbx hš¿|

hš¿wU †jvnvi ˆZwi| h‡š¿i `ywU nvZ‡ji AMÖfv‡M †jvnvi evKv‡bv UvBb _v‡K| G
UvB‡bB AvMvQv cwi®‹vi K‡i|

n¯ÍPvwjZ PvKvhy³ wbovbx

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 162

Bangladesh Open University

G hš¿wUI †jvnv Øviv wbwg©Z| †jvnvi †nvwq‡ji mv‡_ euvKv UvBb jvMv‡bv _v‡K|
†nvwq‡ji mv‡_ 2wU nvZj _v‡K| mvwie×fv‡e ecbK…Z Rwgi Av¯Íi †f‡½ †`Iqvi
Rb¨ G hš¿ e¨eüZ nq|

wPÎ 8.2.11: n¯ÍPvwjZ PvKvhy³ wbovbx|

exR ecb hš¿

ex‡Ri Ac‡i †iva ev BwáZ `~i‡Z¡ exR ec‡bi Rb¨ AvRKvj exR ecb hš¿ e¨envi
Kiv nq| GUv †jvnvi `yÕPvKv wewkó hš¿ we‡kl| G h‡š¿ GKwU †jvnvi Wªvg _v‡K|
h‡š¿i wcQ‡b nvZj _v‡K| nvZj Øviv hš¿wU Pvjv‡bv nq| hš¿wU Pjvi mgq gvwU‡Z
†QvU †QvU bvjvi m„wó nq Ges Wªvg †_‡K wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ exR co‡Z _v‡K|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 163

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wPÎ 8.2.12: n¯ÍPvwjZ ecbhš¿|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. f‚wgi Kwl©Zve¯’v wK?

K. f‚wg‡Z †QvU †QvU bvjv ˆZwi Kiv
L. f‚wgi †fŠwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b mvab
M. f‚-c„ô¯’ Av¯Íi †f‡½ †`qv
N. gvwUi mv‡_ mvi wgwk‡q †`Iqv|
2. avb Pv‡li †P‡q cvU Pv‡li Rb¨ Mfxifv‡e Kl©‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Kb?
K. cvU Mv‡Qi Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvRb †ewk
L. cvU MvQ mn‡R gvwU †_‡K Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
M. cvU Mv‡Qi wkKo gvwUi A‡bK wb‡P hvq
N. Mfxifv‡e Kwl©Z Rwg‡Z cvUMvQ mn‡R `vwo‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i|
3. f‚wgKl©Y wKfv‡e Rwgi De©iZv e„w× K‡i?
K. Kl©‡Yi d‡j Rwg‡Z cÖK…wZ †_‡K mvi Rgv nq
L. Kl©‡Yi `iæb gvwUi mvi c`v_© Mv‡Qi bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ G‡m hvq
M. Kwl©Z Rwgi AvMvQv c‡P wM‡q f‚wgi De©iZv e„w× K‡i
N. Kwl©Z Rwgi De©iZv e„w×KviK AYyRx‡ei eske„w× ZvovZvwo N‡U|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 164

Bangladesh Open University

4. Kl©‡Yi d‡j gvwUi cvwb aviY ¶gZv e„w× cvq †Kb?

K. gvwUi †fŠZ Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b N‡U e‡j
L. gvwUi ivmvqwbK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
M. gvwUi ˆRe Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
N. gvwU‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y †kIjv I QÎvK Rb¥v‡bvi `iæb|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. km¨ Drcv`‡b f‚wg Kl©‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiæb|

2. cÖavb Kl©Y hš¿cvwZ wK wK?
3. †gvì‡evW© jv½‡ji eY©bv w`b|
4. gB-Gi KvR¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| L, 2| M, 3| M, 4| K|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 165

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 3 mvi I mv‡ii †kªwYwefvM, dmj Drcv`‡b mv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I

cÖ‡qvM c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

mvi wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

mv‡ii †kªwYwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

dmj Drcv`‡b mv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

mv‡ii cÖ‡qvM c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvi
cÖvYxi gZ †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Dw™¢‡`iI Lv`¨ cÖ‡qvRb| Kvw•LZ gvÎvq dmj Drcv`‡bi
Rb¨ Dw™¢`‡K ch©vß gvÎvq Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| MvQ G Lv`¨ cvq †Kv‡Ì‡K? mvi G
Lv`¨ mieivn K‡i| Zv n‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Rwgi De©iv kw³ i¶v K‡i I nviv‡bv
kw³ wdwi‡q my¯’fv‡e MvQcvjv Rb¥vevi Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ †h ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_©
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡KB K…wlweÁvbxiv mvi e‡j| eZ©gvb RM‡Z `ªZ ewa©Z RbmsL¨v‡K
ch©vß Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni Rb¨ K…wl Dbœqb Acwinvh©| ZvB c„w_exe¨vcx bZzb bZzb mvi
Drcbœ Ki‡Q Ges Rwgi Drcvw`Kv kw³ wVK †i‡L mv‡ii e¨envi µgk †e‡o Pj‡Q|
Aek¨ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi Áv‡bi Afv‡e AZ¨šÍ ÎæwUc~Y© c×wZ‡Z
mvi e¨envi Kiv n‡”Q| hvi d‡j Rwgi Drcvw`Kv kw³ bó n‡”Q|
mvi Rwgi De©ivkw³ i¶v K‡i nviv‡bv kw³ wdwi‡q Av‡b Ges
MvQ‡K Lv`¨ mieivn K‡i dm‡ji Drcv`b evovq|

mv‡ii †kÖYxwefvM Dr‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i mvi‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv nq|

ˆRe mvi

A‰Re ev ivmvqwbK mvi|
ˆRe mvi
wewfbœ cÖKvi Rxe †hgb Miæ, QvMj, nuvm, gyiMx I MvQ-cvjvi †`n †_‡K †h mvi
cvIqv hvq Zv‡KB ˆRe mvi e‡j| ˆRe mvi m¤ú‡K© GKUz wPšÍv Kiæb| GUv wK e¯‘?
ev¯ÍweK c‡¶ mKj RxeB g„Zz¨i ci ˆRe mv‡i cwiYZ nq| Avevi A‡bK Rxe RxweZ
†_‡KI ˆRe mvi mievivn K‡i _v‡K, †hgb- gvby‡li gj, QvMj, Miæ, nvm-gyiMxi
weôv, MvQ cvjvi Siv cvZv meB wKš‘ ˆRe mvi| km¨ Drcv`‡bi wfwË gvwU| GB
gvwU‡K m‡ZR ivL‡Z Ges km¨ Drcv`b evov‡Z ˆRe mvi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 166
Bangladesh Open University

ˆRe mv‡ii f‚wgKv

Rwgi De©iZv i¶v Ges e„wׇZ ˆRe mvi Acwinvh©|

ivmvqwbK mv‡ii Ach©vßZvi mgq ˆRe GKBfv‡e Acwinvh©|

Rwg‡Z ch©vß ˆRe mvi we`¨gvb _vK‡j ivmvqwbK mvi Mv‡Qi bvMv‡ji evB‡i P‡j
hvq bv|

ˆRe mvi gvwUi ¶q‡iva K‡i|

Rwg‡Z ˆRe mvi ch©vß _vK‡j gvwU‡Z im _v‡K|

ch©vß ˆRe mvi wkjvgq ev †e‡j gvwU‡K De©i gvwU‡Z cwiYZ K‡i|

ch©vß ˆRe mv‡ii eZ©gv‡b gvwU‡Z †Ku‡Pv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †cvKv gvKo I e¨vK‡Uwiqv
RvZxq ¶z`ª cÖvYx cÖPzi R‡b¥ Ges gvwU‡K De©i K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb cÖvYx †hgb †Ku‡Pv
gvwUi wb‡Pi Ask †_‡K LwYR c`v_© Dc‡i wb‡q Av‡m Ges Rwgi De©iZv kw³
e„w× K‡i|
ˆRe c`v_© †_‡K ˆRe mvi ˆZwi nq| G mvi gvwUi De©iZv i¶v I
e„w× K‡i| ˆRe mvi gvwU‡K imvj iv‡L| ˆRe mvi gvwU‡K welv³Zvi
nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i| ˆRe mvi gvwUi ¶q‡iva K‡i|

ˆRe mv‡ii †kªwYwefvM

Avcbiv wbðqB j¶¨ K‡i _vK‡eb fvj K…lKMY †Kvb cÖKvi AveR©bv, AvMvQv,
†Mvei †Pvbv, Miæ gwn‡li Afz³ Lv`¨ †KvbUvB †d‡j †`q bv| G¸‡jv‡K cwP‡q ˆRe
mv‡i cwiYZ K‡i| Dw™¢`, AveR©bv I gjg~‡Îi Dr‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i ˆRe mvi‡K
wb‡P DwjøwLZ Dcv‡q fvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

AveR©bv cPv mvi

Lo, KzUv, Mv‡Qi cvZv, KPzix cvbv, AvMvQv BZ¨vw` DPz RvqMvq Mv‡Qi wb‡P ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i
cwP‡q ˆRe mvi ˆZwi Kiv nq| ˆRe mvi ˆZwii mgq †Mvei I †Pvbvi wgkªY ev
BDwiqv I nv‡oi ¸ov A_ev wUªcj myci dm‡dU ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i w`‡q mgq mgq cvwb w`‡j
H¸‡jv ZvovZvwo ˆRe mv‡i cwiYZ nq|

AveR©bv ˆRe mv‡i cwiYZ n‡Z 3−4 gvm mgq jv‡M| ˆRe mvi ˆZwii mgq g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e †h, 3/4 mßvn ci ci mv‡ii ¯Íi¸‡jv Dwë‡q w`‡Z n‡e| ejyb‡Zv G
Dëv‡bvi cÖqvRb wK? KviY AveR©bv cPv‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ e¨vK‡Uwiqv I QÎvK KvR
K‡i| mvi wVKgZ ˆZwi n‡q †M‡j Rwg‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
wewfbœ ai‡bi AveR©bv I AvMvQv dm‡dU I BDwiqvi mv‡_ wgwk‡q
DPz RvqMvq AveR©bv cPv mvi ˆZwi Kiv hvq| mvi wVKgZ ˆZwi n‡q
†M‡j Rwg‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 167
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

meyR mvi

†h mKj MvQ ZvovZvwo eo nq Ges AwZ mn‡R c‡P hvq H¸‡jv w`‡q meyR mvi
ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| Wvj cwievifz³ A‡bK MvQ meyR mvi ˆZwii Rb¨ DËg| Zvi KviY
wK? GKUz wPšÍv K‡i ejyb| Wvj Rv‡Zi Mv‡Qi wkK‡o †MvUv ai‡bi GK iKg AvK…wZ
MwVZ nq| hvi wfZi wjwMDg e¨vK‡Uwiqv bv‡g GK Rv‡Zi e¨vK‡Uwiqv evm K‡i| G
Rv‡Zi e¨vK‡Uwiqv e„wói Rj Øviv bxZ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb a‡i Mv‡Q Rgv K‡i| wjwMDg
e¨vK‡Uwiqv wkg RvZxq MvQ †_‡K Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i Ges MvQ‡K bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mieivn
K‡i| ci¯úi‡K Lv`¨ w`‡q †eu‡P _vKvi G cw×wZ‡K wmgev‡qvwmm e‡j| kY, aBÂv,
eiewU BZ¨vw` Mv‡Qi mvnv‡h¨ meyR mvi ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

big meyR MvQvcvjv dzj Avmvi Av‡M gvwU‡Z cwP‡q ˆRe mvi ˆZwi
Kiv nq| wjwMDwgbvm MvQ G e¨vcv‡i DËg| aBÂv, eiewU G
Dw™¢`¸‡jv meyR mv‡ii fvj DcKiY|

LvgviRvZ mvi

Miæ, QvMj, nvm-gyiwM I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi gjg~·K LvgviRvZ mvi e‡j| LvgviRvZ
mv‡i dm‡ji mKj cÖKvi Lv`¨ wewfbœ cwigv‡Y we`¨gvb _v‡K| G‡`i g‡a¨
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb kZKiv 0.50 fvM, dmdivm †c›Uv A·vBW kZKiv 0.25 fvM Ges
cUvwmqvg A·vBW kZKiv 0.50 fvM| weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡k LvgviRvZ
mvi msi¶Y Kiv nq bv Ges G e¨vcv‡i K…lK I RbMY m‡PZb bb| LvgviRvZ
mv‡ii Lv`¨gvb wVK ivL‡Z n‡j wb¤œ c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i−

Miæ, QvMj I nuvm-gyiMxi _vKvi Ni Giƒcfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †hb AwZ mn‡R
weôv msMÖn Kiv hvq| Miæ QvM‡ji N‡ii †¶‡Î †g‡S cvKv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI Gu‡Uj
gvwU w`‡q k³ K‡i wcwU‡q wb‡Z n‡e| G wcUv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© GKUz
fveyb‡Zv? †Kb †cUv‡bv `iKvi| big gvwU‡Z †Pvbv mn‡R gvwU KZ…©K †kvwl‡Z nq
G‡Z mv‡ii Lv`¨gvb A‡bK K‡g hvq| †Pvbv hv‡Z `~‡i m‡i bv hvq †m Rb¨ N‡ii
†g‡S‡Z LiKzUv †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| †g‡SUv Pviw`‡K µgk Xvjy K‡i Pviw`‡K bvjv
†K‡U N‡ii GK †Kv‡Y MZ© K‡i †Pvbv msMÖn Kiv hvq| †Pvbv I †Mvei GKmv‡_ M‡Z©
ivL‡Z n‡e| M‡Z©i g‡a¨ wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU wQwU‡q w`‡j mv‡ii cPb mnR nq|

LvgviRvZ mv‡ii c~Y© Lv`¨gvb eRvq ivL‡Z n‡j G mvi i¶vi Rb¨ weÁvb m¤§Z
Dcv‡q MZ© K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| MZ© cvKv K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡j DËg| wKš‘ Zv b cvi‡j
MZ©Uv‡K Giƒcfv‡e Kiv DwPZ †hb e„wói cvwb ev eb¨vi cvwb M‡Z© bv †Xv‡K, M‡Z©i
cvwb †hb DcwP‡q †ewi‡q bv hvq, mivmwi †iv`ª bv jv‡M Ges e„wói cvwb bv c‡o|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 168

 Bangladesh Open University

M‡Z©i cvk¦© I wbæw`K DËiƒ‡c wcwU‡q GUj gvwU w`‡q †j‡c w`‡Z n‡e| M‡Z©i
Pviw`‡K AvBj I Dc‡i Pvjv †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb|

†Mv gwnlvw`i gjg Î LoKzUv GKmv‡_ cwP‡q LvgviRvZ mvi ˆZwi

Kiv nq| †Mvkvjvi wfwU µgk Pviw`‡K Xvjy K‡i| g~Î msi¶Y Kiv
hvq| LvgviRvZ mvi msi¶Y M‡Z©i ci DuPz K‡i Dc‡i Pvjv †`Iqv
cÖ‡qvRb| mvi DËiƒ‡c ˆZwi dm‡ji Rwg ˆZwii †kl w`KUvq Rwg‡Z
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|

A‰Re ev ivmvqwbK mvi

ejyb‡Zv ivmvqwbK mvi wK? ivmvqwbK mvi wK †`‡L‡Qb? KjKviLvbvq K…wÎg Dcv‡q
ivmvqwbK mvi ˆZwi n‡q _v‡K| Avcbviv mK‡jB BDwiqv, dm‡dU Ges cUvk mvi
†`‡L‡Qb| cÖvq mKj K…lK Ges K…lK cwievi G me¸‡jvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv
Avgv‡`i †`‡k †Nvovkvj, †dÂzMÄ, AvïMÄ Ges PÆMÖv‡g eo eo d¨v±wi‡Z ˆZwi n‡q
_v‡K| GB mvi¸‡jv GKwU Ab¨wUi cwic iK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i bv| G‡`i
cÖ‡Z¨KwUi KvR Avjv`v| k‡m¨i fvj djb ZLbB Avkv Kiv hvq hLb Zv‡`i‡K mylg
gvÎvq e¨envi Kiv nq| wewfbœ dm‡ji Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq mvi¸‡jv n‡jv−

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb RvZxq

dmdivm RvZxq

cUvk RvZxq|

mv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb RvZxq mvi evqygЇji kZKiv cÖvq 80 fvM bvB‡Uªv‡Rb| wkg RvZxq MvQ Qvov D”P †kªwYi Ab¨
†Kvb MvQ evqygÐj †_‡K mivmwi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K
Mv‡Qi Lv‡`¨vc‡hvMx Ki‡Z n‡j Ab¨ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i mv‡_ wgwk‡q †hŠwMK c`v‡_©
cwiYZ Ki‡Z nq|

bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwiwgwZ e¨envi: cwiwgZ e¨envi Kiv n‡j bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Mv‡Qi cvZv‡K
meyR I m‡ZR K‡i d‡j MvQ m~h©v‡jv‡K evZvm †_‡K cÖPzi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb MÖnY Ki‡Z
mg_© nq I gvwU †_‡K M„nxZ Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q cÖPzi Lv`¨ ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Mv‡Qi
wkK‡oi msL¨v e„w× cvq Ges wkKo Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o| MvQ AwaK cwigv‡Y Lv`¨
MÖnY K‡i m‡ZR I mej nq|

bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afve: bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afv‡e Mv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK e„w× K‡g hvq| cvZv
cÖ_gZ nvév meyR Ges c‡i nwi`ªve n‡q hvq| Mv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK e„w× N‡U bv|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 169
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AvwaK¨: bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi AvwaK¨ Mv‡Qi Avw½‡K e„w× †ewk nq| Aí

evZv‡m MvQ †n‡j c‡o| dzj I dj ai‡Z mgq †ewk jv‡M| Mv‡Q †ivM I †cvKv
gvK‡oi AvµgY †ewk nq|

K‡qKwU bvB‡Uªv‡Rb RvZxq mvi: A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡d‡U kZKiv 20.5 fvM

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, A¨v‡gvwbqvg bvB‡Uª‡U kZKiv 32.5 fvM bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, BDwiqvq kZKiv
42.56 fvM bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, K¨vjwmqvg bvB‡UªU kZKiv 17.00 fvM bvB‡Uªv‡Rb,
A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡d‡U kZKiv 12 fvM bvB‡Uªv‡Rb|

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Dw™¢‡`i GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq Lv`¨| GB Lv`¨ †Kvb †Kvb MvQ

cÖK…wZ †_‡K we‡kl Kvq`vq †c‡q _v‡K| Z‡e †ewki fvM MvQ ˆRe I
A‰Re mvi †_‡K G Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i| †Mvei, AveR©bv, cPv ˆRe mvi Ges
BDwiqv, A¨v‡gvwbqvg mvj‡dU BZ¨vw` ivmvqwbK ev A‰Re mvi|
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Mv‡Qi mylg e„wׇZ AZ¨vek¨K|

dmdivm RvZxq mvi Mv‡Qi e„w× I djb cÖ`v‡b dmdivm RvZxq mv‡ii f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| MvQ‡K
dz‡j d‡j my‡kvwfZ †c‡Z n‡j AZ¨šÍ h‡Zœi mv†_ Rwg‡Z dmdivm RvZxq mvi
e¨envi Kiv AZ¨vek¨K|

dmdivm RvZxq mv‡ii cwiwgZ e¨envi: dmdivm Mv‡Qi wkKo e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
d‡j MvQ AwaK Lv`¨ MÖn‡Y m¶g nq| Rwg‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb RvZxq mvi AwaK cwigv‡Y
e¨envi Kiv n‡j dmdivm Zvi Lvivc Kvh©vejx ms‡kvab K‡i| Mv‡Q mgqgZ dzj
Avm‡Z I cwicyó dj MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| ex‡R Avwg‡li fvM evovq| Rwg‡Z ch©vß
cwigv‡Y dmdivm we`¨gvb _vK‡j MvQ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I cUvk RvZxq mvi AwaK
cwigv‡Y Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i| dmdivm Dw™¢` †Kv‡l A¤ø I ¶v‡ii mgZv eRvq
ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|

dmdiv‡mi AvwaK¨: Rwg‡Z dmdiv‡mi AvwaK¨ mvaviYZ nq bv|

dmdiv‡mi Afve: dmdiv‡mi Afve n‡j Mv‡Qi wkKo e„w× cvq bv| Mv‡Qi
¯^vfvweK e„w× K‡g hvq| mgqgZ dzj Av‡m bv| cvZv weeY© n‡q hvq| `vbv RvZxq
k‡m¨i `vbv cyó nq bv|

K‡qKwU dmdivm RvZxq mvi: wUªcj mycvi dm‡d†U kZKiv 48 fvM dmdwiK
GwmW, nv‡oi ¸ovq kZKiv 15 fvM dmdwiK GwmW, A¨v‡gvwbqvg dm‡d‡U kZKiv
67 fvM dmdwiK GwmW _v‡K|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 170

 Bangladesh Open University

bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi gZ dmdivm I ˆRe I A‰Re c`v_© †_‡K cvIqv

hvq| wUGmwc dmdivm RvZxq ivmvqwbK mv‡ii D`vniY| Mv‡Qi
wkKo e„w× Ges dzj d‡ji Rb¨ dmdivm AZ¨vek¨K|

cUvk RvZxq mvi k³ mej MvQ cvIqvi Rb¨ cUvk RvZxq mv‡ii f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cUvk RvZxq mv‡ii cwiwgZ e¨envi: cwiwgZ cUvk Mv‡Qi Wvjcvjv I KvЇK k³
K‡i| †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv evovq| cvZv †_‡K Mv‡Qi wewfbœ As‡k Lv`¨ mÂvi‡Y
mvnvh¨ K‡i| ex‡R Lv`¨ m‡qi ¶gZv e„w× K‡i|
cUv‡ki AvwaK¨: AwaK cwigv‡Y cUvk mvi e¨envi Ki‡j wewfbœ Dcv‡q AwZwi³
cUvk Mv‡Qi bvMv‡ji evB‡i P‡j hvq| ZvB Mv‡Qi †Kvb ¶wZ nq bv|
cUv‡ki Afve: cUvk mv‡ii Afv‡e Mv‡Q Kv‡Ði I wkK‡oi e„w× e¨nZ nq| †ivM I
†cvKvgvKo mnR AvµgY nq| Aí evZv‡m MvQ c‡o hvq| cvZvi eY© bxjvf nj‡`
n‡q hvq| wkiv mg~‡ni ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb I wKbviv ïwK‡q hvq Ges AMÖfvM ev`vgx eY©
aviY K‡i| km¨KYv cyó nq bv|
K‡qKwU cUvk RvZxq mvi: wgD‡iU Ae cUvk kZKiv 50 fvM cUvk A·vBW,
bvB‡UªU Ae cUvk kZKiv 44 fvM cUvk A·vBW, mvj‡dU Ae cUvk kZKiv 50
fvM cUvk A·vBW|
cUvwkqvg ˆRe I A‰Re Dfq e¯‘ †_‡K cvIqv hvq| wgD‡iU Ae
cUvk GKwU A‰Re Drm| cUvk Mv‡Qi †ivM cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv evovq
Ges MvQ‡K k³ K‡i|
mvi cÖ‡qvM c×wZ
mvi Mv‡Qi Lv`¨| G Lv`¨ Mv‡Qi MÖn‡Yvc‡hvMx Ae¯’vq MvQ‡K w`‡Z bv cvi‡j mvi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv K‡g hvq| Avw_©K AcPq N‡U| mvi †_‡K cy‡iv dvq`v DVv‡Z
n‡j mvi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| ˆRe mvi Rwg cÖ¯‘wZi †kl
ch©v‡q e¨envi Kiv evÃbxq| Avi ivmqwbK mvi wewfbœ av‡c Ges Dcv‡q e¨envi
Ki‡j Gi Kvh©KvwiZv ev‡o Ges dm‡ji Drcv`b †ewk nq| ivmvqwbK mvi cÖ‡qvM
wbgœiƒc:

wQwU‡q mvi cÖ‡qvM
Rwg fvjfv‡e Pvl gB w`‡q AvMvQv cwi®‹vi K‡i Rwgi mg¯Í GjvK Ry‡o mgfv‡e mvi
wQwU‡q †`qv nq| G c×wZ `yÕfv‡M wef³|

†gŠjgvÎv wn‡m‡e mvi cÖ‡qvM
K…wl weÁvbx‡`i wba©vwiZ gvÎv wn‡m‡e Rwg cÖ¯‘wZi mgq mvi cÖ‡qvM‡K †gŠj gvÎv
ejv nq| †gŠjgvÎv wewfbœ dm‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb- cv‡Ui †gŠj gvÎv
Avi av‡bi †gŠj gvÎv GK bq| Avevi FZz‡f‡` GKB dm‡ji Rb¨ †gŠjgvÎv Avjv`v
n‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 171
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Dcwi cÖ‡qvM
gv‡V PvivMvQ eo nevi ci cÖ‡qvRb gZ ivmvqwbK mvi gv‡V wQwU‡q e¨envi Kiv nq|
GUvB DcwigvÎv| DcwigvÎv wewfbœ dm‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K|

¯’vbxqfv‡e mvi cÖ‡qvM
mv‡ii me©vwaK Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq mgMÖ Rwg‡Z mvi e¨envi bv K‡i
dm‡ji g~‡ji KvQvKvwQ mvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ejyb‡Zv G c×wZ‡K wK ejv
nq? wewfbœ Dcv‡q G mvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

bvjvq cÖ‡qvM
DbœZ c×wZi AvL Pvl bvjv c×wZ‡Z n‡q _v‡K| Pviv jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ AšÍZ GK dzU
Mfxi bvjv Kiv nq| GB bvjv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgq gZ Pviv jvMv‡bv
nq| Gfv‡e bvjvq mvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i Pvlvev` Kiv‡K bvjv c×wZ e‡j|

e¨vÐ c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvM
GLb A‡bK dmjB mvwi K‡i Avev` Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Rwg cÖ¯‘Z K‡i mvwi‡Z exR
ey‡b A_ev Pviv jvwM‡q mvwii `yÕcv‡k MZ© K‡i mvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| GUvB e¨vÐ
c×wZ| G‡Z mv‡ii AcPq Kg nq Ges MvQ c~Y©fv‡e mvi Kv‡R jvMvq|

gv`vq cÖ‡qvM
A‡bK dmj Pv‡li Rb¨ mgMÖ Rwg Pv‡li cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| cÖv_wgKfv‡e Rwg‡Z
2/3wU Pvl gB w`‡q wba©vwiZ `~i‡Z¡ gv`v ˆZwi Kiv nq| mv‡ii me©vwaK e¨env‡ii
Rb¨ H gv`vq mvi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| GUv gvV dm‡ji †¶‡Î Kg cÖ‡hvR¨|
D`¨vbZvwË¡K km¨vw` Pv‡l mvaviYZ gv`v ˆZwi Kiv nq|

cvk¦© cÖ‡qvM
cÖwZwU Mv‡Qi †Mvovq gvwU Kzwc‡q SziSz‡i K‡i mvi wgwk‡q †`IqvB cvk¦© cÖ‡qvM| eû
el©Rxex Mv‡Qi †ejvq G c×wZ cÖ‡hvR¨|

Zij mvi cÖ‡qvM
wba©vwiZ gvÎvq mvi Zij K‡i gvwU‡Z cÖ‡ek Kiv‡q A_ev wmÂb h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨
cvZvq cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvMKvix‡K AwfÁ n‡Z n‡e| Zij mv‡ii
NbZ¡ cvZvi Avf¨šÍixY i‡mi †P‡h †ewk Nb n‡j cvZvi im †ewo‡q Avm‡e Ges MvQ
g‡i hv‡e|
mvi `yB fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| cÖ_gZ †gŠjgvÎv Ges wØZxqZ
DcwigvÎv| †gŠjgvÎv Rwgi ˆZwii mgq Ges DcwigvÎv exR ecb ev
Pvivi †ivc‡bi ci| Dci cÖ‡qvM mvaviYZ bvjvq, Kv‡Û, gv`vq Ges
cv‡k¦© cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| Zij Ae¯’vqI †¯úÖ K‡i cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 172

 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 3


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. Avgv‡`i Rwgi Drcvw`Kv kw³ bó n‡”Q †Kb?

K. AwaK gvÎvq mvi cÖ‡qvM Kivq
L. ¯^í gvÎvq mvi cÖ‡qvM Kivq
M. ÎæwUc~Y© Dcv‡q mvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j
N. cÖ‡qvM mg‡qi Áv‡bi Afv‡e|

2. dmj Drcv`‡bi wfwË wK?

K. mvi
L. gvwU
M. AvaywbK Ávb
N. †ivM cÖwZ‡ivaK Jla|

3. ˆRe mvi Acwinvh© wK Kvi‡Y?

K. dm‡ji †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨
L. dm‡ji †cvKv `gb Ki‡Z
M. Rwgi De©iZv i¶v Ges e„w×i Rb¨
N. dm‡ji gvb Dbœq‡bi wbwg‡Ë|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. LvgviRvZ mvi msi¶Y c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

2. meyR mvi cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjxi weeiY w`b|
3. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi KvR¸‡jv wjLyb|
4. dmdiv‡mi AfveRwbZ j¶Y wK wK?
5. dmj Drcv`‡b cUvwmqv‡gi f‚wgKv wK?
6. bvjv c×wZ‡Z mvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi weeiY w`b|
7. gv`vq wKfv‡e mvi †`Iqv nq?

mwVK DËi

A) 1| M, 2|L, 3| M|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 173
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 4 km¨ msi¶Y I km¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, KxU cZ½ I †ivM

evjvB `gb c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

km¨ msi¶Y wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb;

km¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

avb I cv‡Ui Lye ¶wZKviK †cvKvi bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z Ges cÖwZ‡iva I `gb
c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

mvaviYfv‡e Dw™¢` †ivM `gb I cÖwZ‡iva m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

km¨ msi¶Y
MÖv‡g nvUvi mgq †Kvb †Kvb avb Rwg‡Z avb MvQ e„w×i mgq wKQy wKQy MvQ mv`v n‡q
†h‡Z †`Lv hvq| ejyb‡Zv RvqMvq G MvQ¸‡jv mv`v n‡q hvq †Kb? D”P djbkxj
av‡bi Rwg g‡a¨ g‡a¨ nj‡` n‡q hvq| MvQ eo nq bv| Gi KviY wK? Avg KuvVv‡j
A‡bK mgq wfZ‡i †cvKv cvIqv hvq| †e¸‡bi †cvKv †Zv cÖvq mK‡ji †Pv‡L c‡o|
G NUbv¸‡jv †_‡K eySv hvq Avgv‡`i wewfbœ dmj †ivM ev †cvKvq AvµgY K‡i Ges
G¸‡jvi djb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ fv‡e Kwg‡q †`q| cÖvq me dm‡jB †cvKv I †iv‡Mi
AvµgY nq| weÁvb m¤§Z cÖwZ‡iva I `gb c×wZ Øviv G¸‡jvi nvZ †_‡K dmj
msi¶Y Kiv hvq|
cÖwZ‡iva I `gb c×wZ gva¨‡g gv‡Vi km¨ msi¶Y Kiv hvq|

km¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Avgv‡`i †`‡k K…wlweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z cÖwZ eQi †gvU Drcvw`Z k‡m¨i cÖvq 12-15 fvM
km¨ †cvKv gvKo I †ivM evjvB aŸsm K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK mgq †ivM I †cvKv
gvK‡oi e¨vcK AvµgY n‡j ¶wZi cwigvY †gvU Drcw`Z k‡m¨i 20-25 fvMI n‡q
_v‡K| G Qvov ¸`vgRvZ dm‡jiI A‡bK kÎæ Av‡Q| G‡`i Øviv ¶wZi cwigvYI
Avk¼vRbK| wewfbœ cÖvYx †hgb- cvwL, kvgyK, Bu`yi, ev`yi, wkqvj, eb¨ k~Ki, KvV
weovjx BZ¨vw` wewfbœ dm‡ji cÖf‚Z ¶wZ mvab K‡i _v‡K|

km¨ I kvK mewRi †ivM

km¨ I kvK mewR Avgv‡`i †`‡k evi gvmB R‡b¥ Ges †cvKv I †ivM evjvB Gi
AvµgY evi gvmB n‡q _v‡K| cÖavb cÖavb km¨ I kvK mewRi †cvKv gvKo I †ivM
evjvB Gi msw¶ß cwiPq wb‡gœ †`Iqv n‡jv:

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 174

 Bangladesh Open University

av‡bi †cvKvmg~n

av‡bi ARmª ¶wZKviK †cvKv Av‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv gvRiv †cvKv,
cvgix †cvKv, cvZv †gvov‡bv †cvKv, Pzw½ †cvKv, kxl KvUv †j`v †cvKv, MvÜx †cvKv I
w_ªcm BZ¨vw`|

gvRiv †cvKv evsjv‡`‡k gvRiv †cvKv av‡bi me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K| gvRiv †cvKv wewfbœ
cÖKv‡ii Kvj gv_v wewkó, njy` I †Mvjvcx is Gi|

1. cvZvi ¯‘cvK…Z wWg 2. Kv‡Ði wfZi ïKKxU 3| ïKKxU 4| c~Y©eq¯‹ g_|

wPÎ 8.4.1: gvRiv †cvKv|

G †cvKv me †gŠmy‡gB Kg †ewk ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K| dzj Avmvi Av‡M AvµgY n‡j
me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZ nq| mv`v kxl A_©vr Pvj k~b¨ kxl †ewi‡q Av‡m| G ai‡bi ¶wZ
†ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g †ewk n‡q _v‡K| Kxov kx‡li wb‡Pi Ask big kvm †L‡q †d‡j| d‡j
kxl g‡i hvq Ges avb wPUv n‡q hvq|
cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 175
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

wbqš¿Y:

Rwg ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g †cvKvi msL¨v hLb Kg _v‡K a‡i †g‡i †djv|

cwiYZ g_‡K Av‡jvi duv` Øviv †g‡i †djv|

wW‡gi Mv`v aŸsm K‡i †djv|

av‡bi Avev` n‡q †M‡j Rwgi AveR©bv I bvov cywo‡q †djv|

K…wl KxUZË¡ wefv‡Mi Aby‡gvw`Z Jla e¨envi Kiv|

Rwg‡Z Mv‡Qi Wvjv cy‡Z †`Iqv hv‡Z cvwL em‡Z cv‡i Ges †cvKv aŸsm Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

cvgix †cvKv cvgix †cvKv me †gŠmy‡gB av‡bi ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e Avgb †gŠmy‡g ¶wZi cwigvY
†ewk| G‡`i Kxov cvZvi meyRvsk †L‡q †d‡j d‡j Rwgi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mv`v mv`v LÐ
†`Lv †`q| wWg †_‡K 4/5 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Kxov †ewi‡q Av‡m Ges Giv cvZvi meyRvsk
†L‡Z ïiæ K‡i| 8-10 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cvZvi wfZ‡i cyËzwji AvKvi aviY K‡i Ges
Avevi Sv‡K Sv‡K bZzb †cvKvi Rb¥ nq|

1. c~Y© eq¯‹ exUj 2. cvZv‡Z wW¤^vK…wZ Ae¯’vq 3. cvZv‡Z c~Y©eq¯‹ exUj

wPÎ 8.4.2: cvgix †cvKv|

wbqš¿Y:

gkvwii Rvj Øviv G¸‡jv msMÖn K‡i †K‡ivwm‡b Wzwe‡q gviv|

Pviv jvMv‡bvi mgq Pvivi gv_v QuvUvB K‡i wb‡j G †cvKvi AvµgY Kg nq|

K…wlZË¡ wefv‡Mi Aby‡gvw`Z gvÎvq Jla e¨envi Kiv|
BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 176
 Bangladesh Open University

MvÜx †cvKv MvÜx †cvKvi Rxe‡bi mKj ¯ÍiB av‡bi Rb¨ aŸsmvZ¥K| G †cvKv wWg †_‡K †ei
n‡qB KwP avb †_‡K im †kvlY K‡i eo nq| AvµgY †ewk n‡j mviv gv‡Vi Avev`
k~‡b¨i KvVvq D‡V Avi wPUvi Mv`v eo nq| G †cvKv mKj †gŠmy‡gi av‡bi AvµgY
K‡i _v‡K|

wbqš¿Y:

ch©‡e¶Y Øviv cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †cvKv `gb Ki‡Z cvi‡j LiP Kg I k‡m¨i
Drcv`b †ewk nq|

Av‡jvi duv` †c‡Z MZ© K‡i †K‡ivwmb wgwkªZ cvwb‡Z †cvKv aŸsm Kiv nq|

av‡bi gvRiv †cvKv kxl bó K‡i|

cvgix †cvKv cvZvi meyR Ask †L‡q †d‡j|

MvÜx †cvKv KwP avb †_‡K im †kvlY K‡i|

mgqgZ cÖwZ‡iva Ges `gbg~jK e¨e¯’v km¨ msi¶‡Y LyeB mnvqK|

wPÎ 8.4.3: 1. MvÜx †cvKv, 2. av‡bi kx‡l †kvlYiZ MvÜx‡cvKv|

cv‡Ui †cvKvmg~n

cvU evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg A_©Kix dmj| wewfbœ Rv‡Zi †cvKv G dm‡ji Af‚Z ¶wZ
mvab K‡i _v‡K| †ewk ¶wZKviK †cvK¸‡jv n‡jv cv‡Ui weQv †cvKv, cv‡Ui †Nvov
†cvKv, cv‡Ui †P‡j †cvKv|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 177

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

weQv †cvKv weQv †cvKv cv‡Ui me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K| el©Kv‡j Sv‡K Sv‡R cvU †¶‡Z
weQv †cvKvi AvµgY Avcbviv j¶¨ K‡i _vK‡eb| G weQv †cvKv cv‡Ui cvZv †L‡q
MvQ cvZv k~b¨ K‡i †`q| d‡j cv‡Ui djb K‡g hvq|

wPÎ 8.4.4: weQv †cvKv|

`gb c×wZ:

Avµg‡Yi cÖ_gve¯’vq cvZvi wWg¸‡jv aŸsm Kiv|

Lye AvµvšÍ †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K cwiLv Lbb K‡i cvwb ivLvi e¨e¯’v K‡i Zv‡Z wKQy
†K‡ivwmb wgwk‡q j¤^v iwk cvU Mv‡Qi Dci w`‡q †U‡b w`‡j weQv¸‡jv †K‡ivwmb
wgwkªZ cvwb‡Z c‡i gviv hvq| Avevi cieZ©x gv‡VI AvµgY nq bv|

K…wl KxUZË¡ wefv‡Mi wba©vwiZ gvÎvq Jla cÖ‡qvM K‡iI G †cvKv `gb Kiv
hvq|

†Nvov †cvKv cv‡Ui †Nvov †cvKv MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Lye cwiwPZ| el©vKv‡j cvU †¶‡Zi Av‡k cv‡k
†M‡jB G †cvKvi Dcw¯’wZ eySv hvq| kix‡ii AMÖcðvZ GK mv‡_ K‡i mvg‡bi w`‡K
AMÖmi nq| cv‡Ui cvZvq Giv wWg cv‡i Ges kZ kZ †cvKv wWg dz‡U †ei n‡q
Av‡m Ges cvZv †L‡q Rxeb aviY K‡i| G †cvKv Mv‡Qi Dc‡ii w`‡Ki KwP cvZv
†L‡q Mv‡Qi ¶wZ mvab K‡i|

wPÎ 8.4.5: †Nvov †cvKv|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 178
 Bangladesh Open University

`gb c×wZ:

cvU †¶‡Zi gv‡S gv‡S Mv‡Qi j¤^v Wvj cy‡Z ivL‡j cvwLiv G mn‡R †L‡q
†d‡j|

†K‡ivwmb wgwkªZ j¤^v `wo cvU Rwgi Dci w`‡q †U‡b wb‡j †cvKv wb‡P c‡o hvq|

Rwgi Av‡jvi R½j cwi®‹vi ivL‡j Kxov cyËwj AvKv‡i jywK‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|

kxZKv‡j Rwgi AvBj cwi®‹vi K‡i cywo‡q w`‡j cyËwj aŸsm n‡q hvq|

†P‡j †cvKv cv‡Ui †P‡j †cvKv Rxe‡bi mKj Ae¯’vq wewfbœfv‡e cv‡Ui ¶wZ mvab K‡i| eq¯‹
¯¿x †cvKv Pvivi WMvi w`‡K KwP cvZvi †Mvovq wQ`ª K‡i wWg cv‡i| wWg †_‡K Kxov
†ewi‡q G‡m KwP cvZv †L‡Z _v‡K Ges Gici cyËwj Rxeb aviY K‡i| cvZvi
†Mvovi w`‡K wQ`ª Kivi `iæb Pviv Mv‡Qi Kv‡Ð wMU ˆZwi nq| cvU cPv‡bvi ci wM‡U
cvU wQ‡o hvq Ges cv‡Ui gv‡bi AebwZ NUvq|

wPÎ 8.4.6: †P‡j †cvKv|

`gb c×wZ

cv‡Ui Rwgi †hLv‡b Dw™¢‡`i Ges AveR©bvi ¯Í~c _v‡K †mLv‡b eq¯‹ †cvKv
jywK‡q _v‡K| AZGe AvMvQv ev cv‡Ui Pvivi ¯Í‚c cvU Rwg †_‡K mwi‡q wb‡Z
n‡e|

eq¯‹ Mv‡Q G‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Luv‡R cvIqv hv‡e bv ZvB Pviv Mv‡Q G‡`i †Luv‡R †ei
K‡i we¯Ív‡ii cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †g‡i †dj‡j Lye mn‡R G †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|

K…wl KxUZË¡ wefv‡Mi wba©vwiZ Jla cÖ‡qvM K‡i G †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq|

Dw™¢` †ivM wbqš¿Y

cÖwZ eQi Avgv‡`i †`‡k †KvwU †KvwU UvKvi km¨ Dw™¢` †ivM Øviv ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| h_v
mg‡q G †ivM wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡j Avgiv A‡bK jvfevb n‡Z cvwi| Dw™¢‡`i †ivM
j¶Y cwijw¶Z n‡jB ‡ivM wbqš¿‡Yi cÖ‡Póv †bIqv nq| Dw™¢‡`i †ivM mvaviYZ
cÖwZ‡ivag jK I `gbg jK e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g wbqš¿‡Y Avbv m¤¢e|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 179

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Dw™¢‡`i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v wb¤œwjwLZ Dcv‡q Kiv hvq−

cÖwZ‡ivax RvZ Pvl K‡i|

we‡`k †_‡K AvbxZ exR evQvB K‡i|

†ivM RxevYy jywK‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i Giƒc AveR©bv cwi®‹vi K‡i|

mgqgZ h_v_©fv‡e f‚wgKl©Y Dw™¢` †ivM wbqš¿‡Y mnvqK|
Dw™¢‡`i †iv‡Mi j¶Y cÖKvk †c‡j wbivgqg jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z nq|
wbivgqg jK e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ wb‡P D‡jøwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e:

k‡m¨i RvZ I cÖK…wZ

†iv‡Mi cÖK…wZ

†ivM RxevYyi cÖK…wZ|

km¨, †ivM Ges †ivM RxevYyi cÖK…wZ m¤^‡Ü mg¨K aviYv _vK‡jB †ivM wbqš¿‡Y Avbv
m¤¢e| G e¨vcv‡i K…wl †ivMZË¡ wefv‡Mi civgk© MÖnY Aek¨ KZ©e¨|
†ivM cÖwZ‡ivag jK e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ wb‡Pi cš’v¸‡jv Aej¤^b Kiv hvq−

†ivMgy³ exR e¨envi Kiv|

gv‡Vi cwi”QbœZv|

gvwUi De©iZv mylgKiY|

ch©vß f‚wgKl©Y|

km¨ ch©vq AbymiY|

mgqgZ AvMvQv `gb|

†ivM cÖwZ‡ivax Rv‡Zi Pvl|

exR †kvab|

†ivMvµvšÍ Dw™¢` aŸsm|

mylg gvÎvq mvi e¨envi|

mgqgZ cvwb mieivn|

†ivM RxevYy evnK wbqš¿Y|

gvwU †kvab|

we‡`k †_‡K AvbxZ exR cix¶‡Yi gva¨‡g †ivM RxevYy aŸsm Kiv|

weÁvbm¤§Z Dcv‡q dmj msi¶Y|
av‡bi gvRiv †cvKv, cvgix †cvKv, MvÜx †cvKv, cv‡Ui weQv †cvKv,
†Nvov †cvKv I †P‡j †cvKv dm‡ji gvivZ¥K ¶wZ mvab K‡i|
G¸‡jv cÖwZ‡iva I `gb e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g wbqš¿‡Y Avbv hvq| †cvKvi
gZ †ivMI k‡m¨i A‡bK ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K| cÖwZ‡iva I `gb e¨e¯’vi
gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡`i †ivM wbqš¿‡Y Avbv hvq|

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 180

 Bangladesh Open University

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 4


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|
1. †ivM evjvB Avgv‡`i †`‡k dm‡ji kZKiv KZ Ask bó K‡i _v‡K?
K. 5−8 fvM L. 8−12 fvM
M. 12−15 fvM N. 15−18 fvM|
2. km¨ msi¶‡Yi my`~i cÖmvix cwiKíbv †KvbwU?
K. miKv‡ii `xN© †gqv`x cwiKíbv MÖnY
L. Rb mvaviY‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv
M. km¨ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ AwZwi³ dvÐ eivÏKiY
N. mwVK mg‡q k‡m¨i Avev` Kiv|
3. cvgix †cvKv wKfv‡e Mv‡Qi ¶wZ mvab K‡i?
K. KwP cvZv †L‡q
L. cvZvi meyRvsk †L‡q
M. kx‡li †Mvov bó K‡i
N. KvÐ †L‡q|
4. cv‡Ui weQv †cvKv wKf‡e Mv‡Qi ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K?
K. cv‡Ui KvÐ †L‡q †d‡j
L. ïay KwP cvZv¸‡jv †L‡q †d‡j
M. cv‡Ui mKj cvZv †L‡q †d‡j
N. ïay eq¯‹ cvZv¸‡jv †L‡q †d‡j|
5. cv‡Ui †P‡j †cvKv me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZ K‡i wKfv‡e?
K. cv‡Ui KwP cvZv †L‡q
L. cv‡Ui cvZv †L‡q
M. cvU Mv‡Qi Kv‡Ð wMU m„wó K‡i
N. cv‡Ui wkKo bó K‡i|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. km¨ msi¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Dw™¢‡`i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. Dw™¢‡`i KxU cZ½ cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mwVK DËi
A) 1| M, 2| L, 3| L, 4| M, 5| M|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 181

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 5 e¨envwiK: ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg I ˆRemvi cÖ¯‘ZKiY

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

A¼z‡iv`Mg cÖwµqv nv‡ZKj‡g K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb;

ˆRemvi cÖ¯‘Z c×wZi weeiY w`‡Z cvi‡eb Ges

nv‡ZKj‡g ˆRemvi ˆZwi †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖmw½K Z_¨

GB AbykxjbxwU `yÕfv‡M wef³| cÖ_g Ask ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg Ges wØZxq Ask
ˆRemvi cÖ¯‘ZKiY| ZË¡xq cv‡V Avcbviv †R‡b‡Qb exR wK, ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`M‡gi
Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq wbqvgK¸‡jv wK| ˆRemvi wK, ˆRemv‡ii cÖKvi‡f` Ges cÖ¯‘Z
cÖYvjx ZË¡xq As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

DcKiY

ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg cix¶vi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cwigv‡Yi exR, †cwUªwWm, eøwUs †ccvi,
†bvU eB BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb|

ˆRemvi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ AveR©bv, †Mv‡Pvbv, wUGmwc, cvwb, euv‡ki LywU, `wo, KK©
BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb|

Kv‡Ri avc

ex‡Ri A¼z‡iv`Mg
− 10 MÖvg cvRvg av‡bi exR wbb|
− exR †_‡K Ab¨ av‡bi exR AveR©bv cwi®‹vi Kiæb|
− Gevi ex‡Ri IRb wbb|
weï× exR
− m~Î †gvZv‡eK weï× ex‡Ri nvi wbY©q Kiæb| M„nxZ exR
×100
− cuvPwU †cwUªwWm wb‡q gvcgZ KvUv eøwUs †ccvi †cwUªwW‡m wewQ‡q wbb|
− cvwb‡Z fvjfv‡e †fRv‡bv exR GLb mgvbfv‡e fvM K‡i †cwUªwW‡m ivLyb|
− †cwUªwWm¸‡jv Av‡jv evZvmhy³ Mig RvqMvq ivLyb|
− exR ïwK‡q †M‡j g‡a¨ g‡a¨ cvwb wQwU‡q w`b|
− `yw`b ci ex‡Ri msL¨v Ges A¼zwiZ ex‡Ri msL¨v ¸‡Y wbb|
− Gevi m~Î †gvZv‡eK ex‡Ri weï×Zvi nvi wbY©q Kiæb| A¼zwiZ ex‡Ri msL¨v ×100
†gvU ex‡Ri msL¨v

BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 182

 Bangladesh Open University

Ab¨ exR wb‡qI G cix¶YwUi Abykxjb Kiæb|

mZK©Zv cix¶‡Yi cÖwZwU avcB mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z n‡e| †cwUªwW‡m exR ivLvi ci †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Bu`yi ev Ab¨ cÖvYx ex‡Ri ¶wZ mvab bv K‡i|

ˆRe mvi cÖ¯‘ZKiY

− e„wói cvwb R‡g _v‡K bv Avevi el©vi cvwb D‡V bv| A_P cÖ‡qvR‡b wKQy cvwb
cvIqv hvq Mv‡Qi Qvqvq Giƒc GKwU RvqMv wbe©vPb Kiæb|
− †Kv`vj, Kv‡¯Í, dK©, euv‡ki LywU I `wo †hvMvo Kiæb|
− KPzwi cvbv A_ev AvMvQv †hvMvo Kiæb|
− †Mv‡Pvbv Ges wKQy wUGmwc mvi †hvMvo Kiæb|
− KPzwicvbv ev AveR©bvi cwigv‡Yi Dci wbf©i ¯Í‚‡ci AvKvi wba©viY Kiæb|
− Pvi‡Kv‡Y euv‡ki LywU cy‡Z iwk w`‡q Uvbv w`b|
− ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i mxgvbvi wfZ‡i KPzwicvbv ev AveR©bv Qwo‡q w`b| Zvi Dci †Mv‡Pvbv,
wUGmwc nvév K‡i wQwU‡q w`b| Gfv‡e Pvi ¯Íi m¤úbœ Kiæb|
− GK gvm ci ci ¯Íi¸‡jv Dwë‡q †`b| hw` ïKbv g‡b nq wKQy †Mv‡Pvbv A_ev
cvwb wQwU‡q w`b|
− 3-4 gv‡m ˆRemvi cÖ¯‘Z n‡q hvq|
− ¯Í‚‡ci wfZi GKwU k³ KvwV XzwK‡q w`b| Zv GK Uv‡b †ei K‡i †`Lyb KvwV‡Z
hw` gvwUi ev ev`vgx is‡qi c`v_© †j‡M _v‡K Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e mvi e¨env‡ii
Dc‡hvMx n‡q‡Q|

Abykxjb wewfbœ cÖKvi AveR©bv w`‡q AveR©bv ¯Í‚c ˆZwi Kiæb|

mZK©Zv ¯Íi mgqgZ Dwë‡q bv w`‡j ˆRe mvi wVKgZ cÖ¯‘Z n‡e bv| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Aek¨B
AveR©bvi ¯Í‚‡c cvwb w`‡Z n‡e|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 183

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb


A) eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ

mwVK DËi wb‡`©kg~jK AÿiwU‡K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb| (D`vniY: Avcbvi wbev©wPZ DËiwU
K n‡j GK K e„ËvwqZ Kiæb)|

1. exR wKfv‡e eskMZ weï×Zv nvivq?

K. ex‡Ri weï×Zv m¤ú‡K© K…l‡Ki Áv‡bi Afv‡e
L. exR mwVK c×wZ‡Z msiw¶Z bv n‡j
M. ci civMvq‡bi gva¨‡g
N. G‡jv‡g‡jv cÖwµqvq Pvlvev` Ki‡j|

2. ex‡Ri weï×Zv wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK?

K. Kvw•LZ djb cÖvwß
L. †cvKv cÖwZ‡iva
M. †ivM cÖwZ‡iva
N. DbœZgv‡bi exR cÖvwß|

3. gvjv av‡bi GKwU bgybvi IRb 10 MÖvg| G bgybv †_‡K AevwÃZ exR I Ab¨vb¨
AveR©bv cwi®‹vi Kivi ci bgybvi IRb `vovj 8 MÖv‡g| G exR bgybvi weï×Zvi
nvi KZ?
K. 64
L. 72
M. 80
N. 8|
4. gvwUi Dcwifv‡Mi Av¯Í‡ii †KŠwkK bvjx wKfv‡e k‡m¨i ¶wZ K‡i _v‡K?
K. †KŠwkK bvjx †Ku‡Pv I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Lv`¨ Dcv`vb Rwg †_‡K †ei K‡i †`q
L. †KŠwkK bvjx DcKvix e¨vK‡Uwiqvi esk e„wׇZ evav †`q
M. †KŠwkK bvjxi gva¨‡g Mv‡Qi Zvgv RvZxq `ªexf‚Z Lv`¨ Dcv`vb evqygЇj
P‡j hvq
N. †KŠwkK bvjxi mvnv‡h¨ gvwUi Avf¨šÍixY cvwb evqygЇj P‡j hvq|

5. AvšÍKl©Y wK?
K. `y dm‡ji ga¨eZ©x mg‡q Rwg Kl©Y Kiv
L. Rwg‡Z dmj _vKv Ae¯’vq Kl©Y Kiv
M. Kl©‡Yi gva¨‡g †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv
N. Kl©‡Yi gva¨‡g Rwgi De©iZv i¶v Kiv|
BDwbU- 8 cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 184
Bangladesh Open University

6. wb‡Pi †KvbwU k~b¨ Kl©Y c×wZi AšÍfz©³?

K. Av`v njy` GKmv‡_ Kiv
L. avb †¶‡Z †Lmvix Wvj Pvl Kiv
M. Bwi avb Pv‡li ci gyM Wvj Pvl Kiv
N. mwilv Avev‡`i ci Kjvi evMvb Kiv|

Av) msw¶ß DËi cÖkœ

1. fvj ex‡Ri ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. ex‡R weï×Zv wbY©q c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. †ivcv av‡bi exRZjv ˆZwi c×wZ eY©bv Kiæb|
4. AšÍeZ©xKvjxb cwiPh©v wK? ˆKwkK bvjx wKfv‡e k‡m¨i ¶wZ K‡i?
5. gB I AvPovi KvR¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
6. cwiwgZ bvB‡Uªv‡Rb e¨env‡i Mv‡Qi wK DcKvi nq?
7. meyRmvi cÖ¯‘wZi Dc‡hvMx Dw™¢`¸‡jvi bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|
8. av‡bi gvRiv †cvKv Avµg‡Yi j¶Y¸‡jv wK? wKfv‡e G †cvKv `gb Kiv hvq?

mwVK DËi

A) 1| M, 2| K, 3| M, 4| N, 5| L, 6| L|

cwi‡ek wk¶v- weÁvb 185