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 WHAT IS
LITERATURE?
 LITERATURE
The word literature is derived from the Latin
term litera (“literae” plural) which means letter.

For Webster, literature is anything that is

printed, as long as it is related to the ideas and
feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a
product of one’s imagination.
 LITERATURE

In PANITIKING PILIPINO written by

Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal, it says
that “true literature is a piece ofwritten work
which is undying. It expresses the feelings
and emotions of people in response to his
everyday efforts to live, to be happy in his
environment and, after struggles, to reach his
Creator.”
QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE
1. Artistry- the quality that appeals our sense of beauty.
2. Intellectual value- the quality that enriches our
mental life by making us realize the fundamental
truth about life and human nature.
3. Suggestiveness- this is the quality associated with
emotional power of literature.
4. Spiritual value- literature elevates the spirit by
bringing out moral values which make us better
person.
 QUALITIES OF GREAT LITERATURE

5. Permanence- a great work of literature

endures.
6. Style- this is the peculiar way in which writer
sees life, form his ideas and express them.
QUESTION 1
 ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. Subject of literature- any work of literature is
about something, and for this reason it has
subject.
2. Forms of literature- a form is a verbal and
artistic structuring of ideas, like the sonnet which
contain fourteen lines of iambic pentameter,
others are stanza and rhyme.
3. Point of view of literature- the point of view is
taken to mean the angle of vision of the narrator.
 TYPES OF LITERATURE

1. Oral literature- literature handed down

from generation by word of mouth.
Examples are riddle, folk song, tales, epics,
ballad, etc.
2. Written literature- hand written, recorded
or printed. Examples are novels, short
stories. Etc.
QUESTION 2
 FORMS OF LITERATURE

1. Fiction- a literary work based

of imagination.
2. Non-fiction- a literary work that is
true.
QUESTION 3
 LITERARY FIGURES
1. Authors originate or initiate something
2. Critics’ person who offers a value judgment
or an interpretation.
3. Dramatist an author of dramatic
compositions
4. Essayist who writes compositions which
5. can be about any particular subject.
6. Journalist is a person who practices
journalism.
 LITERARY FIGURES

7. Novelist writer of a novel

8. Poets are authors ofpoems
QUESTION 4
 HISTORY AND LITERATURE

Literature and history are closely interrelated.

History can also be written and this too, is
literature. Events that can be written down are
part of true literature. Literature, therefore, is
part of history.
LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED
THE WORLD.

1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings

2. Koran
3. The Iliad and the Odyssey
4. The Mahab-harata
5. Canterbury Tales
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 LITERARY COMPOSITIONS THAT HAVE INFLUENCED THE
WORLD.

7. The Divine Comedy

8. El Cid Campeador
9. The Song of Roland
10. The Book of the Dead
11. The Book of the Days
12. One Thousand and One Nights or The Arabian Nights
QUESTION 5
 GENRES(DIVISIONS) OF LITERATURE

A.Prose - writing that does not adhere to any

particular formal structure not totally rhyming.
1) Novels. A long narrative divided into chapters
and events are taken from true-to-
life stories.
Example: WITHOUT SEEING THE DAWN
by Stevan Javellana
 TYPES OF PROSE

2) Short story. This is a narrative involving one or more

characters, one plot and one single impression.
Example: HOW MY BROTHER LEON
BROUGHT HOME A WIFE by Manuel Arguilla

3) Plays. This is presented on a stage, is divided into

acts and each act has many scenes.
Example:THIRTEEN PLAYS by Wilfredo M.
Guerrero
 TYPES
TYPESOF
OFPROSE
PROSE

4) Legends. These are fictitious narratives, usually about

origins. Example: THE BIKOL LEGEND by Pio
Duran
5) Fables. These are also fictitious and they deal with animals
and inanimate things who speak and act like people and
their purpose is to enlighten the minds of children to events
that can mold their ways and attitudes.
Example: THE MONKEY AND THE TURTLE
 TYPES OF PROSE

6) Anecdotes. These are merely products of the

writer’s imagination and the main aim is to bring out
lessons to the reader. Example: THE MOTH
AND THE LAMP
7) Essay. This expresses the viewpoint or opinion of
the writer about a particular problem or event. The
best example of this is the Editorial page of a
newspaper.
 TYPES OF PROSE
8) Biography. This deals with the life of a
person which may be about himself, his
autobiography or that of others.
Example: CAYETANO ARELLANO
by Socorro O. Albert
9) News. This is a report of everyday events in
society, government, science and industry,
and accidents, happening nationally or not.
 TYPES OF PROSE

10) Oration. This is a formal treatment of a

subject and is intended to be spoken in
public.
QUESTION 6
 GENRES(DIVISIONS) OF LITERATURE

B. POETRY A genre of literature which refers to

those expressions in verse with measure and rhyme,
line and stanza and has more melodious tone.
Elements of Poetry
1. Sound- poems use rhyme, rhythm, and
repetition to create sound effects.
❖ Rhyme is the regular recurrence of similar
sounds usually at the end of lines.
 POETRY
The lone dog
Irene Rutherford McLeod

I’m a lean dog, a keen dog, a wild dog and lone;

I’m a rough dog, a tough dog, hunting on my own;
I’m a bad dog, a mad dog, teasing silly sheep;
I love to sit and bay the moon to keep fat souls
from sleep.
QUESTION 7
 POETRY

❖ Rhythm is the pattern of stressed and

unstressed syllables in a poem.

ALONG CAME the DOCtor!

ALONG CAME the NURSE!
ALONG CAME the LAdy!
With BIG FAT PURSE!
 POETRY
❖ Repetition is the repeated use of a sound, word, phrase,
sentence, rhythmical pattern or grammatical pattern.
• Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds.
Example: over the cobbles, he cluttered and clashed in
the dark inn yard.
• Consonance is the repetition of internal consonants sounds
Example: the spotted kitten slept quietly on matted fur.
 POETRY
• Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds.
Example: young fuzzy puppy.
• Meter refers to words with regular rhythm.
Example: the sun is shining brightly now.
• Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical pattern.
Example: through the door and up the stairs.
• Onomatopoeia words that sound like what they
mean.
Example: crunch, chirp, roar, etc.
 POETRY
3. Image/imagery is the use of concrete words
or details that appeal to the senses of light,
sound, touch, smell, taste or to internal feelings.

Simile Metaphor Personification

Apostrophy Allusion Rhetorical question
Irony Synecdoche Hyperbole Metonymy
 TYPES OF POETRY
• A. Narrative Poetry. This form describes important
events in life either real or imaginary.
• The different varieties are:

• 1. Epic. This is an extended narrative about

heroic exploits often under supernatural control.
• Example:THE HARVEST SONG OF ALIGUYON
• translated in English byAmadorT. Daguio
 TYPES OF POETRY

• 2. Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is

written in verse and can be classified either as
a ballad or a metrical romance. Examples:
BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez
QUESTION 8
 TYPES OF POETRY

• 3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is

considered the shortest and simplest. It has a
simple structure and tells of a single incident.
 TYPES OF POETRY
B. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry
meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now,
this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and
feelings of the poet.

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems

intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair,
grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Example: CHIT-
CHIRIT-CHIT
QUESTION 9
 TYPES OF POETRY
B. Lyric Poetry. Originally, this refers to that kind of poetry
meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, but now,
this applies to any type of poetry that expresses emotions and
feelings of the poet.

1. Folksongs (Awiting Bayan). These are short poems

intended to be sung. The common theme is love, despair,
grief, doubt, joy, hope and sorrow. Example: CHIT-
CHIRIT-CHIT
 TYPES OF POETRY
2. Sonnet. A sonnet is a 14-line poem with a specific
rhyme scheme, often expressing emotions or ideas. It is
usually written in iambic pentameter.

3. Elegy. An elegy is a poem that mourns the loss of

someone or something, expressing sorrow or lamentation,
often reflecting on themes of death or loss. Example: O
captain! My Captain.
 TYPES OF POETRY
4. Ode. This is a poem of a noble feeling, expressed
with dignity, with no definite number of syllables or
definite number of lines in a stanza.
5. Psalms (Dalit). This is a song praising God or the
Virgin Mary and containing a philosophy of life.
6. Awit (Song). These have measures of twelve
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and slowly sung to the
accompaniment of a guitar or banduria.
Example: FLORANTE AT LAURA by Franciso Balagtas
 TYPES OF POETRY

7. Corridos (Kuridos). These have measures of

eight syllables (octosyllabic) and recited to a martial
beat. Example: IBONG ADARNA
QUESTION 10
 TYPES OF POETRY

C. Dramatic Poetry
1. Comedy. The word comedy comes from the
Greek term “komos” meaning festivity or revelry.
This form usually is light and written with the
purpose of amusing, and usually has a happy
ending.
 TYPES OF POETRY
2. Melodrama. This is usually used in musical plays
with the opera.
3. Tragedy. This involves the hero struggling mightily
against dynamic forces.
4. Farce. This is an exaggerated comedy.
5. Social Poems. This form is either purely comic or
tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to
bring about changes in the social conditions.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

Before 500 B.C., there was almost no written

literature. Clay tablets, clay and stone were the first
mediums of the writing arts.

Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt

Written literature begins. The mediums ofpapyrus
and paints and inks made writing easier which came
into more common use after the fifth century B.C.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the earliest known
literary works. This Babylonian epic poem arises from
stories in the Sumerian language. It was most likely
composed around 1900 BC. The epic deals with
themes of heroism, friendship,
loss, and the quest for eternal life.
The Medieval literature is a broad subject,
encompassing essentially all written works
available in Europe and beyond during the
middle ages.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
The Renaissance literature refers to the period in
European literature which began in Italy during
the 15th century and spread around Europe
through the 17th century.
Early Modern literature lasts roughly from 1550 to
1750, spanning the Baroque period and ending
with the Age of Enlightenment and the wars of
the French Revolution.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
An Egyptian hieroglyph is a formal writing system
used by the ancient Egyptian
that contained a combination
of logographic and alphabetic
elements.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
A logogram, or logograph, is a grapheme
which represents a word or a morpheme (the
smallest meaningful unit of language).
Grapheme is a fundamental unit in a
written language.

Sun House Mountain

 HISTORY OF LITERATURE
Indian Literature – focuses entirely on religion which
includes ritual. Sanskrit literature begins with the Vedas,
dating back to 1500–1000 BCE, and continues with the
Sanskrit Epics of Iron Age India. The Vedas are among the
oldest sacred texts.

Chinese Literature- Chinese developed the origin of

modern paper making and woodblock printing,
produced one of the world's first print cultures.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

Greek and Roman – focuses on political and social life.

Latin Literature – results of unconnected political event.

Medieval European Literature - adoption of
Christianity as the official Roman religion.
French Literature -greatest literary manifestation of this
was lyric poetry.
American Literature – English language as used for
more popular works.
 HISTORY OF LITERATURE

Philippine literature
• The first alphabet used by our ancestors was similar
to that of the Malayo-Polynesian alphabet.

• Types of literature present in pre-Spanish era

❖ EPICS
❖ FOLK SONGS
❖ EPIGRAMS (SALAWIKAIN).