ALKYNE: Also called acetylene (due to first member) unsaturated hydrocarbon contain triple
bond. Also called acetylene (C2H2) because of their first number of Alkyne. Reactant than
alkane. Atom can be added.
General formula of Alkyne: CnH2n-2
React with bromine water slowly.
Naming → are replace → “yne”
CH2 = CH2 SP2
C O OH S = 33%
↑ ↑ P= 66%
SP2 SP2
IUPAC SYSTEM: (1945-1957)
International Union of Pured Applied Chemistry.
Naming to organic compounds
Rules:
1) Select the longest carbon atom chain
2) Numbering the carbon atom from the end having lowest position to substituents.
3) Give the names to substituents write before the parent name. ( common name given
according to number of carbon)
4) When more than one substituent present followed alphabetic order, A→B→C→D
5) When more than one same substituents present then use prefixes, Di, Tri, Tetra etc before
substituents.
Substituents: Atom or group of atom molecules replace “H” atom from Alkane, alkene,
alkyne e.g
CH3, C2H5, CH3OH, OH, CL, BR etc
6) Name and names are separated by Hyphain (-) two number are separated by “Comma”
7) Give position of substituents by writing the number of carbon at which substituents are
pressed.
8) When more than one longest carbon chain having same number of carbon present select
those having substituents.
e.g
1) 1 2 3 4 5
CH3 ─ CH3 ─ CH3 ─ CH3 ─ CH3 Pentane
5 4 │3 2 1
CH3
2) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CH3 ─ CH ─ CH ─ CH3 ─ CH3 ─ CH ─ CH3 Heptane
7 │6 │5 4 3 2 1
C3H5 CH3
Ethyl Methyl
Classification on the bases of Functional Group:
1) Functional Group: An atom or group of atom bond that impart characteristics chemical
properties to organic compound is called functional group.
Reactivity → reaction method of preparation
Chemical properties determine general formula
TYPES OF O.C ON THE BASES OF F.G:
Name of compound Functional group General Formula e.g
1. Alkane Single bond CnH2n+2 Ch4, C4H10
2. Alkene Double bond CnH2n C2H4, C4H8
3. Alkyne Triple bond CnH2n-2 C2H2, C4H6
4. Arenes Alternate single & F, Cl, Br, l C6H6O6
Double bond
5. Alkyle halides Halogen (X) RX C2H5Cl, CH3Br
R- directly
Attached to halogen
6. Amine NH2/Amine R-NH2 C2H5NH2 , C2H3NH2
Organic compound same function group same compound same chemical properties but different
physical properties.
7. Ether O R-O-R C2H5─O─ C2H5
8. Alcohol OH R-OH C2H5OH, CH3OH
9. Carboxylic Acid O O O
|| || ||
CH R – C – OH R – C - CH3
10. Aldehyde O O O
|| || ||
C-M R–C–H CH3– C – OH
11. Ketone O O O
|| || ||
C-R R–C–R CH3– C – CH3
12. Amides O O O
|| || ||
C-NH2 R – C – NH2 C2H5– C – NH2
13. Acid Halides O O O
|| || ||
C-X R–C–X CH3– C – Br
14. Ester O O O
|| || ||
C-O-R R–C–O C2H5– C – O- CH3
15. Acid anhydride O O O O O O
|| || || || || ||
C-O-C R – C – C– R CH3– C – C- CH3
ISOMERISM: ISO- Same and Merism- Parts
Organic compound having same molecular formula but different structural
formula. Position of atom or group of atom in space or behavior is called isomerism.
Occur only in O.C , same molecular formula but different S.F.
Types:
1. Structure isomerism: Same molecular formula but different structural formula or spatel
arrangement.
2. Chain skeletal Isomerism: Same molecular formula but different carbon skeleton chain ,
arrangement of carbon atom.
e.g C5H12 n-pentane
CH3─CH2 ─CH3 ─CH2 →ISO pentane
Chain isomerism
H
|
CH3 ─ C ─ CH3
|
CH3
Neo pentane
3. Position Isomerism: Different position of functional group
e.g CH3─CH2 ─CH2 ─OH 1-Propane
CH3─CH─CH2
|
OH 2- propane
4. Functional group isomerism: Same molecular formula but different functional group
C11H10O
C2H5─O─ C2H5 , C4HaOH
Dpethyle eather Butanal
CH3─CH2 ─CH2 ─OH
O
||
CH3─CH2 ─C ─H
5. Metamerism: Different number of carbon atom group on either side of functional group
e.g C4H10O
C3H7 ─O─ CH3 Methyle Propyle
C2H5─ O─ C2H5 Diethyle ether
6. Tautomerism: Dynamicv equilibrium each other differ by “H” position. Shifting from
one to another.
O OH
|| ||
CH3 ─C─ CH3 CH3 ─C = CH
7. Stero Isomerism: Isomer which are differ by spatial arrangement or behavior.
1. Sistrans Isomers: Also called Geometric Isomers.
Isomer which are different spatial arrangement of atom | group of atom around double
bond.
CH3 H
CH3 CH3
C = C , C = C
H H H CH3
2. Optical Isomers:
Those isomers which differs by behavior of compound towards plan
polarized or mono chromatic eight. These isomers can rotate plain polarized light either
clockwise or anti clockwise direction.
→Isomers that rotate plain polarized light in clockwise direction called dextro rotatory isomer.
E.g D-Glucose , L-Glucose
→Isomer that rotate plan polarized light in anticlockwise direction are called Leveo rotatory
Isomer.
E.g L-Glucose
Carbohydrates: (Biological Organic compound)
Carbohydrates: (Sacrum, Sugar)
Words derived from carbo-carbon and hydrate mean water.
Carbohydrates are biomolecule →Living organism
Composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen having same ratio of H and O as in water therefore
called hydrated carbon or carbohydrate.
Oxygen→5, hydrogen→10, H-double in numbers.
General formula is CnH2O→Mostly
Carbohydrates follow this formula but (CH3COOH) (C2H4O2) not carbohydrate
Eg C2H4O2, C3H6O3 Acitic is not carbohydrate
CH3H6O3 Lactic Acid → follow → but not carbohydrate
Some compound which do follow this formula but they are carbohydrates.
e.g Deoxyribose sugar (DNA Present )(C2→Ovemoved)
Glucose (C6H13O5N) Fractose, Uronic Acid) → carbohydrate, Sugar
So carbohydrate may be defined as Poly-hydroxy aldehyde or Ketone that yield aldehyde and
ketone on hydrolysis.
Eg O O
|| ||
R─C─H R─C─R
