Module 6 ● Python's Built-in IDE: IDLE

What is Python?
o Open IDLE to launch the
● Cross-platform language: Runs on interactive shell.
Windows, macOS, Linux, and is ported o Create a new file, save with .py
to Java/.NET virtual machines. extension (e.g., hello.py).
● Free and open-source. o Write code and run via Run >
Run Module or press F5.
● Pre-installed on Linux and macOS, but
may require updates to the latest Your First Python Program
version.
● Example: "Hello, World!"

Running Python
1. The Easiest Way: Using Thonny IDE Code: print("Hello, world!")

● Comes bundled with the latest Python Save as hello_world.py and run to see:t
version.
Output: Hello, world!
● Steps:
1. Download and install Thonny. Keywords and Identifiers
2. Go to: File > New, save the file
with .py extension (e.g.,
Keywords
hello.py).
3. Write your Python code.
4. To run, go to: Run > Run current ● Reserved words that define Python's
script or press F5. syntax and structure.
● Case-sensitive.
2. Immediate Mode
● Cannot be used as identifiers.

● Open the terminal/command line. ● Python 3.7 has 33 keywords:

● Type python to start the Python False | await | else | import | pass |
| None | break | except | in | raise |
interpreter.
| True | class | finally | is | return |
● Type code (e.g., 1 + 1) and press Enter | and | continue | for | lambda | try |
for instant results. | as | def | from | nonlocal | while |
● Use quit() to exit. | assert| del | global | not | with |
| async | elif | if | or | yield |
3. Using an IDE
Identifiers
● IDEs provide features like:
o Code hinting ● Names for variables, functions, classes,
o Syntax highlighting
etc.
o File explorers
 ● Rules for Naming Identifiers: ●
o Can include letters, digits, and
underscores (_), e.g., myClass, Example:
var_1. for i in range(1, 6):
o Cannot start with a digit (e.g., print(i)
1variable is invalid). if i == 3:
o Cannot use keywords (e.g., break
global = 1 is invalid).
o No special characters (e.g., a@
Inconsistent indentation causes
= 0 is invalid).
IndentationError.
o Can be of any length.

Things to Remember

● Python is case-sensitive (e.g., Variable ≠

Python Comments
variable).
● Use meaningful names (e.g., count Single-line comments: Start with #:
instead of c). # This is a comment
● Separate multiple words with print("Hello, World!")
underscores, e.g., this_is_a_variable.
Multi-line comments:
Module 7 Use multiple #
Python Statements # Line 1
# Line 2
● Definition: Instructions that Python can
Or triple quotes (''' or """):
execute (e.g., a = 1).
"""This is a
● Multi-line Statements:
multi-line comment."""
Use \ for explicit line continuation:
a=1+2+3+\ Docstrings: Used for documenting
4+5+6 functions/classes:
def double(num):
Parentheses (), brackets [], and braces {} """Returns double the input."""
implicitly allow multi-line statements: return 2 * num
a = (1 + 2 + 3 +
4 + 5 + 6) print(double.__doc__)

Multiple statements in one line use ;: Python Variables

a = 1; b = 2; c = 3
● Definition: Named locations to store
Python Indentation
data.

● Purpose: Defines blocks of code instead

of braces {}.
Dynamic Typing: Type is inferred based on the b = 100 # Decimal
value: c = 0o310 # Octal
number = 10 d = 0x12c # Hexadecimal
number = 1.1 # Changes type x = 3.14j # Complex

Multiple Assignments: 2.String Literals

a, b, c = 5, 3.2, "Hello" Enclosed in single ' or double "
x = y = z = "Same value" quotes:
strings = "Python"
multiline = """This spans
multiple lines."""
unicode = u"\u00dcnic\u00f6de"
raw = r"Raw \n string"

3. Boolean Literals
Values: True, False:
Constants x = (1 == True) # True
y = (1 == False) # False
Convention: Use ALL CAPS (e.g., PI = 3.14).
a = True + 4 #5
Example:
# In constant.py 4. Special Literals
GRAVITY = 9.8 None: Indicates the absence of a
# In main.py value:
import constant food = None
print(constant.GRAVITY) print(food) # None
Rules for Naming Variables and Constants
5. Literal Collections
Types: List, Tuple, Dictionary,
1. Use letters (a-z, A-Z), digits (0-9), or
underscores _. Set:
2. Cannot start with a digit (e.g., 1var is fruits = ["apple", "orange"] # List
invalid). numbers = (1, 2, 3) # Tuple
3. Avoid special characters (!, @, #, etc.). alphabets = {'a': 'apple'} #
4. Follow naming conventions like Dictionary
snake_case or MACRO_CASE. vowels = {'a', 'e', 'i'} # Set
Literals
Module 8
● Definition: Fixed values assigned to
variables/constants. Data Types in Python
Python is a dynamically typed language where
1. Numeric Literals the type of a variable is determined at runtime.
Below is a detailed breakdown of various data
Types: Integer, Float, Complex types and their uses.
a = 0b1010 # Binary
 s = "Hello, World!"
print(s[4]) # Output: o
1. Python NumbersPython supports three main print(s[7:12]) # Output: World
types of numbers: Immutability:
s[0] = 'h' # Throws TypeError
● Integer (int): Whole numbers of
unlimited size.
3. Type Conversion
● Floating Point (float): Numbers with a
Python supports:
decimal point, precise up to 15 decimal
places.
1. Implicit Type Conversion: Python
● Complex (complex): Numbers with a automatically converts lower to higher
real and imaginary part, represented as types (e.g., int to float).
x + yj. 2. Explicit Type Conversion: Done
manually using functions like int(),
Examples: float(), and str().

a=5 Implicit Conversion Example:

print(a, "is of type", type(a)) # Output: 5 is of
type <class 'int'> a = 123
b = 1.23
b = 2.0 c=a+b
print(b, "is of type", type(b)) # Output: 2.0 is of print(type(c)) # Output: <class 'float'>
type <class 'float'> Explicit Conversion Example:
a = "123"
c = 1 + 2j
b = int(a)
print(c, "is complex number?", isinstance(c,
print(type(b)) # Output: <class 'int'>
complex)) # Output: True
Key Points:
4. Python Input and Output
● Integers: Can be arbitrarily large.
Output with print()
● Floats: May truncate beyond 15 decimal
places. The print() function can take multiple
● Complex numbers: Written as x + yj. parameters:
print(object, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)
Examples:
2. Python Strings
Strings in Python are sequences of Unicode print("Hello", "World", sep=', ', end='!\n') #
characters. They are immutable. Output: Hello, World!

Examples of String Creation: Input with input()

s = "This is a string"
The input() function reads input as a string by
s_multiline = '''This is
default:
a multiline string'''
String Slicing: num = input("Enter a number: ")
num = int(num) # Convert to integer

Example:
5. Python Imports
Modules allow you to reuse code. Use import to a = 7
b = 2
include modules:
print('Sum:', a + b)
import math print('Subtraction:', a - b)
print('Multiplication:', a * b)
print(math.pi) # Output: 3.141592653589793 print('Division:', a / b)
You can also import specific components: print('Modulo:', a % b)
print('Power:', a ** b)
from math import sqrt
print(sqrt(16)) # Output: 4.0
2. Assignment Operators
Custom Modules: Python searches for modules
in the directories listed in sys.path. You can add
● Assign values or perform operations
custom paths to it.
while assigning.
Module 9 ● Operators and Their Usage:
Reviewer: Python Operators
Overview Opera Operatio Exam
tor n ple
1. Arithmetic Operators
Assignme
= a=7
nt
● Perform basic mathematical operations.
a += 1
Add and
Operators and Their Usage: += (a =
assign
a+1)
Operat Examp
Operation Subtract a -= 3
or le
-= and (a = a-
5+2 assign 3)
+ Addition
=7
Multiply a *= 4
4-2= *= and (a =
- Subtraction
2 assign a*4)
2*3= Divide a /= 3
* Multiplication
6 /= and (a =
4/2= assign a/3)
/ Division
2 Power
5%2 **= and a **= 2
% Modulo assign
=1
Power/ 4 ** 2
**
Exponent = 16
Example:
a = 10 print('a < b:', a < b)
b = 5 print('a >= b:', a >= b)
a += b # a = a + b print('a <= b:', a <= b)
print(a) # Output: 15
4. Logical Operators
3. Comparison Operators
● Combine conditional statements.
● Compare two values and return a
● Operators and Their Usage:
boolean (True or False).
● Operators and Their Usage:
Opera Descripti Exam
tor on ple
Opera Examp
Meaning Returns (a >
tor le
True if b) and
and
both are (b >
== Equal to 3 == 5 False True 0)
Returns (a >
True if b) or
Not or
!= 3 != 5 True one is (b <
equal to
True 0)

Greater Inverts
> 3 > 5 False the not(a
than not
boolean > b)
value
< Less than 3 < 5 True

Greater
5. Special Topic: Rounding Numbers
>= than or 3 >= 5 False
equal to
● Round decimals to a specific number of
Less than places:
<= or equal 3 <= 5 True
a = 3.4536
to print('Using %: %.2f' % a)
# 2 decimal places
print('Using format():
{:.3f}'.format(a)) # 3 decimal
places
Example: print('Using round():', round(a, 2))
# 2 decimal places
a = 5 Notes
b = 2
print('a == b:', a == b)
print('a != b:', a != b)
print('a > b:', a > b)
1. These operators are essential for
mathematical, conditional, and logical
operations in Python.
2. Experiment with examples to
understand their behavior.