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 Table 1-1. Electron binding energies, in electron volts, for the elements in their naturalforms.
Element K ls L1 ZS L2 ZP1/2 L3 293/2 M1 38 M2 3P1/2 M3 3113/2 M4 3d:/2 Ms 3ds/2 N1 48 N2 4P1/2 N3 4P3/2
1 H 13.6
2 He 24.6* II‘
I
KO
3 Li 54.7*
4 Be 111.5*
5 B 188*
6 C 284.2*
7 N 409.9* 37.3*
8 O 543.1* 41 .6*
9 F 696.7*
10 Ne 870.2* 48.5* 21 .7* 216*
11 Na 1070.8T 63 .51‘ 30.65 30.81
12 Mg 1303.0T 88.7 49.78 49.50
13 A1 1559.6 1 17.8 72.95 72.55
14 Si 1839 149.7*b 99.82 99.42
15 P 2145.5 189* 136* 135*
16 S 2472 230.9 163 .6* 162.5*
17 Cl 2822.4 270* 202* 200*
18 Ar 3205.9* 3263* 250.6T 248.4* 29.3* 15.9* l5.7*
19 K 3608.4* 3786* 297.3* 294.6* 34.8* 18.3* 18.3*
20 Ca 4038.5* 438.41“ 349.71‘ 346.2T 44.31‘ 25.41‘ 25.4’;
21 Sc 4492 498.0* 403.6* 398 .7* 51.1* 283* 283*
22 Ti 4966 560.91‘ 460.21“ 453 .87“ 58.7‘? 32.61‘ 32.6‘;
23 V 5465 626.71 5 19.81 512.11 66.31 37.21 37.21‘
24 Cr 5989 696.01 583.81 574.11 74.11 42.21 42.21
25 Mn 6539 769.11 649.91 638.71 82.31 47.21 47.21
26 Fe 7112 844.61 719.91 706.81 91.31 52.71 52.71
27 Co 7709 925.11 793.21 778.11 101.01 58.91 59.91
28 Ni 8333 1008.61 870.01 852.71 110.81 68.01 66.21
29 Cu 8979 1096.71 952.31 932.7 122.51 77.31 75 .11’
30 Zn 9659 1 196.2* 1044.9* 1021 .8* 139.8* 91 .4* 88 .6* 102* 10.1 *
31 Ga 10367 1299.0*b 1143.21 1 116.41 159.51 103 .51 100.01 18.71 18.71
32 Ge 11103 1414.6*b 1248 . 1 *b 1217.0*b 180.1* 124.9* 120 .8* 29.8 29.2
33 As 11867 1527.0*b 1359.1*b 1323 .6*b 204.7* 146.2* 141 .2* 41 .7* 41 .7*
34 Se 12658 1652.0*b 1474.3*b 1433 .9*b 229.6* 166.5* 160 .7* 555* 54.6*
35 B r 13474 1782* 1596* 1550* 257* 189* 182* 70* 69*
36 Kr 14326 1921 1730.9* 1678.4* 292.8* 2222* 214.4 95 .0* 93 .8* 275* 14.1 * 14.1*
37 Rb 15200 2065 1864 1804 326.7* 248.7* 239.1 * 1130* 1 12* 305* 16.3* 15.3 *
38 Sr 16105 2216 2007 1940 358.71 280.31 270.01 136.01 134.21 38.91 21.3 20.11
39 Y 17038 2373 2156 2080 392.0*b 3l0.6* 298 .8* 15'/.71 155 .81 43 .8* 24.4* 23.1*
40 Zr 17998 2532 2307 2223 430.31 343 .51 329.81 181.11 178.81 50.61 28 .51 27.11
41 Nb 18986 2698 2465 2371 466.61 376.11 360.61 205.01 202.31 56.41 32.61 30.81
42 M0 20000 2866 2625 2520 506.31 41 1 .61 394.01 231.11 227.91 63.21 37.61 35.51
43 Tc 21044 3043 2793 2677 544* 447.6 417.7 257.6 253 .9* 69.5* 42 3* 39.9*
44 Ru 22117 3224 2967 2838 586.1* 483 .51 461.41 284.21 280.01 75.01 46.31 43.21
45 Rh 23220 3412 3146 3004 628.11 521.31 496.51 311.91 307.21 81 .4*b 50.51 47.31
46 Pd 24350 3604 3330 3173 671.61 559.91 532.31 340.51 335 .21 87.1*b 55 .71a 50.91 >-A
|
47 A8 25514 3806 3524 3351 719.01 603 .81‘ 573.01 3'/4.01 368.3 97.01 63 .71 58.31 U3
 Table 1-1. Electron binding energies (continued).
Element lils L1 ZS L2 291/2 L3 2P3/2 M1 3S M2 3P1/2 M3 3P3/2 M4 3113/2 Ms 365/2 N1 4S N2 4P1/2 N3 4P3/2
48 Cd 26711 4018 3727 3538 77201 65261 61841 411.91 40521 10981 6391a 6391a
49 In 27940 4238 3938 3730 82721 70321 66531 451 .41 44391 12291 7351a 7351a >1‘
1

75651 71461 493 .21 4>

50 Sn 29200 4465 4156 3929 88471 48491 137.11 8361a 8361a
51 Sb 30491 4698 4380 4132 9461 81271 76641 537.51 52821 15321 9561a 95 .61a
52 Te 31814 4939 4612 4341 10061 87081 82001 583 .41 57301 16941 10331a 10331a
53 I 33169 5188 4852 4557 1072* 931* 875* 630.8 6193 186* 123* 123*
54 Xe 34561 5453 5107 4786 11487* 10021* 9406* 6890* 6764* 2132* 1467 1455*
55 Cs 35985 5714 5359 5012 1211*b 1071* 1003* 740.5* 7266* 2323* 1724* 1613*
56 Ba 37441 5989 5624 5247 1293*b 1137*b 1063*b 795 .71 7805* 25351 192 17861
57 La 38925 6266 5891 5483 1362*b 1209*b 1128*b 853* 836* 2747* 2058 1960*
58 Ce 40443 6549 6164 5723 1436*b 1274*b 1187*b 9024* 8838* 2910* 2232 2065*
59 Pr 41991 6835 6440 5964 1511 1337 1242 948.3* 9288* 3045 2363 2176
60 Nd 43569 7126 6722 6208 1575 1403 1297 1003 .3* 9804* 3192* 2433 2246
61 Pm 45184 7428 7013 6459 1471 1357 1052 1027 242 242
62 Sm 46834 7737 7312 6716 1723 1541 1420 11 10.9* 10834* 3472* 2656 2474
63 Eu 48519 8052 7617 6977 1800 1614 1481 1 1586* 11275* 360 284 257
64 Gd 50239 8376 7930 7243 1881 1688 1544 1221 .9* 11896* 3786* 286 271
65 Tb 51996 8708 8252 7514 1968 1768 1611 1276.9* 1241l* 3960* 3224* 2841*
66 Dy 53789 9046 8581 7790 2047 1842 1676 1333 12926* 4142* 3335* 2932*
67 H0 55618 9394 8918 8071 2128 1923 1741 1392 1351 4324* 3435 3082*
68 Er 57486 9751 9264 8358 2207 2006 1812 1453 1409 4498* 3662 3202*
69 Tm 59390 10116 9617 8648 2307 2090 1885 1515 1468 4709* 3859* 3326*
70 Yb 61332 10486 9978 8944 2398 2173 1950 1576 1528 4805* 3887* 3397*
 Table 1-1. Electron binding energies (continued).

Element N4 4113/2 N5 4115/2 N6 4T5/2 N7 4f7/2 01 55 02 5P1/2 03 593/2 04 51113/2 Os 5115/2 P1 65 P2 6P1/2 P3 6P3/2
48 Cd 11.71 10.71
49 In 17.71 16.91
50 Sn 24.91 23.91
51 Sb 33.31 32.11
52 Tc 41.91 40.41
53 I 50.6 48.9
54 Xe 69.5* 67.5* 23 .3* 134* 12.1*
55 Cs 798* 775* 22.7 142* 12.1*
56 Ba 92.61 89.91 30.31 17.01 14.81
57 La 105.3* 1025* 34.3* 19.3* 16.8*
58 Cc 109* 0.1 0.1 37.8 198* 170*
59 Pr 115.1* 115 .1 * 2.0 2.0 37.4 22.3 22.3
60 Nd 1205* 120.5* 1.5 1.5 37.5 21.1 21.1
61 Pm 120 120
62 Sm 129 129 5.2 5.2 37.4 21.3 21.3
63 Eu 133 1277* 0 0 32 22 22
64 Gd 1426* 86* 8.6* 36 28 21
65 Tb 1505* 150.5* 77* 24* 45 .6* 287* 22.6*
66 Dy 1536* 1536* 8.0* 4.3* 49.9* 26.3 26.3
67 H0 160* 160* 8.6* 52* 49.3* 308* 24.1*
68 Er 1676* 1676* 47* 506* 314* 247*
69 Tm 175.5* 1755* 4.6 547* 31.8* 25 .0*
>-A
I
70 Yb 191 .2* 182.4* 2.5* 1.3* 520* 30.3* 24.1* U‘!
 Table 1-1. Electron binding energies (continued).

Element I( ls L1 ZS L2 291/2 L3 2113/2 M1 35 M2 3P1/2 M3 3113/2 M4 3113/2 Ms 345/2 N145 N2 4111/2 N3 4113/2
1589 5068* 4124* 3592*
71 Lu 63314 10870 10349 9244 2491 2264 2024 1639
1662 538* 43821 38071
72 Hf 65351 11271 10739 9561 2601 2365 2108 1716
1735 563 41 46341 40091
73 Ta 67416 11682 11136 9881 2708 2469 2194 1793
1809 59411 49041 42361
74 \V 69525 12100 11544 10207 2820 2575 2281 1872

71676 12527 11959 10535 2932 2682 2367 1949 1883 62541 51871 44681
75 Re
65821 54911 47071
76 Os 73871 12968 12385 10871 3049 2792 2457 2031 1960
69111 57781 49581
77 h 76111 13419 12824 11215 3174 2909 2551 2116 2040
72541 60911 51941
78 P1 78395 13880 13273 11564 3296 3027 2645 2202 2122
76211 64271 54631
79Au 80725 14353 13734 11919 3425 3148 2743 2291 2206
80221 68021 57661
80 Hg 83102 14839 14209 12284 3562 3279 2847 2385 2295
84621 72051 60951
81 Tl 85530 15347 14698 12658 3704 3416 2957 2485 2389
89181 76191 64351
82 Pb 88005 15861 15200 13035 3851 3554 3066 2586 2484
9391 80521 67881
83 B1 90524 16388 15711 13419 3999 3696 3177 2688 2580
995* 851* 705*
84 P0 93105 16939 16244 13814 4149 3854 3302 2798 2683
1042* 886* 740*
85 At 95730 17493 16785 14214 4317 4008 3426 2909 2787
1097* 929* 768*
86 Rn 98404 18049 17337 14619 4482 4159 3538 3022 2892
1153* 980* 810*
87 Fr 101137 18639 17907 15031 4652 4327 3663 3136 3000
1208* 1058 879*
88 Ra 103922 19237 18484 15444 4822 4490 3792 3248 3105
19840 19083 15871 5002 4656 3909 3370 3219 1269* 1080* 890*
89 Ac 106755
20472 19693 16300 5182 4830 4046 3491 3332 1330* 1168* 96641
90 Th 109651
1387* 1224* 1007*
91 Pa 112601 21105 20314 16733 5367 5001 4174 3611 3442
21757 20948 17166 5548 5182 4303 3728 3552 1439*b 1271*b 10431
92 U 115606
 Table 1-1. Electron binding energies (continued).
Element N4 4113/2 N5 4115/2 N6 415/2 N7 417/2 01 58 02 5111/2 03 5113/2 04 5113/2 05 5115/2 P1 65 P2 6P1/2 P3 6P3/2
71 Lu 2061* 1963* 89* 75* 573* 336* 267*
72 Hf 22001 21151 1591 1421 6421 38* 2991
73 Ta 23791 22641 2351 2161 6971 422* 3271
74 \V 25591 24351 33.6* 3141 7561 453*b 3681
75 Re 273 .91 26051 429* 405* 831 456* 346*b
76 Os 293.11 27851 5341 5071 84* 58* 4451
77 Ir 31L91 29631 63.81 6081 952*b 630*b 4801
78 Pt 331.61 31461 7451 7121 1017*b 653*b 5171
79 Au 353.21 33511 8761 840 1072*b 7421 5721
80 Hg 37821 35881 10401 9991 1271 83.11 6451 961 781
81 T1 40571 38501 12221 11781 1360*b 9461 7351 1471 1251
82 Pb 43431 41221 14171 13691 147*b 10641 8331 2071 1811
83 Bi 46401 44011 16231 15701 1593*b 11901 9261 2691 2381
84 Po 500* 473* 184* 184* 177* 132* 104* 31* 31*
85 A1 533* 507 210* 210* 195* 148* 115* 40* 40*
86 Rn 567* 541* 238* 238* 214* 164* 127* 48* 48* 26
87 Fr 603* 577* 268* 268* 234* 182* 140* 58* 58* 34 15 15
88 Ra 636* 603* 299* 299* 254* 200* 153* 68* 68* 44 19 19
89 Ac 675* 639* 319* 319* 272* 215* 167* 80* 80*
90 Th 71211 67521 34241 333.11 290*a 229*a 182*a 9251 8541 4141 2451 1661
91 Pa 743* 708* 371* 360* 310* 232* 232* 94* 94*
92 U 77831 73621 3882* 37741 321*ab 257*ab 192*ab 10281 9421 4391 2681 1681
1-1
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 Table I-2. Photon energies, in electron volts, ofprincipal K-, L-, and M-shell emission llI’l€S

Element KG1 K G2 K/31 L121 La; L,61 Lfl; L71 M011

3 Li 54.3
4 Be 108.5
5 B 183.3
6 C 277
7 N 392.4
8 O 524.9
9 F 676.8
10 N0 848.6 848.6
11 Na 1,040.98 1,040.98 1,071.1
12 Mg 1,253.60 1,253.60 1,302.2
13 A1 1,486.70 1,486.27 1,557.45
14 Si 1,739.98 1,739.38 1,835.94
15 P 2,013.7 2,012.7 2,139.1
16 S 2,307.84 2,306.64 2,464.04
17 C1 2,622.39 2,620.78 2,815.6
18 Ar 2,957.70 2,955.63 3,190.5
19 K 3,313.8 3,311.1 3,589.6
20 Ca 3,691.68 3,688.09 4,012.7 341.3 341.3 344.9
21 Sc 4,090.6 4,086.1 4,460.5 395.4 395.4 399.6
 Table 1-2. Energies ofx-ray emission lines (continued). ’“‘

Element K121 Kw; K/31 L U1 La; 1451 Lfl; L71 M 0'1

22 Ti 4,510.84 4,504.86 4,931.81 452.2 452.2 458.4

23 V 4,952.20 4,944.64 5,427.29 511.3 511.3 519.2
24 Cr 5,414.72 5,405.509 5,946.71 572.8 572.8 582.8
25 Mn 5,898.75 5,887.65 6,490.45 637.4 637.4 648.8
26 Fe 6,403.84 6,390.84 7,057.98 705.0 705.0 718.5
27 C0 6,930.32 6,915.30 7,649.43 776.2 776.2 791.4
28 Ni 7,478.15 7,460.89 8,264.66 851.5 851.5 868.8
29 Cu 8,047.78 8,027.83 8,905.29 929.7 929.7 949.8
30 Zn 8,638.86 8,615.78 9,572.0 1,011.7 1,011.7 1,034.7
31 Ga 9,251.74 9,224.82 10,264.2 1,097.92 1,097.92 1,124.8
32 Ge 9,886.42 9,855.32 10,982.1 1,188.00 1,188.00 1,218.5
33 As 10,543.72 10,507.99 11,726.2 1,282.0 1,282.0 1,317.0
34 Se 11,2224 11,1814 12,4959 1,379.10 1,379.10 1,419.23
35 Br 11,9242 11,877.6 13,291.4 1,480.43 1,480.43 1,525.90
36 Kr 12,649 12,598 14,112 1,586.0 1,586.0 1,636.6
37 Rb 13,395.3 13,335.8 14,961.3 1,694.13 1,692.56 1,752.17
38 Sr 14,165 14,097.9 15,835.7 1,806.56 1,804.74 1,871.72
39 Y 14,958.4 14,882.9 16,7378 1,922.56 1,920.47 1,995.84
40 Zr 15,775.1 15,690.9 17,667.8 2,042.36 2,039.9 2,124.4’ 2,219.4 2,302.7
41 Nb 16,615.1 16,521.0 18,622.5 2,165.89 2,163.0 2,257.4 2,367.0 2,461.8
42 M0 17,479.34 17,3743 19,608.3 2,293.16 2,289.85 2,394.81 2,518.3 2,623.5
43 Tc 18,367.1 18,250.8 20,619 2,424 2,420 2,538 2,674 2,792
44 Ru 19,279.2 19,150.4 21,656.8 2,558.55 2,554.31 2,683.23 2,836.0 2,964.5
45 Rh 20,216.1 20,073.7 22,723.6 2,696.74 2,692.05 2,834.41 3,001.3 3,143.8
46 Pd 21,177.1 2l,020.1 23,818.7 2,838.61 2,833.29 2,990.22 3,171.79 3,328.7
47 Ag 22,162.92 21,990.3 24,942.4 2,984.31 2,978.21 3,150.94 3,347.81 3,519.59
48 Cd 23,173.6 22,984.1 26,095.5 3,133.73 3,126.91 3,316.57 3,528.12 3,716.86
49 In 24,209.7 24,002.0 27,275.9 3,286.94 3,279.29 3,487.21 3,713.81 3,920.81
50 Sn 25,271.3 25,044.0 28,486.0 3,443.98 3,435.42 3,662.80 3,904.86 4,131.12
51 Sb 26,359.1 26,110.8 29,725.6 3,604.72 3,595.32 3,843.57 4,100.78 4,347.79
52 Te 27,472.3 27,201.7 30,995.7 3,769.33 3,758.8 4,029.58 4,301.7 4,570.9
53 I 28,612.0 28,317.2 32,294.7 3,937.65 3,926.04 4,220.72 4,507.5 4,800.9
54 Xe 29,779 29,458 33,624 4,109.9
55 Cs 30,972.8 30,625.1 34,986.9 4,286.5 4,272.2 4,619.8 4,935.9 5,280.4
56 Ba 32,193.6 31,817.1 36,378.2 4,466.26 4,450.90 4,827.53 5,156.5 5,531.1
57 La 33,441.8 33,034.1 37,801.0 4,650.97 4,634.23 5,042.1 5,383.5 5,788.5 833
58 Ce 34,719.7 34,278.9 39,257.3 4,840.2 4,823.0 5,262.2 5,613.4 6,052 883
59 Pr 36,0263 35,550.2 40,748.2 5,033.7 5,013.5 5,488.9 5,850 6,322.1 929
60 Nd 37,3610 36,847.4 42,271.3 5,230.4 5,207.7 5,721.6 6,089.4 6,602.1 978 y_1
I

61 Pm 38,724.7 38,171.2 43,826 5,432.5 5,407.8 5,961 6,339 6,892 ;_¢

;_¢

62 Sm 40,118.1 39,522.4 45,413 5,636.1 5,609.0 6,205.1 6,586 7,178 1,081

 >_a
Table 1-2. Energies ofx-ray emission lines (conlinueafl. I
>—l
N
Element K011 K012 K/31 L611 L112 L151 L132 Ln M 0'1

63 Eu 415422 40,901.9 47,037.9 5,845.7 5,816.6 6,456.4 6,843.2 7,480.3 1,131

64 Gd 429962 42,308.9 48,697 6,057.2 6,025.0 6,713.2 7,102.8 7,785.8 1,185
65 Tb 444816 43,744.1 50,382 6,272.8 6,238.0 6,978 7,366.7 8,102 1,240
66 Dy 45,998.4 45,207.8 52,119 6,495.2 6,457.7 7,247.7 7,635.7 8,418.8 1,293
67 H0 475467 46,699.7 53,877 6,719.8 6,679.5 7,525.3 7,911 8,747 1,348
68 Er 495277 48,221.1 55,681 6,948.7 6,905.0 7,810.9 8,189.0 9,089 1,406
69 Tm 507416 49,772.6 57,517 7,179.9 7,133.1 8,101 8,468 9,426 1,462
70 Yb 52,388.9 51,354.0 59,370 7,415.6 7,367.3 8,401.8 8,758.8 9,780.1 1,521.4
71 Lu 54,0698 52,965.0 61,283 7,655.5 7,604.9 8,709.0 9,048.9 10,143.4 1,581.3
72 Hf 557902 54,611.4 63,234 7,899.0 7,844.6 9,022.7 9,347.3 10,515.8 1,644.6
73 Ta 57532 56,277 65,223 8,146.1 8,087.9 95431 9,651.8 10,895.2 1,710
74 W 5951824 57,981.7 67,244.3 8,397.6 8,335.2 9,672.35 9,961.5 11,285.9 1,775.4
75 Re 615403 59,717.9 69,310 8,652.5 8,586.2 10,010.0 10,275.2 11,685.4 1,842.5
76 Os 630005 61,486.7 71,413 8,911.7 8,841.0 10,355.3 10,598.5 12,095.3 1,910.2
77 Ir 64,895.6 63,286.7 73,560.8 9,175.1 9,099.5 10,708.3 10,920.3 12,512.6 1,979.9
78 Pt 66532 65,112 75,748 9,442.3 9,361.8 11,0707 11,250.5 12,942.0 2,050.5
79 Au 68,803.7 66,989.5 77,984 9,713.3 9,628.0 11,442.3 11,584.7 13,381.7 2,122.9
80 Hg 70819 68,895 80,253 9,988.8 9,897.6 11,822.6 11,924.1 13,830.1 2,195.3
81 T1 728715 70,831.9 82,576 10,268.5 10,172.8 12,213.3 12,27.1.5 14,291.5 2,270.6
Pb 74,969.4 72,804.2 84,936 10,55l.5 10,449.5 12,6137 12,622.6 14,764.4 2,345.5
Bi 77,107.9 74,814.8 87,343 10,838.8 10,730.91 13,023.5 12,979.9 15,247.7 2,422.6
P0 79,290 76,862 89,800 11,130.8 11,015.8 13,447 13,340.4 15,744
At 81,520 78,950 92,300 11,426.8 11,304.8 13,876 16,251
Rn 83,780 81,070 94,870 11,727.0 11,597.9 14,316 16,770
Fr 86,100 83,230 97,470 12,031.3 11,895.0 14,770 14,450 17,303
Ra 88,470 85,430 100,130 12,339.7 12,196.2 15,235.8 14,841.4 17,849
Ac 90,884 87,670 102,850 12,652.0 12,500.8 15,713 18,408
Th 93,350 89,953 105,609 12,968.7 12,809.6 16,202.2 15,623.7 18,982.5 2,996.1
Pa 95,868 92,287 108,427 13,290.7 13,122.2 16,702 16,024 19,568 3,082.3
U 98,439 94,665 111,300 13,614.7 13,438.8 17,220.0 16,428.3 20,167.1 3,170.8
N19 13,944.1 13,759.7 17,7502 l6,840.0 20,784.8
Pu 14,278.6 14,084.2 18,2937 17,255.3 21,417.3
Am l4,617.2 14,411.9 18,852.0 17,676.5 22,065.2
 wag
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 Table 1-3. Photon energies and relative intensities ofK-, L-, and M-shell lines shown in Fig. I-1, arranged by
increasing energy. An intensity 0f100 is assigned to the strongest Zine in each shellfor each element.

Energy Relative 524.9 8O K01,2 851.5 28 Ni L01,2

(QV) Element Line intensity 556.3 25 Mn L1 868.8 28 Ni L51
54.3 3 Li K01,2 150 572.8 24 Cr L01,2 883 58 Ce M011
108.5 4Be K01,2 150 582.8 24 Cr L51 884 30 Zn Ll
183.3 5B K01,2 151 615.2 26 Fe L1 929.2 59 Pr M011

277 6C K01,2 147 637.4 25 Mn L01,2 929.7 29 Cu L01,2

348.3 21 Sc Ll 21 648.8 25 Mn L51 949.8 29 Cu L51
392.4 7N K012 150 676.8 9F K01,2 957.2 31 Ga L1
395.3 22 Ti Ll 46 677.8 27 C0 L1 978 60 Nd M001

395.4 21 Sc L01,2 111 705.0 26 Fe L(X1’2 1,011.7 30 Zn L01,2

399.6 21 Sc L51 77 718.5 26 Fe L51 1,034.7 30 Zn L51
446.5 23 V Ll 28 742.7 28 Ni Ll 1,036.2 32 Ge L1

452.2 22 Ti L01,2 111 776.2 27 Co L012 1,041.0 11 Na K01,2

458.4 22 Ti L51 79 791.4 27 C0 L51 1,081 62 Sm MOL1

500.3 24 Cr Ll 17 811.1 29 Cu L1 1,097.9 31 Ga L011 ,2

511.3 23 V L011; 111 833 57 La M011 1,120 33 As L1

519.2 23 V L51 80 848.6 10 Ne K01,2 1,124.8 31 Ga L51

>_a
I
>—~
U1
 Table 1-3. Energies and intensities ofx-ray emission lines (continued).

Energy Relative 1 3462 69 Tm M011 1,740.0 14 Si K011

(W) Element Line intensity 1,480.4 35 Br L01,2 1,752.2 37 Rb L51
1-1
1,131 63 Eu M011 100 1,482.4 37 Rb L1 1,775.4 74 W M011 1
>—~
C\
1,185 64 Gd M011 100 1,486.3 13 Al K012 1,792.0 40 Zr L1
1,188.0 32 Ge L01,2 111 1,486.7 13 A1 K011 1,804.7 38 Sr L012
1,204.4 34 Se L1 6 1,521.4 70 Yb M011 1,806.6 38 Sr L011
1,218.5 32 Ge L51 60 1,525.9 35 Br L51 1,835.9 14 Si K51
1,240 65 Tb M011 100 1,557.4 13 A1 K51 1,842.5 75 Re M011
1,253.6 12 Mg K012 150 1,581.3 71 Lu M011 1,871.7 38 Sr L51
1,282.0 33 As L01,2 111 1,582.2 38 Sr L1 1,902.2 41 Nb Ll
1,293 66 Dy M011 100 1,586.0 36 Kr L01,2 1,910.2 76 Os M011
1,293.5 35 Br L1 5 1,636.6 36 Kr L51 1,920.5 39 Y L012
1,317.0 33 As L51 60 1,644.6 72 Hf M011 1,922.6 39 Y L011
1,348 67 H0 M011 100 1,685.4 39 Y L1 1,979.9 77 Ir M011
1,379.1 34 Se L01,2 111 1,692.6 37 Rb L012 1,995.8 39 Y L51
1,386 36 Kr Ll 5 1,694.1 37 Rb L011 2,012.7 15 P K012
1,406 68 Er M011 100 1,709.6 73 Ta M011 2,013.7 15 P K011
1,419.2 34 Se L51 59 1,739.4 14 Si K012 2,015.7 42 M0 L1
25399 40 Zr L02 25670 41 Nb L52,15 2,696.7 45 Rh L011

25424 40 Zr L011 25765 45 Rh L1 2,767.4 48 Cd L1

25505 78 Pt M01 25948 42 Mo L51 2,792 43 Tc LY1
2522 43 Tc L1 2520 43 Tc L012 2,815.6 17 C1 K51
25229 79 Au M011 25226 83 Bi M011 2,833.3 46 Pd L112

25245 40 Zr L51 2524 43 Tc LU] 2,834.4 45 Rh L51

25391 15 P K51 25618 41 Nb LY1 2,836.0 44 Ru L52,15
25630 41 Nb L02 25640 16 S K51 2,838.6 46 Pd LQ1

25659 41 Nb L011 25034 46 Pd L1 2,904.4 49 In L1

25953 80 Hg M01 25183 42 M0 L52,15 2,955.6 18 Ar- K(X2

22194 40 Zr L52,15 2538 43 Tc L51 2,957.7 18 Ar K011

22528 44 Ru L1 25543 44 Ru L02 2,964.5 44 Ru LY1

22574 41 Nb L51 25586 44 Ru L(X1 2,978.2 47 Ag LU2

22706 81 T1 1401 25208 17 C1 K(X2 2,984.3 47 Ag LU1

22898 42 Mo L012 25224 17 C1 KU1 2,990.2 46 Pd L51

22932 42 M0 L011 25235 42 Mo LY1 2,996.1 90 Th M011

25027 40 Zr LY1 25337 47 Ag L1 3,001.3 45 Rh L52,15

25066 16 S K012 2574 43 Tc L52,15 3,045.0 50 Sn L1
25078 16 S K011 25832 44 Ru L51 3,126.9 48 Cd L012

25455 82 Pb M01 25920 45 Rh LIX2 3,133.7 48 Cd L011

1-
1
>—
\l
 Table I-3. Energies and intensities ofx-ray emission lines (continued).

Energy Relative 3,487.2 49 In L51 3,937.6 531 L01

(W) Element Line intensity 3,519.6 47 Ag LY1 3,954.1 56 Ba L1
3,143.8 45 Rh L/Y1 5 3,528.1 48 Cd L52,15 4,012.7 20 Ca K51,3 1-A
I
>.-1

3,150.9 47 Ag L131 56 3,589.6 19 K K515 4,029.6 52 Te L51 O6

3,170.8 92 U M011 100 3,595.3 51 Sb L012 4,086.1 21 Sc K012

3,171.8 46 Pd L5255 12 3,604.7 51 Sb L011 4,090.6 21 Sc K01
3,188.6 51 Sb L1 4 3,636 54 Xe L1 4,093 54 Xe L02
3,190.5 18 Ar K1313 10 3,662.8 50 Sn L51 4,100.8 51 Sb L52,15
3,279.3 49 In L012 11 3,688.1 20 Ca K02 4,109.9 54 Xe L011
3,286.9 49 In L011 100 3,691.7 20 Ca K011 4,124 57 La L1
3,311.1 19 K K012 3,713.8 49 In L52,15 4,131.1 50 Sn LY1
3,313.8 19 K K011 100 3,716.9 48 Cd LY1 4,220.7 531 L51
3,316.6 48 Cd L131 58 3,758.8 52 Te L012 4,272.2 55 Cs L012
3,328.7 46 Pd IJY1 6 3,769.3 52 Te L011 4,286.5 55 Cs L011
3,335.6 52 Te L1 4 3,795.0 55 Cs L1 4,287.5 58 Ce L1

3,347.8 47 Ag L52,15 13 3,843.6 51 Sb L51 4,301.7 52 Te L52,15

3,435.4 50 Sn L012 11 3,904.9 50 Sn L52,15 4,347.8 51 Sb LY1
3,444.0 50 Sn L011 100 3,920.8 49 In LY1 4,414 54 Xe L51
3,485.0 53 I L1 4 3,926.0 53 I L012 4,450.9 56 Ba L012
4,453.2 59 Pr L1 4,952.2 23 V K01 5,531.1 56 Ba LY1
4,460.5 21 Sc K51,3 4,994.5 62 Sm L1 5,546.7 65 Tb Ll
4,466.3 56 Ba L(X1 5,013.5 59 Pr L012 5,609.0 62 Sm L(X2

4,504.9 22 Ti K012 5,033.7 59 Pr L011 5,613.4 58 Ce L52,15

4,507.5 53 I L5255 5,034 54 Xe L71 5,636.1 62 Sm L(X1

4,510.8 22 Ti K011 5,042.1 57 La L51 5,721.6 60 Nd L51

4,570.9 52 Te LY1 5,156.5 56 Ba L52,15 5,743.1 66 Dy L1
4,619.8 55 Cs L51 5,177.2 63 Eu L1 5,788.5 57 La LY1
4,633.0 60 Nd Ll 5,207.7 60 Nd L012 5,816.6 63 Eu LCX2

4,634.2 57 La L012 5,230.4 60 Nd I./(X1 5,845.7 63 Eu L011

4,651.0 57 La LU1 5,262.2 58 Ce L51 5,850 59 Pr L52,15
4,714 54 Xe L5255 5,280.4 55 Cs L71 5,887.6 25 Mn KU2

4,800.9 53 I LY1 5,362.1 64 Gd Ll 5,898.8 25 Mn K(X1

4,809 61 Pm L1 5,383.5 57 La L52,15 5,943.4 67 Ho L1

4,823.0 58 Ce LQ2 5,405.5 24 Cr K012 5,946.7 24 Cr K51,3
4,827.5 56 Ba L51 5,408 61 Pm L112 5,961 61 Pm L51
4,840.2 58 Ce L011 5,414.7 24 Cr K011 6,025.0 64 Gd LUZ

4,931.8 22 Ti K51,3 5,427.3 23 V K51,3 6,052 58 Ce LY1

4,935.9 55 Cs L52,15 5,432 61 Pm L(X1 6,057.2 64 Gd LQ1

4,944.6 23 V KU.2 5,488.9 59 Pr L51 6,089.4 60 Nd L52,15

>—A
>'-
\D
 Table 1-3. Energies and intensities ofx-ray emission lines (continued).

Energy Relative 6,713.2 64 Gd L51 7,367.3 70 Yb L012

(9V) Element Line intensity 6,719.8 67 Ho L01 7,387.8 74 W L1
6,152 68 Er L1 4 6,752.8 71 Lu L1 7,415.6 70 Yb L01
6,205.1 62 Sm L131 61 6,843.2 63 Eu L52,15 7,460.9 28 Ni K012
6,238.0 65 Tb L112 1 1 6,892 61 Pm LY1 7,478.2 28 Ni K01
6,272.8 65 Tb 6,905.0 68 Er L012 7,480.3 63 Eu LY1
6,322.1 59 Pr I./Y1 9 6,915.3 27 Co K02 7,525.3 67 H0 L51
6,339 61 Pm L132 21 6,930.3 27 C0 K011 7,603.6 75 Re L1
6,341.9 69 Tm L1 4 6,948.7 68 Er L01 7,604.9 71 Lu L012
6,390.8 26 Fe KHZ 6,959.6 72 Hf L1 7,635.7 66 Dy L52
6,403.8 26 Fe K011 6,978 65 Tb L51 7,649.4 27 C0 K51,3
6,456.4 63 Eu L131 62 7,058.0 26 Fe K515 7,655.5 71 Lu L01
6,457.7 66 Dy LUZ 1 1 7,102.8 64 Gd L52,15 7,785.8 64 Gd LY1
6,490.4 25 Mn K1313 17 7,133.1 69 Tm L02 7,810.9 68 Er L51
6,495.2 66 Dy L01 100 7,173.1 73 Ta L1 7,822.2 76 Os L1
6,545.5 70 Yb L1 4 7,178.0 62 Sm LY1 7,844.6 72 Hf L012
6,587.0 62 Sm L52,15 21 7,179.9 69 Tm L01 7,899.0 72 Hf L011
6,602.1 60 Nd L/Y1 7,247.7 66 Dy L51 7,911 67 H0 L52, 15
6,679.5 67 H0 L112 1. 1 7,366.7 65 Tb L52,15 8,027.8 29 Cu K(X2
8,045.8 77 Ir L1 8,721.0 80 Hg L1 9,442.3 78 Pt LU1

8,047.8 29 Cu K011 8,747 67 H0 LY1 9,572.0 30 Zn K51,3

8,087.9 73 Ta L012 8,758.8 70 Yb L52,15 9,628.0 79 Au L012

8,101 69 Tm L51 8,841.0 76 Os L012 9,651.8 73 Ta L52

8,102 65 Tb LY1 8,905.3 29 Cu K51,3 9,672.4 74 W L51
8,146.1 73 Ta L011 8,911.7 76 Os L01 9,713.3 79 Au L011

8,189.0 68 Er L52,15 8,953.2 81 T1 L1 9,780.1 70 Yb LY1

8,264.7 28 Ni K51,3 9,022.7 72 Hf L51 9,855.3 32 Ge KHZ

8,268 78 Pt L1 9,048.9 71 Lu L52 9,886.4 32 Ge K011

8,335.2 74 W L012 9,089 68 Er LY1 9,897.6 80 Hg LUZ

8,397.6 74 W L011 9,099.5 77 Ir L012 9,961.5 74 W L52

8,401.8 70 Yb L51 9,175.1 77 Ir L011 9,988.8 80 Hg L(X1

8,418.8 66 Dy LY1 9,184.5 82 Pb L1 10,010.0 75 Re L51

8,468 69 Tm L52,15 9,224.8 31 Ga K012 10,143.4 71 Lu LY1
8,493.9 79 Au L1 9,251.7 31 Ga K01 10,172.8 81 T1 L(X2

8,586.2 75 Re L02 9,343.1 73 Ta L51 10,260.3 31 Ga K53

8,615.8 30 Zn K02 9,347.3 72 Hf L52 10,264.2 31 Ga K51
8,638.9 30 Zn K011 9,361.8 78 Pt L02 10,268.5 81 T1 L011
8,652.5 75 Re L011 9,420.4 83 Bi L1 10,275.2 75 Re L52
8,709.0 71 Lu L51 9,426 69 Tm LY1 10,355.3 76 Os L51 1-
1
l\J
>—~
 Table I-3. Energies and intensities ofx-ray emission lines (continued).

Energy Relative 11250.5 78 Pt L52 12,598 36 Kr KG2

(eV) Element Line intensity 11,285.9 74 W LY1 12,613.7 82 Pb L51

10,449.5 82 Pb L012 11 11,442.3 79 Au L51 12,622.6 82 Pb L52
1-1
1
l\J
10,508.0 33 As K012 51 11,584.7 79 Au L52 12,649 36 Kr K011
l\)

10,515.8 72 Hf L71 12 11,618.3 92 U L1 12,652 34 Se K52

10,543.7 33 As K011 100 11,685.4 75 Re LY1 12,809.6 90 Th LUZ

10,551.5 82 Pb L011 100 11,720.3 33 As K53 12,942.0 78 Pt LY1

10,598.5 76 Os L132 22 11,7262 33 As K51 12,9687 90 Th LU1

10,708.3 77 Ir L131 66 11,8226 80 Hg L51 12,9799 83 Bi L52

10,730.9 83 Bi L012 11 11,864 33 As K52 13,0235 83 Bi L51
10,838.8 83 Bi L011 100 11,8776 35 Br K012 13,284.5 35 Br K53
10,895.2 73 Ta Ly1 12 11,9241 80 Hg L52 13291.4 35 Br K51
10,920.3 77 Ir L152 22 11,924.2 35 Br K01 13,3358 37 Rb KQZ

10,978.0 32 Ge K133 6 12,0953 76 Os LY1 13,381.7 79 Au LY1

10,982.1 32 Ge K151 60 12,213.3 81 T1 L51 13,3953 37 Rb K(X1

11,070.7 78 Pt LB1 67 12,271.5 81 T1 L52 13,438.8 92 U L012

11,118.6 90 Th L1 6 12,489.6 34 Se K53 13,4695 35 Br K52

11,181.4 34 Se K012 ' 52 12,495.9 34 Se K51 13,614.7 92 U L011

11,222.4 34 Se K011 100 12,512.6 77 Ir LY1 13,830.1 80 Hg L71

14,097.9 38 Sr K012 16,202.2 90 Th L51 19,150.4 44 Ru KG2

14,104 36 Kr K53 16,428.3 92 U L52 19,279.2 44 Ru K(X1

14,112 36 Kr K51 16,521.0 41 Nb K012 19,590.3 42 M0 K53

14,165.0 38 Sr K011 16,615.1 41 Nb K01 19,608.3 42 M0 K51
14,291.5 81 T1 LY1 16,725.8 39 Y K53 19,965.2 42 M0 K52
14,315 36Kr K52 16,737.8 39 Y K51 20,073.7 45 Rh KQ2

14,764.4 82 Pb LY1 17,015.4 39 Y K52 20,167.1 92 U LY1

14,882.9 39 Y K012 17,220.0 92 U L51 20,216.1 45 Rh KG]

14,951.7 37 Rb K53 17,374.3 42 M0 K012 20,599 43 Tc K53

14,958.4 39 Y K011 17,479.3 42 M0 K011 20,619 43 Tc K51
14,961.3 37 Rb K51 17,654 40 Zr K53 21,005 43 Tc K52
15,185 37 Rb K52 17,667.8 40 Zr K51 2l,020.1 46 Pd K012

15,247.7 83 Bi LY1 17,970 40 Zr K52 21,177.1 46 Pd KU1

15,623.7 90 Th L52 l8,250.8 43 Tc K02 21,634.6 44 Ru K53

15,690.9 40 Zr K02 18,367.1 43 Tc K011 21,656.8 44 Ru K51
15,775.1 40 Zr K011 18,606.3 41 Nb K53 21,990.3 47 Ag KQ2

15,824.9 38 Sr K53 18,622.5 41 Nb K51 22,074 44 Ru K52

15,8357 38 Sr K51 18,953 41 Nb K52 22,162.9 47 Ag K(X1

16,084.6 38 Sr K52 18,982.5 90 Th LY1 22,698.9 45 Rh K53

\-A
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 Table I-3. Energies and intensities ofx-ray emission lines (continued).

Energy Relative 26,359.1 51 Sb K011 30,9728 55 Cs K011

(9V) Element Line intensity 26,643.8 48 Cd K52 30,995.7 52 Te K51

22,7236 45 Rh K151 16 27,201.7 52 Te KQ2 31,700.4 52 Te K52
22,984.1 48 Cd K012 53 27,237.7 49 In K53 31,8171 56 Ba KU2

23,1728 45 Rh K152 4 27,275.9 49 In K51 32,193.6 56 Ba KQ1

23,173.6 48 Cd K011 100 27,472.3 52 Te KG] 32,239.4 53 I K53

23,7911 46 Pd K153 8 27,8608 49 In K52 32,294.7 53 I K51
23,8187 46 Pd K151 16 28,317.2 53 I KG2 33,0341 57 La K(X.2

24,002.0 49 In K012 53 28,444.0 50 Sn K53 33,042 53 I K52

24,209.7 49 In K011 100 28,486.0 50 Sn K51 33,441.8 57 La KU1
24,299.1 46 Pd K152 4 28,612.0 53 I KG] 33,562 54 Xe K53
24,911.5 47 Ag K133 9 29,109.3 50 Sn K52 33,624 54 Xe K51
24,942.4 47 Ag K151 16 29,458 54 Xe KQ2 34,278.9 58 Ce K012

25,044.0 50 Sn K012 53 29,679.2 51 Sb K53 34,415 ~54 Xe K52

25,271.3 50 Sn K011 100 29,725.6 51 Sb K51 34,7197 58 Ce K011

25,456.4 47 Ag K152 4 29,779 54 Xe K111 34,9194 55 Cs K53

26,061.2 48 Cd K153 9 30,389.5 51 Sb K52 34,9869 55 Cs K51
26,0955 48 Cd K151 17 30,625.1 55 Cs K012 35,550.2 59 Pr KHZ

26,110.8 51 Sb K012 54 30,9443 52 Te K53 35,822 55 Cs K52

36,026.3 59 Pr KU1 41,542.2 63 Eu K011 47,037.9 63 Eu K51
36,304.0 56 Ba K53 41,773 59 Pr K52 47,546.7 67 Ho K011
36,378.2 56 Ba K51 42,166.5 60 Nd K53 48,221.1 68 Er K02
36,847.4 60 Nd K012 42,271.3 60 Nd K51 48,256 63 Eu K52
37,257 56 Ba K52 42,3089 64 Gd K012 48,555 64 Gd K53
37,36l.0 60 Nd K011 42,9962 64 Gd K(X1 48,697 64 Gd K51
37,720.2 57 La K53 43,335 60 Nd K52 49,127.7 68 Er K011
37,801.0 57 La K51 43,713 61 Pm K53 49,772.6 69 Tm K02
38,171.2 61 Pm K(X2 43,7441 65 Tb K012 49,959 64 Gd K52
38,724.7 61 Pm K(X1 43,826 61 Pm K51 50,229 65 Tb K53
38,729.9 57 La K52 44,4816 65 Tb K011 50,382 65 Tb K51
39,170.1 58 Ce K53 44,942 61 Pm K52 50,741.6 69 Tm K01
39,257.3 58 Ce K51 45,207.8 66 Dy K(X2 51,354.0 70 Yb K02
39,522.4 62 Sm KHZ 45,289 62 Sm K53 51,698 65 Tb K52
40,1 18.1 62 Sm K(X1 45,413 62 Sm K51 51,957 66 Dy K53
40,233 58 Ce K52 45,9984 66 Dy K011 52,119 66 Dy K51
40,652.9 59 Pr K53 46,578 62 Sm K52 52,3 88.9 70 Yb K01
40,748.2 59 Pr K51 46,699.7 67 H0 KQ2 52,965.0 71 Lu K012
40,901.9 63 Eu KQ2 46,903.6 63 Eu K53 53,476 66 Dy K52
>_a
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 Table I-3. Energies and intensities ofx-ray emission lines (continued).
Energy Relative 59,370 70 Yb K51 66,989.5 79 Au K012
(W) Element Line intensity 59,7l7.9 75 Re K012 66,990 73 Ta K52
53,711 67 Ho K153 11 60,980 70 Yb K52 67,244.3 74 W K51
53,877 67 Ho K151 20 61,050 71 Lu K53 68,803.7 79 Au K01
54,069.8 71 Lu K011 100 61,140.3 75 Re K011 68,895 80 Hg K02
54,611.4 72 Hf K012 57 61,283 71 Lu K51 68,994 75 Re K53
55,293 67 H0 K152 7 61,486.7 76 Os K012 69,067 74 W K52
55,494 68 Er K153 11 62,970 71 Lu K52 69,310 75 Re K51
55,681 68 Er K151 21 62,980 72 Hf K53 70,819 80 Hg K01
55,790.2 72 Hf K011 100 63,000.5 76 Os KG] 70,831.9 81 T1 K012
56,277 73 Ta K012 57 63,234 72 Hf K51 71,077 76 Os K53
57,210 68 Er K152 7 63,286.7 77 Ir K012 71,232 75 Re K52
57,304 69 Tm K153 11 64,895.6 77 Ir K011 71,413 76 Os K51
57,517 69 Tm K151 21 64,948.8 73 Ta K53 72,804.2 82 Pb K02
57,532 73 Ta K011 100 64,980 72 Hf K52 72,871.5 81 Tl K01
57,981.7 74 W K012 58 65,112 78 Pt KG2 73,202.7 77 Ir K53
59,090 69 Tm K152 7 65,223 73 Ta K51 73,363 76 Os K52
59,140 70 Yb K153 11 66,832 78 Pt K011 73,560.8 77 Ir K51
59,318.2 74 W K011 100 66,951.4 74 W K53 74,814.8 83 Bi K012
74,969.4 82 Pb K011 82,118 81 Tl K53 89,953 90 Th K012
75,368 78 Pt K53 82,515 80 Hg K52 93,350 90 Th K011
75,575 77 Ir K52 82,576 81 T1 K51 94,665 92 U K012
75,748 78 Pt K51 84,450 82 Pb K53 98,439 92 U K01
77,107.9 83 Bi K011 84,910 81 T1 K52 104,831 90 Th K53
77,580 79 Au K53 84,936 82 Pb K51 105,609 90 Th K51
77,850 78 Pt K52 86,834 83 Bi K53 108,640 90 Th K52
77,984 79 Au K51 87,320 82 Pb K52 110,406 92 U K53
79,822 80 Hg K53 87,343 83 Bi K51 111,300 92 U K51
80,150 79 Au K52 89,830 83 Bi K52 114,530 92 U K52
80,253 80 Hg K51

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with the number ofelectrons in the ion before ionization and with the symbolfor the neutral atom with
the same number ofelectrons.

Element 1(H) 2 (He) 3 (Li) 4 (Be) 10 (Ne) ll (Na) 12 (Mg) 27 (C0) 28 (NI) 29 (Cu)
6C 490.0 3921 64.49 47.89
7N 667.1 5521 97.89 77.48
8O 871.4 7393 138.11 113.90
9F 1103 .1 9539 185.18 157.15
10Ne 1362.2 11958 239.09 207.26 21.564
11Na 1648.7 14651 299.86 264.21 47.286 5.139
12 Mg 1962.7 17618 367.5 328.0 80.143 15.035 7.646
13 A1 2304.2 20860 442.0 398.7 119.99 28.447 18.828
14 Si 2673.2 24377 523.4 476.3 166.42 45.12 33.64
15P 3070 28169 611.7 560.8 220.31 65.02 51.50
16S 3494 3224 707.0 652.1 281.00 88.05 72.59
17 C1 3946 3658 809.2 750.5 348.5 114.20 96.84
18 Ar 4426 4121 918.4 855.8 422.8 143.46 124.24
19K 4934 4611 1034.6 968.0 503.9 175.82 154.75
20 Ca 5470 5129 1157.7 1087.3 591.9 211.28 188.38
21 Sc 6034 5675 1288.0 1213.6 686.6 249.84 225.13
22 Ti 6626 6249 1425.3 1346.9 788.2 291.50 264.98
23V 7246 6851 1569.7 1487.3 896.6 336.3 307.9
24 Cr 7895 7482 1721.2 1634.8 1011.8 384.2 354.0
25 Mn 8572 8141 1879.9 1789.5 1133.8 435.2 403.2
26 Fe 9278 8828 2045.8 1951.3 1262.7 489.3 455.6
27Co 10012 9544 22189 21204 13983 5466 5110 786
28N1 10775 10289 23993 2296.7 15408 607.0 5697 1817 763
29Cu 11568 11063 25870 24802 16902 6706 6314 3683 2029 773
30Zn 12389 11865 2782.0 26711 18464 7373 6964 5957 3972 1796
31(3a 13239 12696 29844 28694 20094 8073 7645 860 634 307
32Ge 14119 13557 3194 3075 21793 8804 8358 1159 905 4572
33.45 15029 14448 3412 3288 23560 9568 9103 1492 1212 623
34Se 15968 15367 3637 3509 25396 10363 9881 1855 1554 817
35Br 16937 16317 3869 3737 27301 11191 10691 2254 1928 1030
36 Kr 17936 17296 4109 3973 29274 12052 11533 2682 233.4 1259
37 Rb 18965 18306 4357 4216 3132 12945 12408 3142 2771 1507
38 Sr 20025 19345 4612 4467 3343 13872 13315 3633 3241 1773
39‘Y 21115 20415 4876 4726 3561 14831 14256 4136 3740 2059
40 Zr 22237 21516 5147 4993 3786 15824 1523.0 471 4274 2362
4111b 23389 22648 5426 5268 4017 16849 16237 530 4838 2685
42140 24572 23810 5713 5550 4256 17909 17278 592 5417 3026
431b 25787 25004 6008 5841 4502 19003 18352 656 6058 3385
44 Ru 27033 26230 6312 6140 4754 20130 19461 724 6714 3763
45Rh 28312 27487 6623 6447 5014 21292 20603 795 7401 4160
46Pd 29623 28776 6943 6762 5280 22489 21780 869 8118 4575
47Ag 30966 30097 7271 7086 5553 23720 22992 946 8866 5009
48Cd 32341 31451 7608 7418 5834 24986 2423.9 1026 9645 5462
49In 33750 32837 7953 7758 6121 26288 25521 1109 10454 5933
50Sn 35192 34257 8307 8107 6415 27625 26839 1196 11291 6423
51 Sb 36668 35710 8670 8465 6717 28998 28192 1285 12153 6932 >1:
5216 38177 37196 9041 8832 7025 3041 29581 1377 13063 7461
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531 39721 38716 9421 9207 7340 3185 3101 1472 13993 8008 U1

54 Xe 41300 40271 9810 9591 7663 3334 3247 1571 14954 8574
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and the z axis is the intensity in photons-s”' -AA’-(0.1 mr)‘2-(1 %

bandwidthfl. The undulator parameters for this theoretical
calculation were N = 14, K = 1.87, '1‘ = 3.5 cm, andE = 1.3 GeV.
(Figure courtesy ofR. Tatchyn, Stanford University.)

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Dortmund Electron Test Accelerator, Dortmund, www.delta.uni-dortmund.de
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Table 4-1. Data for selected crystals used as dispersive elements in x-ray spectrometers and monochromators. The Miller
indices [(hkl), or (hkil) for hexagonal crystals] are given for the diflracting planes parallel to the surface of the
dispersive element. A question mark (?) indicates that the crystal is developmental and that the indices have not
been ascertained. An asterisk following the indices indicates that literature references to this crystal without
specification of (hkl) or 2d are likely to be references to this “cut.” The indicated useful wavelength region lies in
the 249 interval between 10° and 140°. The analyzer should be used outside this region in special cases only.

Useful
Miller 0 wavelengoth
No. Crystal indices 2d (A) Chemical formula region (A) Applications, remarks
1 or-Quartz, silicon dioxide (5052) 1.624 SiO2 0.l42—1.55 Shortest 2d of any practical crystal.
Good for high-Z K-lines excited 6%
100-kV generators.
2 Lithium fluoride (422) 1.652 LiF 0.144-1.58 Better than quartz (5052) for the same
applications.
3 Corundum, aluminum ( 146) 1.660 AIZO3 0.l45—l.58 Same applications as quartz (5032)
oxide
4 Lithium fluoride (420) 1 .801 LiF 0.157—1.72 Similar to LiF (422).
5 Calcite, calcium (633) 2.02 CaCO3 0.176—1.95
carbonate
6 0:-Quartz, silicon dioxide (2223) 2.024 SiO2 0 .l77—l .96

7 0:-Quartz, silicon dixoide (3110) 2.3604 SiO2 0.205—2.25 Transmission-crystal optics.

8 oz-Quartz, silicon dioxide (22:19) 2.451 SiO2 0.213—2.37
Topaz, hydrated (303)* 2.712 Al2(F,OH)2SiO4 0 .236—2 .59 Improves dispersion for V—Ni K-lines
aluminum fluorosilicate and rare earth L-lines.
Corundum, aluminum (030) 2.748 A1203 0 .240—2 .62 Diffracted intensity ~2-4X topaz (303)
oxide, sapphire, alumina and quartz (203) with the same or
better resolution.
or-Quartz, silicon dioxide (2023) 2 .749 S102 0 .240—2 .62 Same applications as topaz (303) and
LiF (220).
Topaz (006) 2 .795 Al2(F,OH)2SiO4 0 .244-2 .67

Lithium fluoride (220) 2 .848 LiF 0 .248-2 .72 Same appli_cations as topaz (303) and
quartz ( 2023) , with 2-4X their
diffracted intensity. Diffracted intensity
~0.4-0.8X LiF (200).
Mica, muscovite (331) 3 .00 K20-3Al2O3-6SiO2-2H20 0 .262-2 .86 Transmission-crystal optics (Cauchois,
DuMond types).
Calcite, calcium (422) 3 .034 CHCO3 0 .264-2 .93
carbonate
oi-Quartz, silicon dioxide (2131) 3 .082 SiO2 0 .269-2 .94

oi-Quartz, silicon dioxide (1122) 3 .636 SiO2 0.3 17-3 .47

Silicon (220) 3.8403117 Si 0.335-3 .66 Lattice period known to high accuracy.
Fluorite, calcium (220) 3.862 CaF2 0337-3 .68
fluoride
Germanium (220) 4.00 Ge 0.349—3 .82
 Table 4-1 . Selected data for crystals (continued).

Useful
Miller Q wavelength
No. Crystal indices 2d (A) Chemical formula region (A) Applications, remarks

21 Lithium fluoride (200)* 4.027 Lil-7 0.351—3.84 Best general crystal for K K- to Lr L-
lines. Highest intensity for largest
number of elements of any crystal.
Combines high intensity and high
dispersion.
22 Aluminum (200) 4.048 Al 0.353—3.86 Curved, especially doubly curved,
optics.
23 oz-Quartz, silicon dioxide (2020) 4.246 SiO2 0.370—4.ll “Prism” cut.
24 a-Quartz, silicon dioxide (1012) 4.564 S102 0.398—4.35 Used in prototype Laue multichannel
spectrometer.
25 Topaz (200) 4.638 Al2(F,OH)2SiO4 0 .405—4.43
26 Aluminum (111) 4.676 Al 0 .408—4 .46 Curved, especially doubly curved,
optics.
27 oz-Quartz, silicon dioxide (1120) 4.912 S102 0 .428-4.75

28 Gypsum, calcium sulfate (002) 4.990 CaSO4-21-I20 0 .435-4.76 Efflorescent: loses water in vacuum to
dihydrate become Plaster of Paris.
29 Rock salt, sodium (200) 5.641 NaCl O .492—5 .38 S Ka and Cl Kain light matrixes. Like
chloride LiF (200), good general crystal for S K
to Lr L.
Calcite, calcium (200) 6.071 CaCO3 0 .529—5 .79 Very precise wavelength
carbonate measurements. Extremely high degree
of crystal perfection with resultant
sharp lines.
Ammonium dihydrogen (112) 6.14 NH4H2PO4 0.53 5-5 .86
phosphate (ADP)
Silicon (11l)* 6.2712 Si 0 .547—5 .98 Very rugged and stable general-purpose
crystal. High degree of perfection
obtainable.
Sylvite, potassium (200) 6.292 KC] 0.549—6.00
chloride
Fluorite, calcium (111) 6.306 CHFZ 0.550-6.02 Very weak second order, strong third
fluoride order.
Germanium (l11)* 6.532 Ge 0.570—6.23 Eliminates second order. Useful for
intermediate- and low-Z elements
where Ge Ka emission is eliminated by
pulse-height selection.
Potassium bromide (200) 6 .584 KBr 0.574-6 .28
oz-Quartz, silicon dioxide (1010) 6 .687 SiO2 0.583—6.38 P Kain low-Z matrixes, especially in
calcium. Intensity for P—K K-lines
greater than EDDT, but less than PET.
Graphite (002) 6.708 C 0.585—6.40 P, S, Cl K-lines, P Ka intensity > 5X
EDDT. Relatively poor resolution but
high integrated reflectivity.
Indium antimonide (111) 7.4806 InSb 0.652—7.23 Important for K-edge of Si.
 Table 4-1 . Selected data for crystals (continued).
0l'l7
Useful
Miller wavelength
No. Crystal indices 2d (A) Chemical formula region (A) Applications, remarks
40 Ammonium dihydrogen (200) 7.5 NH4H2PO4 0.654-7.16 Higher intensity than EDDT.
phosphate (ADP)
41 Topaz (002) 8.374 Al2(F,OH)2SiO4 0 .730—7 .99

42 0:-Quartz, silicon dioxide (1010) * 8.512 SiO2 0 .742—8 .12 Same applications as EDDT and PET;
higher resolution, but lower intensity.
43 Pentaerythritol (PET) (002) 8 .742 C(CH2OH)4 0 .762—8 .34 Al, Si, P, S, Cl Ka. Intensities ~l .5-2X
EDDT, ~2.5X KHP. Good general
crystal for Al—Sc Ka. Soft; deteriorates
with age and exposure to x-rays.
44 Ammonium tartrate (?) 8.80 (CHOH)2(COONH4)2 0 .767—8 .4

45 Ethylenediamine-d- (020) 8.808 NH2 - CH2 - CH2 - NH2 0 .768—8 .40 Same applications as PET, but lower
tartrate (EDDT, EDdT, intensity, substantially lower thermal
EDT) expansion coefficient. Rugged and
coon - (CHOH)2 - coon stable.
46 Ammonium dihydrogen (101)* 10 .640 NH4H2PO4 0.928—10.15 Mg Ka. Same applications as PET,
phosphate (ADP) EDDT, but lower intensity.
47 Na /J’-alumina (0004) 11.24 MA111017 0.980—10.87

48 Oxalic acid dihydrate (001 ) 11.92 (COOH)2-2H2O 1.04—11.37

Sorbitol hexaacetate (110) 13.98 cnon - co _ cn3 1 .22~1 3 .34 Applications similar to ADP (101) and
(SHA) gypsum (020). High resolution; stable
(con - co - CH3)4 in vacuum. Available in small pieces
only.

CHOH - co - c113
Rock sugar, sucrose (001) 15.12 C12H22O11 1.32—14.42

Gypsum, calcium sulfate (020)* 15.185 CaSO4'2H2O 1.32—14.49 Na Ka. Inferior to KHP, RHP, and
dihydrate beryl. Poor in vacuum (efflorescent).
Beryl (1010) 15.954 3BeO-A1203-6SiO2 1.39—15.22 Difficult to obtain. Good specimens
have /1/0/1 ~ 2500-3000 at 12 /1.2a
may Vflfy ZlIT10l1g SpCC11T1€11S.

Bismuth titanate (040) 16.40 Bi2(TiO3)3 1 .43—15 .65

Mica, muscovite (002)* 19.84 K20-3Al2O3-6SiO2-2H2O 1 .73— l 8 .93 Easy to obtain. Easily bent: good for
curved-crystal spectrometers ,
spectrographs.
Silver acetate (001) 20 .0 CH3COOAg 1 .74-1 9 .08

Rock sugar, sucrose (100) 20.1 2 C11H22O11 1 .75— 1 9.1 9

Na [3-alumina (0002) 22 .49 Na/*111O17 1 .96—21 .74

Thallium hydrogen ( 100) 25 .9 TlHC8H4O4 2 .26—24 .7 Same applications as KHP, RHP.

phthalate (THP, TIHP,
TAP, TIAP)
 Z117

Table 4-1. Selected data for crystals (continued).

Useful
Miller Q wavelength
Crystal indices 2d (A) Chemical formula region (A) Applications, remarks

Rubidium hydrogen (100) 26.121 RbHC8H4O4 2.28—24.92 Diffracted intensity ~3X KHP for Na,
phthalate (RHP, RbHP, Mg, Al K0: and Cu La; ~4X KHP for F
RAP, RbAP) Ka; ~8X KHP for O Ka
Potassium hydrogen (100) 26.632 KHC8H4O4 2.32—25.41 Good general crystal for all low-Z
phthalate (KHP, KAP) elements down to O.
Octadecyl hydrogen (?) 63.5 CH3(CH2)17OOC(CH)2COOH 5.54~60.6 Ultralong-wavelength region down to C
maleate (OHM) K0:
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 Table 5-1. Physical constants.
Uncert.
Quantity Symbol, equation Value (ppb)
speed of light c (see note *) 299 792 458 5 S-1 (101° cm S-1) exact
Planck constant h 6.626 068 96(33)><10—34 J S (10-27 erg S) 50
Planck constant, reduced h = h/2n 1.054 571628(53)><10—34 J S = 6.582 118 99(16)><10-22 MeV S 50, 25

electron charge magnitude e 4.803 204 27(12)><1o-1° esu = 1.602 176 87(4o)><10—19 c 25, 25

conversion constant he 197.326 9631(49) MeV fm (= eV nm) 25

electron mass me 0.510 998 910(13) MeV/c2 = 9.109 382 15(45)><10'31 kg 25, 50
proton mass mp 938.272 013(23) MeV/c2 = 1.672 621 637(83)><10—27 kg 25,50

= 1.007 276 466 77(10) u = 1836.152 672 47(8o) me 0.10, 0.43

deuteron mass ma 1875.612 793 (47) MeV/c2 25

unified atomic mass unit (u) (mass 12C atom)/12 = (1 g)/(NA mol) 931.494 028(23) MeV/c-7' = 1.660 538 782(83)><10-27 kg 25,50

permittivity of free space £6 = 1/(#092) 8.854187 817...><10*12 F m“'1 exact

permeability of free space #0 4n><l0_7 N A-2 = 12.566 370 614...><10-7 N A'2 exact
fine-structure constant 0: = e2/41:80 he 1/137.035 999 679(94) 0.68
classical electron radius re = e2/4rrs()m¢c2 2.817 940 2894(58)><10-15 5 2.1
Bohr radius (mnucleus = 99) ag = 4:rs()h 2/meez = rea“2 0.529 177 208 59(36)xlO—l0 m (10-8 cm) 0.68
Rydberg energy 66120., = m¢e4/2(4.7r£())2 h 2 13.605 691 93(34) eV 25
= mecz 0:2/2
Thomson cross section 0'1" = 8rrre2 /3 0.665 245 8558(27) barn (10-23 m2) 4.1

Bohr magneton #3 = eh /2mg 5.788 381 7555(79)><10_11 MeV T"1 1.4

nuclear magneton MN = e h /2mp 3.152 451 2326(45)><10-14 MeV 1-1 1.4

electron cyclotron freq./field cofycl /B = e/mg 1.758 820 15o(44)><1011 rad 5-11-1 25

proton cyclotron freq./field cogycl /B = e/mp 9.578 833 92(24)><1O7 rad S-1 T-1 25

Avogadro constant NA 6.022 141 79(30)><1023 6161-1 50

Boltzman constant k 1.380 650 4(24)><1o-23 J K-1 = 8.617 343(15)><10-5 eV K-1 1700
molar volume, ideal gas at STP NAk (273.15 K)/(101 325 Pa) 22.413 996(39)><10-3 m3 moi-1 1700

Jr= 3.141592 653 589 793 238 e = 2.718 281 828 459 O45 235 y= 0.577 215 664 901532 861
*The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
rm. = 2.54 cm lnewton = 1O5dyne 16V/C2 = 1.782 662xlo_33g lcoulomb 2.997 924 589109 esu
1A = 10-86m 116616 = 107 erg hc/(1eV) = 1.239 842 um 116516 104 gauss
lfm = 10-136m 1661 = 4.184joule 1eV/h = 2.417989><1014Hz latm 1.013 259106 dyne/cm2
lbarn I 10-246612 16v = 1.6021765X10-"erg 1eV/k = 11604.51< 0°C 273.15 K
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.ht5l
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 Table 5-2. Properties ofthe elements.

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (EV) (J/g'K)
Hydrogen 1.00794 0.0708 -259.34 -25287 ls 281/2 13.598 14.304
Helium 4.002602 0.122 _26893 1s2 1S0 24.587 5.193
Lithium 6.941 0.534 180.50 1342 1s2 2s 281/2 5.392 3.582
Beryllium 9.012182 1.848 1287 2471 1s2 2s2 1S0 9.323 1.825
Boron 10.811 2.34 2075 4000 1s2 2s2 2p 2P°1/2 8.298 1.026
Carbon 12.0107 1.9-2.3 (graph) 4492103 MPa 3825b 1s2 2s2 2p2 3P0 11.260 0.709
Nitrogen 14.00674 0.808 -210.00 419579 1s2 2s2 2p3 45°23/2 14.534 1.040
Oxygen 15.9994 1.14 -218.79 -18295 1s2 2s2 2p4 3P2 13.618 0.918
Fluorine 18.9984032 1.50 -219.62 -18812 152 2s2 2p5 2P°3/2 17.423 0.824
Neon 20.1797 1.207 -248.59 -24608 1s2 2s2 2p6 ISO 21.565 1.030
Sodium 22.989770 0.971 97.80 883 [Ne] 3s 251/2 5.139 1.228
Magnesium 24.3050 1.738 650 1090 [Ne] 332 1S0 7.646 1.023
Aluminum 26.981538 2.6989 660.32 2519 [Ne] 332 3p 2P°1/2 5.986 0.897
Silicon 28.0855 2.3325 1414 3265 [Ne] 332 3p2 3P0 8.152 0.705
Phosphorus 30.973761 1.82 44.15 2805 [Ne]3s23p3 4S°3/2 10.487 0.769
Sulfur 32.066 2.07 119.6 44460 [Ne] 332 3p4 3P2 10.360 0.710
Chlorine 35.4527 1.56-33-6 —101.5 -3404 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 2P°3/2 12.968 0.479
Argon 39.948 1.40 -189.35 -185.85 [Nc]3s23p6 ISO 15.760 0.520
Potassium 39.0983 0.862 63.5 759 [A3] 43 251/2 4.341 0.757
Calcium 40.078 1.55 842 1484 [Ar] 432 1S0 6.113 0.647
Scandium 44.955910 2.98925 1541 2836 [A3] 311 432 2193/2 6.562 0.568
Titanium 47.867 4.54 1668 3287 [A3] 3112 432 31:2 6.828 0.523
Vanadium 50.9415 6_1118.7 1910 3407 [A3] 3313 432 4P3/2 6.746 0.489
Chromium 51.9961 7.18-7.20 1907 2671 [Au]3d5 43 7S3 6.766 0.449
Manganese 54.938049 7.21-7.44 1246 2061 [A3] 3315 432 655/2 7.434 0.479
Iron 55.845 7.874 1538 2861 [A3] 3316 432 5D4 7.902 0.449
 Table 5-2. Properties ofthe elements (continued)

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Element weight Density C 1° > 1° >
C configuration level (W) (J/g'K)
Cobalt 58.933200 8.9 1495 2927 Ar] 347 462 4F9/2 7.881 0.421
Nickel 58.6934 8.90225 1455 2913 Ar] 348 462' 31:4 7.640 0.444
Copper 63.546 8.96 1084.6 2 2562 Ar] 341° 46 281/2 7.726 0.385
Zinc 65.39 7.13325 419.5 3 907 Ar] 341° 462
|—\r—|—\r—|
1S0 9.394 0.388
Gallium 69.723 5.904295 29.7 6 2204 [Ar] 341° 462 4p 2P°1/2 5.999 0.371
Gennanium 72.61 5.32325 938.2 5 2833 [A6] 341° 462 4p2 31:0 7.899 0.320
Arsenic 74.92160 5.73 8173.7 MPa 603b [Ar] 341° 462 4p5 48°3/2 9.789 0.329
Selenium 78.96 4.79 2205 685 [Ar] 341° 462 4,64 3P2 9.752 0.321
Bromine 79.904 3.12 —72 588 [Ar] 341° 462 4p5 2P°3/2 11.814 0.226
Krypton 83.80 2.16 1573 8752kPa _15322 [Ar] 341° 462 4p6 1S0 14.000 0.248
Rubidium 85.4678 1.532 393 0 688 [Kr] 56 281/2 4.177 0.363
Strontium 87.62 2.54 777 1382 [KI] 562 1S0 5.695 0.301
Yttrium 88.90585 4.46925 1522 3345 [Kr] 44 562 2133/2 6.217 0.298
Zirconium 91.224 6.506 1855 4409 [Kr] 442 562 31:2 6.634 0.278
Niobium 92.90638 8.57 2477 4744 [K1] 444 56 GD1/2 6.759 0.265
Molybdenum 95.94 10.22 2623 4639 [Kr] 445 56 7S3 7.092 0.251
Technetium (98) 11.509 2157 4265 [Kr] 445 562 685/2 7.28
Ruthenium 101.07 12.41 2334 4150 [Kr] 447 56 51:5 7.360 0.238
Rhodium 102.90550 12.41 1964 3695 [K6]448 56 4P9/2 7.459 0.243
Palladium 106.42 12.02 15549 2963 [Kr] 441° ISO 8.337 0.246
Silver 107.8682 10.50 961.7 8 2162 [Kr] 441° 56 281/2 7.576 0.235
Cadmium 112.411 8.65 321.07 767 [K6] 441° 562 ISO 8.994 0.232
Indium 114.818 7.31 156.60 2072 [Kr] 441° 562 5p 2P°1/2 5.786 0.233
Tin 118.710 7.31 231.93 2602 [Kr] 441° 562 5p2 31:0 7.344 0.228
Antimony 121.760 6.691 630.7 3 1587 [Kr] 441° 5625,55 “8°3/2 8.608 0.207
Tellurium 127.60 6.24 449.5 1 988 [Kr] 441° 562 5p4 3P2 9.010 0.202
Iodine 126.90447 4.93 113.7 184.4 [KI]4d1o5s25p5 2P°3/2 10.451 0.145
Xenon 131.29 3.52 -11 1.7 981-6 1<1’a -108.12 [161] 441° 5625155 1S0 12.130 0.158
 Table 5-2. Properties ofthe elements (continued).

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (W) (J/g'K)
Cesium 132.90545 1.873 285 671 [Xe] 281/2 3.894 0.242
Barium 137.327 3.5 727 1897 [Xe] 1S0 5.212 0.204
Lanthanum 138.9055 6.14525 918 3464 [Xe] 5d 2D3/2 5.577 0.195
Cerium 140.116 6.77025 798 3443 [Xe] 4f 54 lGo4 5.539 0.192
Praseodymium 140.90765 6.773 931 3520 [Xe] 4/5 41°9/2 5.473 0.193
7.00825 514
Neodymium 144.24 1021 3074 [X91414 5.525 0.190
Promethium (145) 7.26425 1042 3000 [Xe] 4/5 6H°5/2 5.582
Samarium 150.36 7.52025 1074 1794 [Xe] 4/4 71:0 5.644 0.197
Europium 151.964 5.24425 822 1529 [Xe] 4/7 88°7/2 5.670 0.182
Gadolinimn 157.25 7.90125 1313 3273 [Xe] 4/7 54 9Do2 6.150 0.236
Terbium 158.92534 8.230 1356 3230 [Xe] 4/5’ 6H°15/2 5.864 0.182
Dysprosium 162.50 8.55125 1412 2567 [Xe] 4/1° 518 5.939 0.170
Holmium 164.93032 8.79525 1474 2700 [Xe] 4/11 41°15/2 6.022 0.165
Erbium 167.26 9.06625 1529 2868 [Xe] 4/12 3H6 6.108 0.168
Thulium 168.93421 9.32125 1545 1950 [Xe] 4/14 2F°7/2 6.184 0.160
Ytterbium 173.04 6.966 819 1196 [X9] 4/14 1S0 6.254 0.155
Lutetium 174.967 9.84125 1663 3402 [Xe] 4f14 54 2133/2 5.426 0.154
Hafnium 178.49 13.31 2233 4603 [Xe] 4/14 542 31:2 6.825 0.144
Tantalum 180.9479 16.654 3017 5458 [Xe] 4114 545 ‘F3/2 7.550 0.140
Tungsten 183.84 19.3 3422 5555 [Xe] 4f14 544 SDO 7.864 0.132
Rhenium 186.207 21.02 3186 5596 [Xe] 4114 545 685/2 7.834 0.137
Osmium 190.23 22.57 3033 5012 [Xe] 4/14 545 5D4 8.438 0.130
Iridium 192.217 22.4217 2446 4428 [Xe] 4/14 547 4179/2 8.967 0.131
Platinum 195.078 21.45 17684 3825 [Xe] 4/14 542 3D3 8.959 0.133
Gold 196.96655 ~19.3 106418 2856 [Xe] 4f14 541° 66 281/2 9.226 0.129
Mercury 200.59 13.546 -38.83 356.73 [Xe] 4/14 541° 662 1S0 10.438 0.140
Thallium 204.3833 11.85 304 1473 [Xe] 4/14 541° 662 6p 2P°1/2 6.108 0.129
Lead 207.2 11.35 32746 1749 [Xe] 4114 541° 662 6p2 3130 7.417 0.129
 Table 5-2. Properties ofthe elements (continued).

Melting Boiling Ionization Specific

Atomic point point Ground-state Ground energy heat
Z Element weight Density (°C) (°C) configuration level (EV) (J/g'K)
83 Bismuth 208.98038 9.747 271.40 1564 [Xe] 4f14 Sdlo 6s2 6p3 48°3/2 7.286 0.122
84 Polonium (209) 9.32 254 962 [Xe] 4114 541° 662 6p4 3192 8.417 7
85 Astatine (210) 302 [Xe] 4114 541° 662 6p5 2P°3/2
86 Radon (222) -71 A61. 7 [Xe] 4114 541° 662 6146 150 10.748 0.094
87 Francium (223) 27 [Rn] 7s 281/2 4.073
88 Radium (226) 700 [Rn] 762 1S0 5.278
89 Actinium (227) 1051 3198 [Rn] 64 762 2133/2 5.17 0.120
90 Thorium 232.0381 11.72 1750 4788 [Rn] 642 762 31:2 6.307 0.113
91 Protactinium 231.03588 15.372 1572 [Rn] 5120114) 64 762 (4.3/2)11/2 5.89
92 Uranium 238.0289 ~18.95 1135 4131 [R615/51418/2) ed 742 (9/2,3/2)°6 6.194 0.116
93 Neptunium (237) 20.25 644 [R6] 514(514) 64 762 (4.3/2)11/2 6.266
94 Plutonium (244) 19.8425 640 3228 [Rn] 5115 762 71:0 6.026
95 Americium (243) 13.67 1 176 2011 [Rn] 517 762 88°7/2 5.974
96 Curium (247) 13.519 1345 3100 [Rn] 517 64 762 9DO2
5.992
97 Berkelium (247) 14 (est.) 1050 [Rn] 515‘ 762 611°] 5/2 6.198
98 Califomium (251) 900 [Rn] 511° 762 518 6.282
99 Einsteinium (252) 860 [Rn] 5111 762 41°15/2 6.42
100 Fennium (257) 1527 [Rn] 5112 762 3116 6.50
101 Mendelevium (258) 827 [Rn] 5115 762 2F°7/2 6.58
102 Nobelium (259) 827 [Rn] 5114 762 ISO 6.65
103 Lawrencium (262) 1627 [Rn] 5114 762 7p ? 2P°1/2 ? 4.9 ?
104 Rutherfordium (261) [Rn] 5114 642 762 2 3P2 ? 6.0 '?
105 Dubnium (262)
106 Seaborgium (266)
107 Bohrium (264)
108 Hassium (269)
109 Meitnerium (268)
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