ENS185: Engineering Data Analysis

Mindanao State University – Main Campus

SINDANGAN EXTENSION
Mathematics Department

2nd Semester, AY 2024 – 2025

PRESENTATION OF CHAPTER 3
DATA
Methods of Presenting Data
This section shows how to organize data and to construct appropriate
graphs to represent the data in a concise, easy-to understand form.

There are three methods of presenting data:

✓ Textual presentation,
✓ Tabular presentation and
✓ Graphical presentation.
 The first method in
presenting data is through
textual presentation. The
Textual Presentation data that are being
collected are presented in
sentence form.
Example

Twenty of the respondents are male and thirty of the respondents

are female.
 A tabular presentation is an
arrangement of statistical
data in rows and columns.
Tabular Presentation Rows are horizontal
arrangements whereas
columns are vertical
arrangements.
Example

The table below shows the average weight of respondents grouped

according to gender.
Frequency Distribution

A frequency distribution is a summary of the data presented in the

form of classes and frequencies. The data can be presented in a
one-way or two-way frequency distribution table.
One-way Frequency Distribution

The data are tabulated according to a single variable.

Example:
Frequency Distribution of Respondents According to Year Level
Two-way Frequency Distribution

The data are tabulated according to two variables. It is also called a

cross-tabulation or contingency table.

Example:
Frequency Distribution

For numerical data with a wide range of values, it is more practical

to group the observations into class intervals like in the example
below.
When data are organized into a frequency
distribution, they are called grouped data. If they
have not been summarized in any way, they are
called raw data or ungrouped data.
Construction of Frequency Distribution

The following steps are involved in the construction of a frequency

distribution.
a) Find the range (R) of the raw data: The range is the
difference between the largest and the smallest values.
That is,

𝑅 = ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − (𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

Construction of Frequency Distribution
b) Decide on the number of class interval (or simply classes), k : There are
two formula for the computation of k. (Note: Round off k to the nearest
whole number.)

𝑘= 𝑛 or 𝑘 = 1 + 3.322 log10 𝑁

c) Determine the class size or class width, c: This is obtained by dividing the
range of the raw data by the number of classes. But the result is rounded
up to the nearest higher value whose precision is the same as those of the
raw data.
𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑅
𝑐>
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑘
Construction of Frequency Distribution
d) Determine the class limits of the k classes: The starting class limit must be
equal to or lower than the lowest value in the raw data. When the lowest
class limit has been decided, add the class size to the lowest class limit to get
the lower limit of the next class. The remaining lower class limits are
determined by adding the class size repeatedly until you reach k classes. The
appropriate upper class limits are determined next.

The upper limit (UL) of the first class can be obtained by subtracting one unit of
measure from the lower limit of the next class. The upper limits of the rest of the
classes can then be obtained in a similar fashion or by adding c to the upper limit
of the preceding class. Finally, we check if the highest observation is contained in
the last class. If not, then we simply add another class interval.
Construction of Frequency Distribution
e) Tally the observations in the frequency column. After
determining the class limits of k classes, tally or count the number
of observations in each class.
f) Compute the Class Boundaries and the Class Marks.
1
𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝐿𝐶𝐵 = 𝐿𝐿 − ∗ 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
2
1
𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑈𝐶𝐵 = 𝑈𝐿 + ∗ (𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)
2
Construction of Frequency Distribution
NOTE! It is important to note that the upper class boundary of a class
coincides with the lower class boundary of the next class.

Examples:
Construction of Frequency Distribution
The class marks or midpoint is the mean of lower and upper class
limits or class boundaries. So it divides the class into two equal parts.
It is obtained by dividing the sum of lower and upper class limit or
class boundaries of a class by 2. That is,

𝐿𝐿𝑖 + 𝑈𝐿𝑖 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑖 + 𝑈𝐶𝐵𝑖

𝑥ҧ𝑖 = or 𝑥ҧ𝑖 =
2 2
Construction of Frequency Distribution

The relative frequency (𝑹𝒇𝒊 ) is found by dividing the class frequency

by the total frequency. This is the frequency of a class expressed in
proportion to the total number of observations

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑅𝑓𝑖 =
𝑛
Construction of Frequency Distribution

The cumulative frequency (𝑭𝒊 ) with the upper class boundary of a

particular interval is computed by summing the frequency for that
interval and the frequencies of all the intervals below it. It is the
accumulated frequency of a class. It is the total number of
observations whose values do not exceed the upper limit or
boundary of the class.
EXAMPLE 1
A random sample of 40 ENS185 students was selected and their
weights (in kilograms) were recorded as shown below:

Weights (in kg) of ENS185 Students

EXAMPLE 1
Step 1: Compute the range:
𝑅 = 81 − 40 = 41

Step 2: Compute the number of classes:

𝑘 = 1 + 3.322 log10 40 = 6.322 ≈ 6

Step 3: Compute the class width:

41
𝑐> = 6.833 ≈ 7
6

Thus, 6 number of classes can be made with a class width of 7 in the given set
of data. They are 40-46, 47-53, 54-60, 61-67, 68-74 and 75-81. Then if we
check that the highest observation, 81, is contained in the last class.
EXAMPLE 1
Step 1: Compute the range:
𝑅 = 81 − 40 = 41

Step 2: Compute the number of classes:

𝑘 = 1 + 3.322 log10 40 = 6.322 ≈ 6

Step 3: Compute the class width:

41
𝑐> = 6.833 ≈ 7
6

Thus, 6 number of classes can be made with a class width of 7 in the given set
of data. They are 40-46, 47-53, 54-60, 61-67, 68-74 and 75-81. Then if we
check that the highest observation, 81, is contained in the last class.
EXAMPLE 1
Step 4: Tally the number of
observations in each class and
write them in the frequency
column.
EXAMPLE 1
Step 5: Compute the class boundaries and class marks.

0.35

Frequency Distribution Table of Weights (in kg) of ENS185 Students

Percentage or Frequency Tables
Table 3.2 Distribution of Ethnic Origin of Residents in Iligan City
ETHNIC ORIGIN FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Heading Boholano 8,964 4.02
Cebuano 74,147 33.28
Iliganon 74,292 33.34
Ilonggo 5,075
Body 2.28
Luzonian 6,065 2.72
Maranao 9,661 4.33
Misamisnon 14,723 6.61
Siquihodnon 12,780 5.74
Waray 4,799 2.15
Others 12,312 5.53
Source: 1994 Iligan Census Summary Report Footnote
 After the data have been
organized into a frequency
distribution, they can be
presented in graphical
forms.
Graphical
Presentation The purpose of graph in
statistics is to convey the
data in pictorial form. It is
easier to detect trends, low
and high points in graphs,
than in frequency tables.
 Graphs are also useful in
getting the reader’s
attention in a publication
Graphical or in a presentation. They
Presentation can be used to discuss an
issue, reinforce a critical
point, or summarize a data
set.
Bar Chart
This is a graph where the different classes are represented by
rectangles or bars. The width of the rectangle is the length of the
interval, represented by the class limits in the horizontal axis, or
categories for nominal data. The length of the rectangle,
corresponding to the class frequency, is drawn in the vertical axis.
Bar Chart (Ex. 1) 0.35
Histogram
This closely resembles the bar chart with the basic difference that a
bar chart uses the class limits for the horizontal axis while the
histogram employs the class boundaries. Using the class
boundaries eliminates the spaces between rectangles, thus giving it
a solid appearance.
Histogram (Ex. 1) 0.35
Frequency Polygon
It is constructed by plotting the class marks against the frequency.
Straight lines then connect the set of points formed by the class
marks and their corresponding frequencies together with
additional class marks at the beginning of the distribution.
Frequency Polygon (Ex. 1) 0.35
Frequency Ogive
It represents a cumulative frequency distribution. It is constructed
by plotting class boundaries on the horizontal scale and the
cumulative frequency less than the upper class boundaries in the
vertical scale.
Frequency Ogive (Ex. 1) 0.35
Pie Chart
This is a circle divided into pie-shaped sections, which look like
slices of a pizza. The angle of a sector is a proportional in size to the
frequencies or relative frequencies.

Angle of a sector: 𝑅𝑓𝑖 × 360𝑜

Pie Chart (Ex. 1)
 FINAL EXAM FINAL EXAM

E
ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL ID GENDER YEAR LEVEL
SCORE SCORE
01 female Junior 18 26 female Freshman 40
02 male Senior 31 27 male Senior 39
X 03
04
male
female
Junior
Senior
37
21
28
29
female
male
Senior
Freshman
54
23
05 male Junior 43 30 male Sophomore 25
A 06
07
male
male
Freshman
Senior
16
48
31
32
male
male
Sophomore
Freshman
10
58
08 female Sophomore 20 33 female Freshman 54
M 09
10
male
female
Freshman
Sophomore
18
47
34
35
male
male
Sophomore
Junior
32
29
11 female Senior 28 36 male Freshman 32
P 12
13
male
female
Senior
Freshman
32
49
37
38
male
female
Senior
Senior
22
30

L
14 male Freshman 24 39 female Freshman 26
15 male Sophomore 12 40 male Freshman 38
16 male Junior 42 41 male Sophomore 47

E
17 female Sophomore 36 42 male Sophomore 48
18 male Freshman 63 43 female Senior 56
19 male Senior 30 44 female Senior 61
20 male Senior 19 45 female Junior 28
21 male Sophomore 15 46 female Freshman 26
22 male Freshman 29 47 male Junior 40

2 23
24
male
female
Sophomore
Freshman
26
28
48
49
male
female
Junior
Junior
17
36
25 male Sophomore 23 50 female Sophomore 35
EXAMPLE 2

I need to make a Gender Frequency Percent

Frequency Table.
female 19 38.0
How do I make it?
male 31 62.0
Total 50 100.0
EXAMPLE 2

I need to make a Cross

tabulation Table for gender and
year level. How do I make it?

Year Level
Gender
Freshman Sophomore Junior Senior Total
female 6 4 3 6 19
male 9 9 6 7 31
Total 15 13 9 13 50
EXAMPLE 2

I need to make a Frequency

Distribution Table for the final exam
scores. How do I make it?
EXAMPLE 2
Final Exam Score of 50 students
18 28 15 10 47
31 32 29 58 48
37 49 26 54 56
21 24 28 32 61
43 12 23 29 28
16 42 40 32 26
48 36 39 22 40
20 63 54 30 17
18 30 23 26 36
47 19 25 38 35
EXAMPLE 2
CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
INTERVALS BOUNDARIES FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
XI
10 - 17 9.5 – 17.5 13.5 5 0.10 5
18 – 25 17.5 – 25.5 21.5 10 0.20 15
26 – 33 25.5 – 33.5 29.5 14 0.28 29
34 – 41 33.5 – 41.5 37.5 8 0.16 37
42 – 49 41.5 – 49.5 45.5 7 0.14 44
50 – 57 49.5 – 57.5 53.5 3 0.06 47
58 – 65 57.5 – 65.5 61.5 3 0.06 50
EXAMPLE 2

What percentage of A reexamination will

students have a be conducted if
score of between more than 50% have
10 to 33? scores less than 33.5.
Based on the above
distribution, should a
reexamination be
given?
 BAR CHART
16
14
12

FREQUENCY
10
8

C 6
4
2

B H 0
10 - 17 18 - 25 26 - 33 34 - 41 42 - 49 50 - 57 58 - 65

A A
CLASS INTERVAL

CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
R R INTERVALS BOUNDARIES
XI
FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
10 - 17 9.5 – 17.5 13.5 5 0.10 5
T 18 – 25
26 – 33
17.5 – 25.5
25.5 – 33.5
21.5
29.5
10
14
0.20
0.28
15
29
34 – 41 33.5 – 41.5 37.5 8 0.16 37
42 – 49 41.5 – 49.5 45.5 7 0.14 44
50 – 57 49.5 – 57.5 53.5 3 0.06 47
58 – 65 57.5 – 65.5 61.5 3 0.06 50
 Histogram
H 14

12

I 10

Frequency
8

S
6

T 0
9.5 17.5 25.5 33.5
Class Boundary
41.5 49.5 57.5

O CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
MARKS
G INTERVALS BOUNDARIES
XI
FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
10 - 17 9.5 – 17.5 13.5 5 0.10 5
R 18 – 25
26 – 33
17.5 – 25.5
25.5 – 33.5
21.5
29.5
10
14
0.20
0.28
15
29

A 34 – 41
42 – 49
33.5 – 41.5
41.5 – 49.5
37.5
45.5
8
7
0.16
0.14
37
44
50 – 57
M
49.5 – 57.5 53.5 3 0.06 47
58 – 65 57.5 – 65.5 61.5 3 0.06 50
 15
F
10
R P

Frequency
5
E O
Q L 0
5.5 13.5 21.5 29.5 37.5 45.5 53.5 61.5 69.5
Class Mark
U Y
CLASS
E G CLASS
INTERVALS
CLASS
BOUNDARIES
MARKS
XI
FREQUENCY
FI
RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI

N O 10 - 17
18 – 25
9.5 – 17.5
17.5 – 25.5
13.5
21.5
5
10
0.10
0.20
5
15
26 – 33 25.5 – 33.5
C N
29.5 14 0.28 29
34 – 41 33.5 – 41.5 37.5 8 0.16 37
42 – 49 41.5 – 49.5 45.5 7 0.14 44
Y 50 – 57 49.5 – 57.5 53.5 3 0.06 47
58 – 65 57.5 – 65.5 61.5 3 0.06 50
F 50

Cumulative Frequency
47
44

R
37
29

E O 5
15

0
Q G 9.5 17.5 25.5 33.5
Class Boundaries
41.5 49.5 57.5 65.5

U I
CLASS
CLASS CLASS FREQUENCY RELATIVE CUMULATIVE
E V INTERVALS BOUNDARIES
MARKS
XI
FI FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FI
10 - 17 9.5 – 17.5
N E
13.5 5 0.10 5
18 – 25 17.5 – 25.5 21.5 10 0.20 15
26 – 33 25.5 – 33.5 29.5 14 0.28 29
C 34 – 41 33.5 – 41.5 37.5 8 0.16 37
42 – 49 41.5 – 49.5 45.5 7 0.14 44
Y 50 – 57
58 – 65
49.5 – 57.5
57.5 – 65.5
53.5
61.5
3
3
0.06
0.06
47
50