CE5510 Advanced Structural Concrete Design - STRUT-AND-TIE METHODS -

Assoc Prof Tan Kiang Hwee Department of Civil Engineering National University of Singapore
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In this lecture We will explore

!the

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concept of strut-and-tie models !their applications to new construction (and strengthening works)

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At the end of the lecture You should be able to

!identify

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cases where strut-and-tie models are applicable or appropriate !formulate strut-and-tie models in structural concrete members !design the reinforcement according to the strut-and-tie models
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Contents
!B-

and D-regions of Strut-and-Tie Models

!Concept

Geometric Layout Design of Struts Nodes and Nodal Zones Design of Ties Detailing

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! Design

Examples for New Construction

High Wall Corbel Dapped-Beam Transfer Girder Deep Beam with Opening (Stepped (Non-Prismatic) Beams)

! (Examples

for Strengthening Works)

Dapped Beams Beam with Openings or Recesses

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Main (B-) & Local (D-) regions

D-region B-region

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Main (B-) regions

!regions

of relatively uniform stresses !Bernoulli hypothesis of linear strain distribution applies !internal forces or stresses are derived from statics !Standard methods of Codes apply

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Local (D-) regions

!significantly

non-linear strain

distribution !near concentrated loads, corners, bends, openings and other discontinuities !internal flow of forces well described by strut-and-tie models !conventionally design by thumb-rule
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Concept of Strut-and-Tie Models

!

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Components
! concrete

compression

struts ! steel tension ties ! nodes (nodal zone) where struts and ties meet
!

Dual purpose
! describe

concrete

essential aspects of structural behaviour ! provide tools for structural dimensioning

steel

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Geometric Layout of strut-and-tie models

Load path ?

Boundary forces/stresses

follows the flow of internal forces in the structure

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Major requirements
! S-T

model must be in equilibrium with applied loads (statically admissible field) ! Strength of struts, ties and nodal zones must equal or exceed forces in these members (safe) ! Sufficient to consider only axes of struts and ties in the early design stage; need to consider widths in general ! Struts must not overlap each other ! Ties may cross struts or other ties ! Angle between a strut and a tie joined at a node should not be less than 25 degrees.
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Basic steps
!

! ! !

Compute internal stresses on boundaries, subdivide boundary and compute force resultants on each sub-length; or Compute action effects on boundaries Draw truss to transmit forces Check stresses in individual truss member

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Some rules for estabilshing strut-and tie model

Elastic stress trajectories

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Minimum steel content

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Filimi=minimum

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"

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Agreement with Crack Pattern

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Superposition of models

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"
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Truss 2 can form only if truss 1 does not fail prematurely

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Exercise 1
!

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Explore the application of strut-and-tie model in the design of anchorage zone of a post-tensioned beam
compression

or
tension

Principal compressive 2/16/2004Stress trajectories

Stress contours
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Exercise 2
!

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A T-beam is post-tensioned with a cable anchored at the centroid of the section at its end. Given that the area of the flange is one-third of the overall crosssection, explain by sketching in the following figures, how you would obtain the required reinforcement to resist bursting tension in the web due to the prestressing force.

x-section
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strut-&-tie model

reinforcement
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Elements of strut-and-tie model

!

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Compression struts
! line

along centre-line of strut ! strut with width

!

Tension ties
! band

of steel reinforcement ! anchorage (hooks, development length)

!

Nodes
! bounded

by compressive forces (CCC) ! anchoring one tension tie (CCT) ! anchoring more than one tie (CTT, TTT)
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Forces in struts and ties

In general, Fn Fu

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: strength reduction factor Fn : nominal strength of the member Fu : force in the member due to factored loads

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Struts
! Types

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of struts

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Design of struts Fns = fcuAc

fcu : effective compressive strength fcu = fc ACI Code: fcu = fc = STM 1 s fc
(to ensure same load capacity as FIP Recommendations, consistency between AC1 1999 and 2002 Codes, & consistency between B-and D- regions)

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! Factors

affecting fcu

!Load

duration effects (1 = 0.85) !Cracking of struts

Bottle-shaped struts Cracked struts Transverse tensile strains
!Confinement

from surrounding concrete (e.g. pile caps)

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Prismatic strut

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Bottle-shaped strut

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Nodal zones
! Forces

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must be in equilibrium

! CCC,

CCT, CTT, TTT joints

C C C T C C

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CCC
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CCT
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Extended Nodal Zones

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Ws = wt cos + lb sin
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Ties
! Spread

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of ties wt = (Fu/ )/(fcu bw) of ties Tn = Asfy of ties

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! Strength

! Anchorage
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Reinforcing Requirements
! Minimum

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reinforcement
i
bs i) i/

!To

ensure ductility !For crack control

!Bottle-shaped

struts: (Asi/bsi)sin i 0.003 !Other code requirements

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(A s

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Summary
!

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Isolate D-region and compute force resultants on boundaries ! Draw truss to transmit forces
! use

of elastic analysis, crack patterns ! equilibrium of forces, width of struts, anchorage of ties
!

Provide steel reinforcement for ties & check concrete stresses in struts and nodes where necessary
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534 kN 534 kN
100 mm

305 x 305mm column 187

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Example 1

267 565

Column on wall
263 2438 x 305 mm wall

187

fc=20 MPa fy=414 MPa

187 187 Based on fce=0.66fc 2T13 each face
1.80 MPa

534

534

=P/A+M/I
4.67 MPa

3T13 each face 187

655 586 678 904

187 2T13 each face

678 226 mm

427 203

MacGregor
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213
890

890 kN 222 158

785 kN 213 687 687 474 530 785 309

241 mm

763
457 mm

457 mm

222
99 2

115 5

371
292

745

b=406 mm h=508 mm d=457 mm

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Final layout
1510

96

w=1732/ (0.61fc) =200mm

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89

100 mm

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Example 2 -

Corbel
fc=35 MPa fy=414 MPa Short member cantilevering from a column or wall
305 x 127mm bearing plate

486 x 486mm

MacGregor
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4T25 3T25

a=241 mm 178x102x9.5 angle

279 3T13 closed stirrups 2T13 229

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406 356 2T13 C = 1155 kN; a = C/(0.82fcb) = 127mm bef = a+l/6 = 127+413/6 = 196 mm l Asfy [(C/4)(1-a/bef)] = 203 kN As 490 mm2

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Example 3 - Dapped ends

Bearing area = V/(0.852fc)
914 mm 381 mm

Check strut width; compute steel required in ties

516
38 5

369
52 3

37
686 mm

443
H=74 V=369

381 mm

369

76 5

369

443
419 mm

553

516

37

MacGregor 2/16/2004

762 mm deep by 381 mm width beam fc= 20 MPa, fy=414 MPa

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4T13 closed stirrups

4T13 U stirrups 2T13 1T13 U bar 4T20 welded to angle 2T13 U bars 2T20 U bars 4T25 bars

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178 mm

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Example 4 - Transfer girder

11600 kN 3600 700 6850 b=700 mm

140.4 kN/m 3600

fc=35 MPa fy=410 MPa

700
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10450 mm
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6579 kN

Combined truss and strut action

6543 kN

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Right end: V=6543 - 11x(140.4x0.6) = 5616 kN reqd Av=(5616/9)x103 (410x610) =2537 mm2/m use 22 U-stirrups @ 300 mm c/c (2540 mm2/m) For K-UU, D= (624+84.2)/sin 280 = 1508 kN reqd width w =D/(bfce) =D/(0.5bfc) =123 mm For S-UU, w=65 mm 6579 Average w = 94 mm kN assume all struts to be 100 mm and lower tensile tie located at mid-height 2/16/2004 of truss node at UU. Left end: To ensure ductility, at least 30% of shear to be transmitted by stirrups; the rest by a major diagonal strut. try 22 U-stirrups @ 225 mm c/c (Avfyv=854 kN per 600 mm spacing) V transmitted by stirrups = 3x854 = 2562 kN = 39% of 6579 kN V transmitted by strut H-AA = 6579-2562-6x84.2 =3512 kN 6543 For H-AA, D = 5102 kN; w=416 mm. kN Combined truss For E-AA, D = 1174 kN; w=96 mm.

and strut action

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Example 5 - Deep beam with opening

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fyd=434 MPa fcd=17 MPa

Schlaich
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Right side, complete model

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left side, model 1

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left side, model 2

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Check concrete stresses: Stresses under bearing plates: p=3000x103/(700x400) = 10.7 MPa < 1.0 fcd=17 MPa A=1070x103/(500x400) = 5.4 MPa < 0.8 fcd=13.6 MPa B=1930x103/(500x400) = 9.7 MPa < 0.8 fcd=13.6 MPa Required depth of compression zone: C=T= 1070 kN d 1070x103/(400x1.0fcd) = 135 mm < 400 mm OK (Nodes taken 200 mm below top surface.)
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Check anchorage length of reinforcing bars

Other critical anchorages - C, D

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Further reinforcement

mesh on either face of wall

stirrups 2/16/2004

nominal column reinforcement

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References
!

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J.G. MacGregor, REINFORCED CONCRETE: Mechanics and Design, 3rd Ed., Prentice-Hall, 1997, Ch. 18. A.H. Nilson, D. Darwin and C.W. Dolan, Design of Concrete Structures, McGraw-Hill, 2003, pp. K.H. Reineck (Ed), Examples for the Design of Structural Concrete with Strut-and-Tie Models, ACI SP-208, 2002, 244 pp. Strut-and-Tie Resource Web Site [Link] e/STM/
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Further reading:
!

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J. Schlaich, et al., Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete, J. of Prestressed Concrete Institute, V.32, No. 3, 1987, pp.74-150. P. Marti, Basic Tools of Reinforced Concrete Beam Design, ACI Journal, V. 82, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1985, pp. 46-56. Tan, K.H. and Naaman, A.E., "Strut-and-Tie Model for Externally Prestressed Concrete Beams", ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 90, No. 6, USA, November-December 1993, pp. 683-691. Tan, K.H., Shear Strengthening of Dapped Beams Using FRP Systems", Fifth International Symposium on Fibre Reinforced Plastics for Reinforced Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-5), Cambridge, UK, July 16-18, 2001, Vol. 1, pp. 249-258. Mansur, M.A., Tan, K.H. and Weng, W., Effects of Creating an Opening in Existing Beams, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 96, No. 6, USA, November-December 1999, pp. 899-905.
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