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RULE 116 ARRAIGNMENT AND PLEA

 Where should the accused be arraigned?

The accused must be arraigned before the court where the complaint was filed or assigned for trial.

 How is arraignment made?

Arraignment is made:

1. in open court
2. by the judge or clerk
3. by furnishing the accused with a copy of the complaint or information
4. reading it in the language or dialect known to him, and
5. asking him whether he pleads guilty or not guilty.

 Can there be an arraignment without the presence of the accused?

No. The accused must be present at the arraignment and must personally enter his plea.

 What is the effect of the refusal of the accused to enter a plea?

If the accused refuses to plead or makes a conditional plea, a plea of not guilty shall be entered for him.

 X is charged with homicide. He pleads guilty but presents evidence to establish self-defense. What should the court
do?

The court should withdraw the plea and enter a plea of not guilty.

 When should the arraignment be held?

The general rule is that the accused should be arraigned within 30 days from the date the court acquires jurisdiction over the person
of the accused. The time of the pendency of a motion to quash or for a bill of particulars or other causes justifying suspension of the
arraignment shall be excluded in computing the period.

However, in the following cases, the accused should be arraigned with a shorter period:

1. Where the complainant is about to depart from the Philippines with no definite date of return, the accused should be
arraigned without delay and his trial should commence within 3 days from arraignment.
2. The trial of cases under the Child Abuse Act requires that the trial should be commenced within 3 days from arraignment.
3. When the accused is under preventive detention, his case shall be raffled and its records transmitted to the judge to whom
the case was raffled within 3 days from the filing of the information or complaint. The accused shall be arraigned within 10
days from the date of the raffle.

 Can the lawyer of the accused enter a plea for him?

No. The accused must personally enter his plea.

 What is the importance of arraignment?

Arraignment is the means for bringing the accused into court and informing him of the nature and cause of the accusation against
him. During arraignment, he is made fully aware of possible loss of freedom or life. He is informed why the prosecuting arm of the
State is mobilized against him. It is necessary in order to fix the identity of the accused, to inform him of the charge, and to give
him an opportunity to plead.

 During the arraignment, is the judge duty-bound to point out that an information is duplicitous?

No. The judge has no obligation to point out the duplicitousness or any other defect in an information during arraignment. The
obligation to move to quash a defective information belongs to the accused, whose failure to do so constitutes a waiver of the right
to object.

 X was tried for murder without having been arraigned. At the trial, X’s counsel presented witnesses and cross-
examined the prosecution witnesses. It was only after the case was submitted for decision that X was arraigned. X
was convicted. Can X invoke the failure of the court to arraign him before trial as a ground for questioning the
conviction?

No. The failure of the court to arraign X before trial was conducted did not prejudice the rights of X since he was able to present
evidence and cross-examine the witnesses of the prosecution. The error was cured by the subsequent arraignment.

 Is the accused presumed to have been arraigned in the absence of proof to the contrary?
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Yes. In view of the presumption of regularity in the performance of official duties, it can be presumed that a person accused of a
crime was arraigned, in the absence of proof to the contrary. However, the presumption of regularity is not applied when the
penalty imposed is death. When the life of a person is at stake, the court cannot presume that there was an arraignment; it has to
be sure that there was one.

 Is the accused entitled to know in advance the names of all of the prosecution witnesses?

No. The success of the prosecution might be endangered if this right were granted to the accused. The witnesses might be
subjected to pressure or coercion. The right time for the accused to know their identities is when they take the witness stand.

 Can the prosecution call witnesses that are not listed in the information?

Yes. The prosecution may call at the trial witnesses other than those named in the complaint or information.

 X was charged with homicide. He entered a plea of guilty. He was later allowed to testify in order to prove the
mitigating circumstance of incomplete self-defense. At the trial, he presented evidence to prove that he acted in
complete self-defense. The court acquitted him. Later, X was again charged with physical injuries. X invoked double
jeopardy. Can X be prosecuted again for physical injuries?
Yes. There was no double jeopardy. In order for double jeopardy to attach, there must have been a valid plea to the first offense.
In this case, the presentation by X of evidence to prove complete self-defense had the effect of vacating his plea of guilt. When the
plea of guilt was vacated, the court should have ordered him to plead again, or at least should have directed that a new plea of not
guilty be entered for him. Because the court did not do this, at the time of the acquittal, there was actually no standing plea for X.
Since there was no valid plea, there can be no double jeopardy.

 Can a person who pleaded guilty still be acquitted?

Yes. When an accused pleads guilty, it does not necessarily follow that he will be convicted. Additional evidence independent of the
guilty plea may be considered by the judge to ensure that the plea of guilt was intelligently made. The totality of evidence should
determine whether the accused should be convicted or acquitted.

 When can the accused plead guilty to a lesser offense?

At arraignment, the accused may plead guilty to a lesser offense which is necessarily included in the offense charged, provided that
the offended party and the prosecutor give their consent.

After arraignment BUT BEFORE TRIAL, the accused may still be allowed to plead guilty to a lesser offense, after he withdraws his
plea of not guilty. In such a case, the complaint or information need not be amended.

When the penalty imposable for the offense is at least 6 years and 1 day or a fine exceeding P12,000, the prosecutor must first
submit his recommendation to the City or Provincial Prosecutor or to the Chief State Prosecutor for approval. If the recommendation
is approved, the trial prosecutor may then consent to the plea of guilty to a lesser offense.

 What should the court do when the accused pleads guilty to a capital offense?

The court should:

1. conduct a searching inquiry into the voluntariness and full comprehension of the consequences of the plea.
2. require the prosecution to present evidence to prove the guilt and the precise degree of culpability of the accused for the
purpose of imposing the proper penalty.
3. ask the accused if he desires to present evidence in his behalf and allow him to do so if he desires.

 Does a plea of guilty mean an admission even of the aggravating circumstances?

Yes. A plea of guilty results in the admission of all the material facts in the complaint or information, including the aggravating
circumstances. Because of this, the court should only accept a clear, definite, and unconditional plea of guilty.

 When can the plea of guilty be considered a mitigating circumstance?

It is mitigating if made before the prosecution starts to present evidence.

 What is the meaning of the duty of the judge to conduct a “searching inquiry”?

In all cases, the judge must convince himself: (1) that the accused is entering the plea of guilty voluntarily and intelligently; and (2)
that he is truly guilty and that there exists a rational basis for a finding of guilt based on his testimony.

In addition, the judge must inform the accused of the exact length of imprisonment and the certainty that he will serve it at the
national penitentiary or a penal colony. The judge must dispel any false notion that the accused may have that he will get off lightly
because of his plea of guilt.

 Is it mandatory for the prosecution to present proof of aggravating circumstances?

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Yes. It is mandatory in order to establish the precise degree of culpability and the imposable penalty. Otherwise, there is an
improvident plea of guilty.

 Can a court validly convict an accused based on an improvident plea of guilty?

Yes. If there is adequate evidence of the guilt of the accused independent of the improvident plea of guilty, the court may still
convict the accused. The conviction will be set aside only if the plea of guilt is the sole basis of the judgment.

 What should the court do when the accused pleads guilty to a non-capital offense?

The court may receive evidence from the parties to determine the penalty to be imposed. Unlike in a plea of guilty to a capital
offense, the reception of evidence in this case is not mandatory. It is merely discretionary on the court.

 When can the validity of a plea of guilty be attacked?

Generally, a plea of guilty cannot be attacked if it is made voluntarily and intelligently. It can only be attacked if it was induced by
threats, misrepresentation, or bribes. When the consensual character of the plea is called into question or when it is shown that the
defendant was not fully apprised of its consequences, the plea can be challenged.

 Can an improvident plea of guilty be withdrawn as a matter of right?

No. The withdrawal of the plea of guilty is not a matter of strict right to the accused but is within the discretion of the court. The
reason for this is that trial has already commenced; withdrawal of the plea will change the theory of the case and will put all of the
past proceedings to waste. Therefore, it may only be withdrawn with permission of the court.

Moreover, there is a presumption that the plea was made voluntarily. The court must decide whether the consent of the accused
was, in fact, vitiated when he entered his plea.

 X is charged with homicide. He pleads guilty, but tells the judge “hindi ko sinasadya.” Is his plea valid?

No. In order to be valid, the plea of guilty must be unconditional. In this case, when X said “hindi ko sinasadya,” he made a
qualified plea of guilty. This is not a valid plea of guilty. A plea of not guilty should be entered instead.

 When a defendant appears without an attorney during arraignment, what should the court do?

The court has a four-fold duty:

1. It must inform the defendant that he has a right to an attorney before being arraigned;
2. After informing him, the court must ask the defendant if he desires to have the aid of an attorney;
3. If he desires and is unable to employ an attorney, the court must assign an attorney de oficio to defend him;
4. If the accused desires to procure an attorney of his own, the court must grant him a reasonable time therefor.

 What is the reason for this four-fold duty?

The right to be heard would be of little avail if it does not include the right to be heard by counsel.

 What is the effect of the failure of the court to comply with these duties?

It is a violation of due process.

 What is a counsel de oficio?

Counsel de oficio is counsel appointed by the court to represent and defend the accused in case he cannot afford to employ one
himself.

 Who can be appointed as counsel de oficio?

The court, considering the gravity of the offense and the difficulty of the questions that may arise shall appoint as counsel de oficio:

1. such members of the bar in good standing

2. who by reason of their experience and ability, can competently defend the accused.

But, in localities where such members of the bar are not available, the court may appoint any person who is:

1. a resident of the province

2. and of good repute for probity and ability to defend the accused.

 What is the difference between the duty of the court to appoint counsel de oficio during arraignment and during trial?

During arraignment, the court has the affirmative duty to inform the accused of his right to counsel and to provide him with one in
case he cannot afford it. The court must act on its own volition, unless the right is waived by the accused.
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On the other hand, during trial, it is the accused who must assert his right to counsel. The court will not act unless the accused
invokes his rights.

 Can a non-lawyer represent the accused during arraignment?

No. During arraignment, it is the obligation of the court to ensure that the accused is represented by a lawyer because it is the first
time when the accused is informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. This is a task which only a lawyer can do.

But during trial, there is no such duty. The accused must ask for a lawyer, or else, the right is deemed waived. He can even defend
himself personally.

 May an accused be validly represented by a non-lawyer at the trial?

If the accused knowingly engaged the services of the non-lawyer, he is bound by the non-lawyer’s actions. But if he did not know
that he was being represented by a non-lawyer, the judgment is void because of the misrepresentation.

 What are the duties of the pubic attorney if the accused assigned to him is imprisoned?

1. He shall promptly undertake to obtain the presence of the prisoner for trial, or cause a notice to be served on the person
having custody of the prisoner, requiring such person to advise the prisoner of his right to demand trial.
2. Upon receipt of that notice, the person having custody of the prisoner shall promptly advise the prisoner of the charge and
of his right to demand trial. It at anytime thereafter, the prisoner informs his custodian that he demands such trial, the
latter shall cause notice to that effect to be sent promptly to the public attorney.
3. Upon receipt of such notice, the public attorney shall promptly seek to obtain the presence of the prisoner for trial.
4. When the person having custody of the prisoner receives from the public attorney a properly supported request for the
availability of the prisoner for purposes of the trial, the prisoner shall be made available accordingly.

 What is a bill of particulars?

It is a more specific allegation. A defendant in a criminal case who believes or feels that he is not sufficiently informed of the crime
with which he is charged and not in a position to defend himself properly and adequately could move for a bill or particulars or
specifications.

 What is the purpose of a bill of particulars?

It is to allow the accused to prepare for his defense.

 When can the accused move for a bill of particulars?

The accused must move for a bill of particulars before arraignment. Otherwise, the right is deemed waived.

 What should be contained in the motion for a bill or particulars?

It should specify the alleged defects of the complaint or information and the details desired.

 What is the right to modes of discovery?

It is the right of the accused to move for the production or inspection or material evidence in the possession of the prosecution. It
authorizes the defense to inspect, copy, or photograph any evidence of the prosecution in its possession after obtaining permission of
the court.

 What is the purpose of this right?

The purpose is to prevent surprise to the accused and the suppression or alteration of evidence.

 Is this right available during preliminary investigation?

Yes, when indispensable to protect his constitutional right to life, liberty, and property. (Webb v. de Leon)

 What are the grounds for suspending arraignment?

1. If the accused appears to be suffering from an unsound mental condition, which renders him unable to fully understand the
charge against him and to plead intelligently thereto. The court should order his mental examination and his confinement, if
necessary.
2. If there exists a prejudicial question.
3. If a petition for review of the resolution of the prosecutor is pending either at the DOJ or the Office of the President.
However, the period of suspension shall not exceed 60 days counted from the filing of the petition for review.

 What is the test to determine whether the insanity of the accused should warrant the suspension of the proceedings?

The test is whether the accused will have a fair trial with the assistance of counsel, in spite of his insanity. Not every aberration of
the mind or exhibition of mental deficiency is sufficient to justify suspension.
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RULE 117 MOTION TO QUASH

 When can the accused file a motion to quash?

At any time before entering his plea, the accused may move to quash the complaint or information.

 What is the form required for a motion to quash?

1. It must be in writing.
2. It must be signed by the accused or his counsel.
3. It must specify its factual and legal grounds.

 Can the court dismiss the case based on grounds that are not alleged in the motion to quash?

As a general rule, no. The court cannot consider any ground other than those stated in the motion to quash. The exception is lack
of jurisdiction over the offense charged. If this is the ground for dismissing the case, it need not be alleged in the motion to quash
since it goes into the very competence of the court to pass upon the case.

 What are the grounds that the accused may invoke to quash a complaint or information?

1. That the facts charged do not constitute an offense;

2. That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the offense charged;
3. That the court trying the case has no jurisdiction over the person of the accused;
4. That the officer who filed the information had no authority to do so;
5. That it does not conform substantially to the prescribed form;
6. That more than one offense is charged except when a single punishment for various offenses is prescribed by law
(duplicitous);
7. That the criminal action or liability has been extinguished;
8. That it contains averments which, if true, would constitute a legal excuse or justification;
9. That the accused has been previously convicted or acquitted of the offense charged, or the case against him was dismissed
or otherwise terminated without his express consent. (double jeopardy)

 X filed a motion to quash an information on the ground that he was in the US when the crime charged was committed.
Should the motion be granted?

The motion should be denied. The accused is already making a defense. Matters of defense are generally not a ground for a motion
to quash. They should be presented at the trial.

 What is meant by the statement that “a motion to quash hypothetically admits allegations of fact in the information”?

It means that the accused argues that assuming that the facts charged are true, the information should still be dismissed based on
the ground invoked by the defendant. Therefore, since the defendant assumes that the facts in the information are true, only these
facts should be taken into account when the court resolves the motion to quash. Other facts, such as matters of defense, which are
not in the information should not be considered. Exceptions to this rule are when the grounds invoked to quash the information are
extinction of criminal liability, prescription, and former jeopardy. In these cases, additional facts are allowed.

 Can the accused move to quash on the ground that he was denied due process?

No. Denial of due process is not one of the grounds for a motion to quash.

 X filed a motion to quash on the following grounds: that the court lacked jurisdiction over the person of the accused
and that the complaint charged more than one offense. Can the court grant the motion on the ground of lack of
jurisdiction over the person of the accused?

No. A motion to quash on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over the person of the accused must be based only on this ground. If
other grounds are included, there is a waiver, and the accused is deemed to have submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the court.

 What is the effect of an information that was signed by an unauthorized person?

It is a VALID information signed by a competent officer which, among other requisites, confers jurisdiction over the person of the
accused and the subject matter of the accusation. Thus, an infirmity in the information such as lack of authority of the officer
signing it cannot be cured by silence, acquiescence, express consent, or even amendment.

 What happens if the defendant enters his plea before filing a motion to quash?

By entering his plea before filing the motion to quash, the defendant waives FORMAL objections to the complaint or information.

But if the ground for the motion is any of the following, there is no waiver. The ground may be raised at any stage of the proceeding:

1. failure to charge an offense

2. lack of jurisdiction over the offense
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3. extinction of criminal liability
4. double jeopardy

 How is criminal liability extinguished?

Under Article 89 of the RPC, criminal liability is extinguished by:

1. death of the convict, and as to pecuniary penalties, liability therefor is extinguished only when the death of the offender
occurs before final judgment;
2. service of sentence;
3. amnesty;
4. absolute pardon;
5. prescription of the crime;
6. prescription of the penalty;
7. marriage of the offended woman, as provided in Article 344 of the RPC.

 X and Y were charged with adultery. While the case was being tried, X died. What happens to the criminal liability
of X and Y?

The criminal liability of X is extinguished. The criminal liability of Y subsists. The death of one of several accused will not be a cause
for dismissal of the criminal action as against the other accused.

 What is the effect of the death of the offended party on the criminal liability of the accused?

Where the offense charged in a criminal complaint or information is one against the state, involving peace and order, the death of
the offended party before final conviction of the defendant will not abate the prosecution. Neither does the death of the offended
party in private crimes abate the prosecution.

 What are the means by which criminal liability is partially extinguished?

1. Conditional pardon
2. Commutation of sentence
3. For good conduct, allowances which the culprit may earn while he is serving his sentence

 What are the distinctions between pardon and amnesty?

AMNESTY PARDON
TYPE OF OFFENSE Political offenses Infractions of the peace (common
crimes)
BENEFICIARY Classes of persons An individual
CONCURRENCE OF CONGRESS Necessary Not necessary
ACCEPTANCE Beneficiary need not accept Need for distinct acts of acceptance
on the part of the pardonee
JUDICIAL NOTICE Courts take judicial notice because it Courts do not take judicial notice
is a public act because it is a private act of the
President. Therefore, it must be
proved in court.
EFFECT Abolishes the offense (looks Relieves the offender from the
backward) consequences of the offense (looks
forward)
WHEN IT MAY BE GRANTED Before or after prosecution Only after conviction by final
judgment

 What is the effect of absolute pardon upon criminal liability?

Absolute pardon blots out the crime. It removes all disabilities resulting from the conviction, such as the political rights of the
accused.

 What is the effect of pardon by the offended party upon criminal liability?

As a general rule, pardon by the offended party does not extinguish criminal liability. Only civil liability is extinguished by express
waiver of the offended party.

However, pardon granted before the institution of the criminal proceedings in cases of adultery, concubinage, seduction, abduction,
and acts of lasciviousness shall extinguish criminal liability.

 What is the effect of marriage of the offender with the offended party in private crimes?

It shall extinguish the criminal action or remit the penalty already imposed. This applies even to co-principals, accomplices, and
accessories.
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However, where multiple rape is committed, marriage of the offended party with one defendant extinguishes the latter’s liability and
that of his accessories or accomplices for a single crime of rape cannot extend to the other acts of rape.

 If the offender in rape is the legal husband of the offended party, how can the husband’s criminal liability be
extinguished?

The subsequent forgiveness by the wife shall extinguish the criminal action or the penalty. But the penalty shall not be abated if the
marriage is void ab initio.

 Why is prescription a ground for a motion to quash?

This is meant to exhort the prosecution not to delay; otherwise, they will lose the right to prosecute. It is also meant to secure the
best evidence that can be obtained.

 What are the prescriptive periods of crimes?

OFFENSE PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD

Punishable by death, reclusion perpetua, or reclusion 20 years
temporal
Punishable by other afflictive penalties 10 years
Punishable by arresto mayor 5 years
Libel or other similar offenses 2 years
Oral defamation and slander by deed 6 months
Light offenses 2 months

 Can the accused still raise prescription as a defense even after conviction? Can the defense of prescription be
waived?

The accused can still raise prescription as a defense even after conviction. The defense cannot be waived. This is because the
criminal action is totally extinguished by the expiration of the prescriptive period. The State thereby loses or waives its right to
prosecute and punish it.

 What is the proper action of the court when the accused raises the defense of prescription?

The proper action for the court is to exercise its jurisdiction and to decide the case upon the merits, holding the action to have
prescribed and absolving the defendant. The court should not inhibit itself because it does not lose jurisdiction over the subject
matter or the person of the accused by prescription.

 What is the effect of prescription of the offense on the civil liability of the accused?

The extinction of the penal action does not carry with it the extinction of the civil action to enforce civil liability arising from the
offense charged, unless the extinction proceeds from a declaration in a final judgment that the fact from which the civil liability might
arise did not exist.

 What should the court do if the accused moves to quash the complaint or information on grounds that can be cured
by amendment (ex: duplicitous)?

The court should order that the amendment be made.

 What should the court do if the accused moves to quash on the ground that the facts charged do not constitute an
offense?

The court should give the prosecution the opportunity to correct the defect by amendment. If the prosecution fails to make the
amendment, or if, after it makes the amendment, the complaint or information still suffers from the same defect, the court should
grant/sustain the motion to quash.

 What is the effect if a motion to quash is sustained?

The court may order that another complaint or information be filed against the accused for the same offense, except if the ground for
sustaining the motion to quash is either:

1. extinguishment of the criminal liability of the accused, or

2. double jeopardy.

The grant of a motion to quash on these two grounds is a bar to another prosecution for the same offense.

If the order is made, the accused, if in custody, shall not be discharged unless admitted to bail.

If no order is made, or if no new information was filed within the time specified by the court, the accused, if in custody, shall be
discharged.

 What is the remedy of the accused if the court denies his motion to quash?
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The accused cannot appeal an order overruling his motion to quash. This is because an order denying a motion to quash is
interlocutory; it does not dispose of the case upon its merits. The accused should go to trial and raise it as an error on appeal later.

 What are the two kinds of jeopardy?

1. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.

2. When an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another
prosecution for the same act.

 What are the requisites for the accused to raise the defense of double jeopardy?

To raise the defense of double jeopardy, the following requisites must be present:

1. a first jeopardy must have attached prior to the second;

2. the first jeopardy must have been validly terminated;
3. the second jeopardy must be for the same offense or the second offense includes or is necessarily included in the
offense charged in the first information, or is an attempt or a frustration thereof.

 What are the requisites for the first jeopardy to attach?

1. Valid complaint or information

2. Court of competent jurisdiction
3. Arraignment
4. Valid plea
5. The defendant was acquitted, convicted, or the case was dismissed without his express consent.

 A crime was committed in Makati. The case was filed in Pasay. When the prosecution realized that the complaint
should have been filed in Makati, it filed the case in Makati. Can the accused invoke double jeopardy?

No. The court in Pasay had no jurisdiction; therefore, the accused was in no danger of being placed in jeopardy. The first jeopardy
did not validly attach.

 For purposes of double jeopardy, when is a complaint or information valid?

A complaint or information is valid if it can support a judgment of conviction. It the complaint or information is not valid, it would
violate the right of the accused to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him. If he is convicted under this
complaint or information, the conviction is null and void. If the conviction is null and void, there can be no first jeopardy.

 X was charged with qualified theft. X moved to dismiss on the ground of insufficiency of the information. The case
was dismissed. Subsequently, the prosecution filed a corrected information. Can X plead double jeopardy?

No. The first jeopardy did not attach because the first information was not valid.

 X was charged with theft. During the trial, the prosecution was able to prove estafa. X was acquitted of theft. Can X
be prosecuted for estafa later without placing him in double jeopardy?

Yes. For jeopardy to attach, the basis is the crime charged in the complaint or information, and not the one proved at the trial. In
this case, the crime charged in the first information was theft. X was therefore placed in jeopardy of being convicted of theft. Since
estafa is not an offense which is included or necessarily includes theft, X can still be prosecuted for estafa without placing him in
double jeopardy.

 The estafa case against X was dismissed, but the dismissal contained a reservation of the right to file another action.
Can another estafa case be filed against X without placing him in double jeopardy?

Yes. To raise the defense of double jeopardy, the firs jeopardy must have been validly terminated. This means that there must
have been either a conviction or an acquittal, or an unconditional dismissal of the case. A provisional dismissal, such as this one,
does not validly terminate the first jeopardy.

Note, however, that in the second kind of jeopardy (one act punished by a law and an ordinance), the first jeopardy can only be
terminated either by conviction or acquittal, and not by dismissal of the case without the express consent of the accused.

 X was charged with theft. On the day of the trial, the prosecution could not go to trial because important witnesses
were unable to appear. Counsel for the accused moved to dismiss the case. The court dismissed the case provisionally.
Subsequently, X was charged with theft again. Can X invoke double jeopardy?

No. The case was dismissed upon motion of counsel for the accused, so it was not dismissed without his express consent. Moreover,
the dismissal was only provisional, which is not a valid termination of the first jeopardy. In order to validly terminate the first
jeopardy, the dismissal must have been unconditional.
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 X was charged with slight physical injuries. On his motion, the case was dismissed during the trial. Another case for
assault upon a person in authority was filed against him. Can X invoke double jeopardy?

No. The first jeopardy was not terminated through either conviction, acquittal, or dismissal without the express consent of X. The
first case was dismissed upon motion of X himself. Therefore, he cannot invoke double jeopardy.

 X was charged with theft. During trial, the evidence showed that the offense committed was actually estafa. What
should the judge do?

The judge should order the substitution of the complaint for theft with a new one charging estafa. Upon filing of the substituted
complaint, the judge should dismiss the original complaint.

If it appears at any time before judgment that a mistake has been made in charging the proper offense, the court shall dismiss the
original complaint or information upon the filing of a new one charging the proper offense.

 What are the requisites for a valid substitution of a complaint or information?

1. No judgment has been rendered;

2. The accused cannot be convicted of the offense charged or any other offense necessarily included in the offense charged;
3. The accused will not be placed in double jeopardy.

 X was charged with homicide. On the first day of trial, the prosecution failed to appear. The court dismissed the
case on the ground of violation of the right of the accused to speedy trial. X was later charged with murder. Can X
invoke double jeopardy?

No. The first jeopardy was not validly terminated. The judge who dismissed the case on the ground of violation of the right of X to
speedy trial committed grave abuse of discretion in dismissing the case after the prosecution failed to appear once. This is not a
valid dismissal because it deprives the prosecution of due process. When the judge gravely abuses his discretion in dismissing a
case, the dismissal is not valid. Therefore, X cannot invoke double jeopardy.

 Distinguish between dismissal and acquittal.

Acquittal is always based on the merits. The accused is acquitted because the evidence does not show his guilt beyond reasonable
doubt. Dismissal does not decide the case on the merits, nor does it determine that the accused is not guilty. Dismissals terminate
the proceedings, either because the court is not a court of competent jurisdiction or the evidence does not show that the offense was
committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the court, or the complaint or information is not valid or sufficient in form and
substance.

 When is a dismissal of the case, even with the express consent of the accused, equivalent to an acquittal, which
would constitute a bar to a second jeopardy? When is it not a bar to a second jeopardy?

A dismissal upon motion of the accused or his counsel negates the application of double jeopardy because the motion of the accused
amounts to express consent, EXCEPT:

1. if the ground is insufficiency of evidence of the prosecution (demurrer to evidence), or

2. denial of the right to speedy trial.

In these two cases, even upon motion of the accused, the dismissal amounts to an acquittal and would bar a second jeopardy.

But if the accused moves to dismiss on the following grounds, he can still be prosecuted for the same offense because he is deemed
to have waived his right against a second jeopardy:

1. Lack of jurisdiction (Why? Because if you move to dismiss on the ground of lack of jurisdiction, it means that you could not
have been validly convicted by that court. You are later estopped from claiming that you were in danger of conviction).
2. Insufficiency of complaint or information (Same reason. You could not have been validly convicted under that defective
information, so you are estopped from claiming that there was a first jeopardy).

 When will dismissal or termination of the first case not bar a second jeopardy?

The conditions when dismissal or termination will not place the accused in double jeopardy are:

1. The dismissal must be sought by the defendant personally or through his counsel; and
2. Such dismissal must not be on the merits and must not necessarily amount to an acquittal.

 Before the prosecution could finish presenting its evidence, the accused filed a demurrer to evidence. The court
granted the motion and dismissed the case on the ground of insufficiency of evidence of the prosecution. Can the
accused be prosecuted for the same offense again?

Yes. There was no double jeopardy because the court exceeded its jurisdiction in dismissing the case even before the prosecution
could finish presenting evidence. It denied the prosecution of its right to due process. Because of this, the dismissal is null and void
and cannot constitute a proper basis for a claim of double jeopardy.
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 The prosecutor filed an information against X for homicide. Before X could be arraigned, the prosecutor withdrew
the information, without notice to X. The prosecutor then filed an information against X for murder. Can X invoke
double jeopardy?

No. X has not yet been arraigned under the first information. Therefore, the first jeopardy did not attach. A nolle prosequi or
dismissal entered before the accused is placed on trial and before he pleads is not equivalent to an acquittal and does not bar a
subsequent prosecution for the same offense.

 If the accused fails to object to the motion to dismiss the case filed by the prosecution, is he deemed to have
consented to the dismissal? Can he still invoke double jeopardy?

No. Silence does not mean consent to the dismissal. If the accused fails to object or acquiesces to the dismissal of the case, he can
still invoke double jeopardy, since the dismissal was still without his express consent. He is deemed to have waived his right against
double jeopardy if he expressly consents to the dismissal.

 X was charged with murder. The prosecution moved to dismiss the case. Counsel for X wrote the words “No
objection” at the bottom of the motion to dismiss and signed it. Can X invoke double jeopardy later on?

No. X is deemed to have expressly consented to the dismissal of the case when his counsel wrote “No objection at the bottom of the
motion to dismiss. Since the case was dismissed with his express consent, X cannot invoke double jeopardy.

 X was charged with murder. After the prosecution presented its evidence, X filed a motion to dismiss on the ground
that the prosecution failed to prove that the crime was committed within the territorial jurisdiction of the court. The
court dismissed the case. The prosecution appealed. Can X invoke double jeopardy?

No. X cannot invoke double jeopardy. The dismissal was upon his own motion, so it was with his express consent. Since the
dismissal was with his express consent, he is deemed to have waived his right against double jeopardy. The only time when a
dismissal, even upon motion of the accuse, will bar a second jeopardy is if it is based either on insufficiency of evidence or denial of
the right of the accused to speedy trial. These are not the grounds invoked by X, so he cannot claim double jeopardy.

 X was charged with homicide. X moved to dismiss on the ground that the court had no jurisdiction. Believing that it
had no jurisdiction, the judge dismissed the case. Since the court, in fact, had jurisdiction over the case, the
prosecution filed another case in the same court. Can X invoke double jeopardy?

No. X is estopped from claiming that he was in danger of being convicted during the first case, since he had himself earlier alleged
that the court had no jurisdiction.

 X was charged with homicide. The court, believing that it had no jurisdiction, motu propio dismissed the case. The
prosecution appealed, claiming that the court, in fact, had jurisdiction. Can X invoke double jeopardy?

Yes. When the trial court has jurisdiction but mistakenly dismisses the complaint or information on the ground of lack of it, and the
dismissal was not at the request of the accused, the dismissal is not appealable because it will place the accused in double jeopardy.

 X was charged with rape. X moved to dismiss on the ground that the complaint was insufficient because it did not
allege lewd designs. The court dismissed the case. Later, another case for rape was filed against X. Can X invoke
double jeopardy?

No. Like the previous problem, X is estopped from claiming that he could have been convicted under the first complaint. He himself
moved to dismiss on the ground that the complaint was insufficient. He cannot change his position and now claim that he was in
danger of being convicted under that complaint.

 X was charged with murder, along with three other people. X was discharged as a state witness. Can X be
prosecuted again for the same offense?

It depends. As a general rule, an order discharging an accused as a state witness amounts to an acquittal, and he is barred from
being prosecuted again for the same offense. However, if he fails or refuses to testify against his co-accused in accordance with his
sworn statement constituting the basis for the discharge, he can be prosecuted again.

 Can a person accused of estafa be charged with violation of BP22 without placing him in double jeopardy?

Yes. Where two different laws define two crimes, prior jeopardy as to one of the is no obstacle to a prosecution of the other
although both offenses arise from the same facts, if each crime involves some important act which is not an essential element of the
other. Other examples: Illegal recruitment and estafa, illegal fishing and illegal possession of explosives, alarm and scandal and
illegal discharge of firearms, brigandage and illegal possession of firearms, consented abduction and qualified seduction.

But take note of the following:

Possession of a shotgun and a revolver by the same person at the same time is only one act of possession, so there is only one
violation of the law.

Conviction for smoking opium bars prosecution for illegal possession of the pipe. He cannot smoke the opium without the pipe.
 11
Theft of 13 cows at the same time and in the same place is only one act of theft.

Conviction for less serious physical injuries bars prosecution for assault upon a person in authority.

Reckless imprudence resulting in damage to property and serious or less serious physical injuries is only one offense. If it is slight
physical injuries, it can be broken down into two offenses, since a light offense cannot be complexed.

 X installed a jumper cable which allowed him to reduce his electricity bill. He was prosecuted for violating a
municipal ordinance against unauthorized installation of the device. He was convicted. Can he still be prosecuted for
theft?

No. Under the second type of jeopardy, when an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or acquittal under once will
bar a prosecution under the other. (But remember, that there has to be either conviction or acquittal. Dismissal without the express
consent of the accused is not sufficient).

 What are the exceptions to double jeopardy? When can the accused be charged with a second offense which
necessarily includes the offense charged in the former complaint or information?

The conviction of the accused shall not be a bar to another prosecution for an offense which necessarily includes the offense charged
in the former complaint or information under any of the following circumstances:

1. the graver offense developed due to supervening facts arising from the same act or omission constituting the former
charge;
2. the facts constituting the graver charge became known or were discovered only after a plea was entered in the former
complaint or information;
3. the plea of guilty to the lesser offense was made without the consent of the prosecutor and the offended party
except if the offended party fails to appear at the arraignment.

 What is the doctrine of supervening fact?

If, after the first prosecution, a new fact supervenes on which the defendant may be held liable, altering the character of the crime
and giving rise to a new and distinct offense, the accused cannot be said to be in second jeopardy if indicted for the new offense.

 X was charged with frustrated homicide. There was nothing to indicated that the victim was going to die. X was
arraigned. Before trial, the victim dies. Can X be charged with homicide?

It depends. If the death of the victim can be traced to the acts of X, and the victim did not contribute to his death with his
negligence, X can be charged with homicide. This is a supervening fact. But if the act of X was not the proximate cause of death, he
cannot be charged with homicide.

 X was charged with reckless imprudence resulting in homicide and was acquitted. The heirs of the victim appealed
the civil aspect of the judgment. X claims that the appeal will place him in double jeopardy. Is X correct?

No. There was no second jeopardy. What was elevated on appeal was the civil aspect of the case, not the criminal aspect. The
extinction of criminal liability whether by prescription or by the bar of double jeopardy does not carry with it the extinction of civil
liability arising from the offense charged.

 X was charged with murder and was acquitted. Can the prosecution appeal the acquittal?

No. The prosecution cannot appeal the acquittal, since it would place the accused in double jeopardy.

Even if the decision of acquittal was erroneous, the prosecution still cannot appeal the decision. It would still place the accused in
double jeopardy.

 When can the prosecution appeal despite the dismissal or termination of the case?

As a general rule, the dismissal or termination of the case after arraignment and plea of the defendant to a valid information shall be
a bar to another prosecution for the same offense, an attempt or frustration thereof, or one included or which includes the previous
offense. The exceptions are:

1. if the dismissal of the first case was made upon motion or with the express consent of the defendant, unless the grounds
are insufficiency of evidence or denial of the right to speedy trial;
2. if the dismissal is not an acquittal or based upon consideration of the evidence or of the merits of the case; and
3. the question to be passed upon by the appellate court is purely legal so that should the dismissal be found incorrect, the
case would have to be remanded to the court of origin for further proceedings to determine the guilt or innocence of the
accused.

 What is the effect of the appeal by the accused?

If the accused appeals, he waives his right against double jeopardy. The case is thrown wide open for review and a penalty higher
than that of the original conviction could be imposed upon him.
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 What should the accused do if the court denies the motion to quash on the ground of double jeopardy?

He should plead not guilty and reiterate his defense of former jeopardy. In case of conviction, he should appeal from the judgment,
on the ground of double jeopardy.

 When can a case be provisionally dismissed?

A case can only be dismissed provisionally if the accused expressly consents, and with notice to the offended party. Provisional
dismissal does not place the accused in double jeopardy. But, ff the accused objects to the provisional dismissal, a revival of the
case would place him in double jeopardy.

 When does the provisional dismissal become final?

The provisional dismissal of offenses punishable by imprisonment exceeding 6 years or a fine of any amount shall become permanent
after 1 year without the case having been revived.

For offenses punishable by imprisonment of more than 6 years, the provisional dismissal shall become permanent after 2 years
without the case having been revived.

After the provisional dismissal becomes final, the accused cannot be prosecuted anymore.

RULE 118 PRE-TRIAL

 When is pre-trial required?

Pre-trial is mandatory in all criminal cases cognizable by the Sandiganbayan, RTC, MTCs and Municipal Circuit Trial Courts.

 When should it be conducted?

After arraignment and within 30 days from the date the court acquires jurisdiction over the person of the accused.

 What happens during pre-trial?

The following things are considered:

1. plea bargaining
2. stipulation of facts
3. marking for identification of evidence of the parties
4. waiver of objections to admissibility of evidence
5. modification of the order of trial if the accused admits the charge but interposes a lawful defense
6. other matters that will promote a fair and expeditious trial of the criminal and civil aspects of the case

 What is the form required for the pre-trial agreement?

Any agreement or admission entered into during the pre-trial conference should be:

1. in writing
2. signed by the accused
3. signed by counsel

Otherwise, it cannot be used against the accused.

 What is a pre-trial order?

It is an order issued by the court after the pre-trial conference containing:

1. a recital of the actions taken,

2. the facts stipulated, and
3. the evidence marked.

The pre-trial order binds the parties, limits the trial to matters not disposed of, and controls the course of the action during the trial,
unless modified by the court to prevent manifest injustice.

 What is plea bargaining? Why is it encouraged?

It is the disposition of criminal charges by agreement between the prosecution and the accused. It is encouraged because it leads to
prompt and final disposition of most criminal cases. It shortens the time between charge and disposition and enhances whatever
may be the rehabilitative prospects of the guilty when they are ultimately imprisoned.

 When is plea bargaining not allowed?

It is not allowed under the Dangerous Drugs Act where the imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua to death.
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RULE 119 TRIAL

 How much time does the accused have to prepare for trial?

After he enters his plea of not guilty, the accused shall have at least 15 days to prepare for trial. The trial shall commence within 30
days from receipt of the pre-trial order.

 How long should the trial last?

The entire trial period should not exceed 180 days from the first day of trial, except if authorized by the Supreme Court.

 What are the duties of the presiding judge under the continuous trial system?

The judge should:

1. adhere faithfully to the session hours prescribed by laws;

2. maintain full control of the proceedings;
3. efficiently allocate and use time and court resources to avoid court delays.

 In which cases is the time limitation not applicable?

1. Criminal cases covered by the Rule on Summary Procedure or those where the penalty does not exceed 6 months
imprisonment or a fine of P1,000: governed by the Rules on Summary Procedure

2. When the offended party is about to depart with no definite date or return: trial shall commence within 3 days from the date
of arraignment, and cannot be postponed except on grounds of illness of the accused or other grounds over which the
accused has no control
3. Child abuse cases: trial shall commence within 3 days from arraignment and cannot be postponed except on grounds of
illness of the accused or other grounds beyond his control
4. Violations of Dangerous Drugs Law: trial shall be finished within 3 months from filing of the information.
5. Kidnapping, Robbery in a band, Robbery against a Banking or Financial Institution, Violation of the Carnapping Act, and
other heinous crimes: trial shall be finished within 60 days from the first day of trial.

 What are the periods that should be excluded in computing the time within which trial must commence?

1. Any period of delay resulting from other proceedings concerning the accused
2. Any period resulting from the absence or unavailability of an essential witness.
3. Any period of delay resulting from mental incompetence or physical inability of the accused to stand trial.
4. If the information is dismissed upon motion of the prosecution and thereafter a charge is filed against the accused for the
same offense, any period of delay from the date the charge was dismissed to the date the time limitation would commence
to run as to the subsequent charge, had there been no previous charge. (say what?)
5. A reasonable period of delay when the accused is joined for trial with a co-accused over whom the court has not
acquired jurisdiction, or as to whom the time for trial has not run and not motion for separate trial has been
granted.
6. Any period of delay from a continuance granted by any court motu propio, or on motion of either the accused or his
counsel, or the prosecution, if the court granted it on the basis of finding that the ends of justice served by taking such
action outweigh the best interest of the public and the accused in a speedy trial.

 What are examples of other proceedings concerning the accused which should be excluded from the computation of
time?

1. Delay resulting from an examination of the physical and mental condition of the accused;
2. Delay resulting from proceedings with respect to other criminal charges against the accused;
3. Delay resulting from extraordinary remedies against interlocutory orders;
4. Delay resulting from pre-trial proceedings, provided that the delay does not exceed 30 days;
5. Delay resulting from orders of inhibition, or proceedings relating to change of venue of cases or transfer from
other courts;
6. Delay resulting from a finding of the existence of a prejudicial question
7. Delay reasonably attributable to any period not to exceed 30 days during which any proceeding concerning the accused is
actually under advisement.

 When is an essential witness considered absent?

When his whereabouts are unknown or cannot be determined with due diligence.

 When is an essential witness considered unavailable?

When his whereabouts are known but his presence at the trial cannot be obtained with due diligence.

 What are the factors for granting a continuance/postponement?

 14
1. Whether or not the failure to grant a continuance in the proceeding would likely make a continuation of such proceeding
impossible or result in a miscarriage of justice; and
2. Whether or not the case taken as a whole is so novel, unusual, and complex, due to the number of accused or the nature of
the prosecution, or that it is unreasonable to expect adequate preparation within the periods of time established therein.

No continuance shall be granted because of congestion of the court’s calendar or lack of diligent preparation or failure to obtain
available witnesses on the part of the prosecutor.

 Is the grant of a motion for continuance or postponement a matter of right?

No. It is a matter of discretion on the part of the court.

 What are the public attorney’s duties where his client is being preventively detained?

1. He shall promptly undertake to obtain the presence of the prisoner for trial, or cause a notice to be served on the person
having custody of the prisoner, requiring such person to advise the prisoner of his right to demand trial.
2. Upon receipt of that notice, the person having custody of the prisoner shall promptly advise the prisoner of the charge and
of his right to demand trial. It at anytime thereafter, the prisoner informs his custodian that he demands such trial, the
latter shall cause notice to that effect to be sent promptly to the public attorney.

3. Upon receipt of such notice, the public attorney shall promptly seek to obtain the presence of the prisoner for trial.
4. When the person having custody of the prisoner receives from the public attorney a properly supported request for the
availability of the prisoner for purposes of the trial, the prisoner shall be made available accordingly.

 If the accused is not brought to trial within the time limit required, what is the remedy?

The accused should move to dismiss the information of the ground of denial of his right to speedy trial. He shall have the burden of
proving the motion, but the prosecution shall have the burden or proving that the delay was covered by the allowed exclusions of
time. If the complaint or information is dismissed, the accused can plead double jeopardy to a subsequent prosecution.

The accused must move to dismiss before actually going to trial. Otherwise, it is a waiver of the right to dismiss.

 What is the order of trial?

The trial proceeds in the following order:

1. The prosecution shall present evidence to prove the charge and civil liability, if proper.
2. the accused may present evidence to prove his defense and damages, if any, arising from the issuance of a provisional
remedy in the case.
3. The prosecution and the defense may, in that order, present rebuttal and sur-rebuttal evidence, unless the court, in
furtherance of justice, permits them to present additional evidence bearing upon the main issue.
4. Upon admission of the evidence of the parties, the case shall be deemed submitted for decision unless the court directs
them to argue orally or to submit written memoranda.

However, when the accused admits the act or omission charged in the complaint or information, but interposes a lawful defense,
there will be a reverse trial.

 Distinguish between a negative defense and an affirmative defense.

A negative defense requires the prosecution to prove the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt. In a negative defense, the
accused claims that one of the elements of the offense charged is not present. It is incumbent upon the prosecution to prove the
existence of this element. For example, in illegal possession of firearms, the accused may interpose the negative defense that he
had a license to carry the firearm. He cannot be compelled by the prosecution to present the license. It is the duty of the
prosecution to prove the absence of the license, which is an essential element of the offense charged.

On the other hand, in an affirmative defense, the accused admits the act or omission charged, but interposes a defense, which if
proven, would exculpate him. For example, the accused admits killing the victim, but he claims that he did it in self-defense. In this
case, the burden of proving the elements of self-defense belong to the accused. There will be a reverse trial in which the accused
will prove the elements of self-defense. This is because the accused admits the act or omission already. The prosecution need not
prove it anymore. The accused must now present evidence to justify the commission of the act.

 Who may examine a defense witness? Who may examine a prosecution witness?

A defense witness may be examined by any judge or by any member of the bar in good standing designated by the judge, or
before an inferior court.

On the other hand, a prosecution witness may only be examined before the judge of the court where the case is pending.

 If there are two or more accused, should they be tried jointly or separately?

As a general rule, when two or more accused are jointly charged with an offense, they should also be tried jointly. However, the
court, in its discretion and upon motion of the prosecutor or any accused, may order separate trial for one of the accused.
 15
 What happens to the evidence presented in the trial of the other accused if a separate trial is granted?

When a separate trial is demanded and granted, it is the duty of the prosecution to repeat and produce all its evidence at each and
every trial, unless it had been agreed by the parties that the evidence for the prosecution would not have to be repeated at the
second trial and all the accused had been present during the presentation of the evidence of the prosecution and their attorney had
the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses for the prosecution.

 X, a public officer, was charged with malversation of public funds in conspiracy with Y, a civilian. Should they both
be tried in the Sandiganbayan?

Yes. In case private individuals are charged as co-principals, accomplices, or accessories with public officers, they shall be tried
jointly with said public officers in the proper courts which shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over them.

 What is a state witness?

A state witness is one of two or more persons jointly charged with the commission of a crime but who is discharged with his
consent as such accused so that he may be a witness for the State.

 When should the application for discharge of the state witness be made?

It should be made upon motion of the prosecution before resting its case.

 What is the procedure?

1. Before resting its case, the prosecution should file a motion to discharge the accused as state witness with his consent.

2. The court will require the prosecution to present evidence and the sworn statement of the proposed state witness at a
hearing in order to support the discharge.

3. The court will determine if the requisites of giving the discharge are present. Evidence adduced in support of the discharge
shall automatically form part of the trial.

4. If the court is satisfied, it will discharge the state witness. The discharge is equivalent to an acquittal, unless the witness
later fails or refuses to testify.

5. If the court denies the motion for discharge, his sworn statement shall be inadmissible as evidence.

 What are the requisites in order for a person to be discharged as a state witness?

1. There is absolute necessity for the testimony of the accused whose discharge is requested;
2. There is no direct evidence available for the proper prosecution of the offense committed, except the testimony of the
said accused;
3. The testimony of said accused can be substantially corroborated in its material points;
4. Said accused does not appear to be the most guilty;
5. Said accused has not at any time been convicted of any offense involving moral turpitude.

 Can the court grant the discharge before the prosecution has finished presenting all its evidence?

No. The court should resolve any motion to discharge only after the prosecution has presented all of its evidence since it is at this
time when the court can determine the presence of the requisites above.

Although Chua v. CA (p. 703 of Herrera) says that the prosecution is not required to present all its other evidence before an accused
can be discharged. The accused may be discharged at any time before the defendants have entered upon their defense.

 What is the meaning of “absolute necessity” of the testimony of the proposed state witness?

It means that there is no other evidence to establish the offense other than the testimony of the accused. For example, where an
offense is committed in conspiracy and clandestinely, the discharge of one of the conspirators is necessary in order to provide
direct evidence of the commission of the crime. No one else other than one of the conspirators can testify on what happened
among them.

 What is the remedy of the prosecution if the court denies the motion to discharge?

The State can file a petition for certiorari.

 What are the effects of the discharge?

1. Evidence in support of the discharge become part of the trial. But if the court denies the motion to discharge, his sworn
statement shall be inadmissible in evidence.
2. Discharge of the accused operates as an acquittal and bar to further prosecution for the same offense,
 16
EXCEPT if he fails or refuses to testify against his co-accused in accordance with his sworn statement constituting the basis
of the discharge. In this case, he can be prosecuted again AND his admission can be used against him.

 What happens if the court improperly or erroneously discharges an accused as state witness (ex. he has been
convicted pala of a crime involving moral turpitude)?

The improper discharge will not render inadmissible his testimony nor detract from his competency as a witness. It will also not
invalidate his acquittal because the acquittal becomes ineffective only if he fails or refuses to testify.

 What happens when the original information under which an accused was discharged is later amended?

A discharge under the original information is just as binding upon the subsequent amended information, since the amended
information is just a continuation of the original.

 Can the other conspirators be convicted solely on the basis of the testimony of the discharged state witness?

No. There must be other evidence to support his testimony. The testimony of a state witness comes from a polluted source and
must be received with caution. It should be substantially corroborated in its material points.

As an exception however, the testimony of a co-conspirator, even if uncorroborated, will be considered sufficient if given in a
straightforward manner and it contains details which could not have been the result of deliberate afterthought.

 When can different offenses be tried jointly?

When the offenses are founded on the same facts or form part of a series of offenses of similar character, the court has the
discretion to consolidate and try them jointly.

 What is a demurrer to evidence?

It is a motion to dismiss the case filed by the defense after the prosecution rests on the ground of insufficiency of the evidence of the
prosecution.

 What are the ways by which a case may be dismissed on the basis of insufficiency of evidence of the prosecution?

There are two ways:

1. the court may dismiss the case on its own initiative after giving the prosecution the right to be heard; or
2. upon demurrer to evidence filed by the accused with or without leave of court.

 How do you file a demurrer to evidence with leave of court?

Within 5 days after the prosecution rests, the accused should file a motion for leave of court to file a demurrer to evidence. In the
motion for leave of court, he should state his grounds. The prosecution shall have 5 days within which to oppose the motion.

If the leave of court is granted, the accused shall file the demurrer to evidence within 10 days from notice of the grant of leave of
court. The prosecution may oppose the demurrer to evidence within 10 days from its receipt of the demurrer.

 What is the effect of filing the demurrer to evidence with leave of court?

If the court grants it, the case is dismissed.

If the court denies the demurrer to evidence filed with leave of court, the accused may still adduce evidence in his defense.

 What is the effect of filing the demurrer to evidence without leave of court?

If the court denies the demurrer to evidence without leave of court, the accused is deemed to have waived his right to present
evidence and submits the case for judgment on the basis of the evidence of the prosecution. This is because demurrer to evidence is
not a matter of right but is discretionary on the court. You have to ask for its permission before filing it, or else you lose certain
rights.

 What is the remedy of the accused if the demurrer to evidence is denied?

As a general rule, there can be no appeal or certiorari from the denial of the demurrer to evidence, since it is an interlocutory order,
which does not pass judgment on the merits of the case. The codal says that there is no certiorari, but J. Sabio says that if there
was grave abuse of discretion, there can be certiorari.

 When can a case be reopened?

At any time before finality of judgment of conviction, the judge may reopen the case either on his own volition or upon motion,
with hearing in either case, in order to avoid a miscarriage of justice.

The proceedings should be terminated within 30 days from the order granting the reopening of the case.
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RULE 120 JUDGMENT

 What is judgment?

Judgment is the adjudication by the court that the accused is guilty or not guilty of the offense charged and the imposition on him of
the proper penalty and civil liability, if any.

 What is the form required for the judgment?

The judgment must:

1. be written in the official language,

2. personally and directly prepared by the judge,
3. signed by him, and
4. should contain clearly and distinctly a statement of the facts and law upon which it is based.

 If the judge has very strong beliefs against the imposition of the death penalty, can he refuse to impose it upon an
accused who is guilty of an offense punishable with death?

No. The judge must impose the proper penalty provided for by the law, even if he is against it. If he refuses to do so, it is grave
abuse of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction.

 What are the contents of the judgment?

If the judgment is of conviction, it shall state the following:

1. the legal qualification of the offense constituted by the acts committed by the accused and the aggravating and
mitigating circumstances which attended its commission;
2. the participation of the accused, whether as principal, accomplice, or accessory;
3. the penalty imposed upon the accused;
4. the civil liability or damages, if any, unless the enforcement of the civil liability has been reserved or waived by the
offended party.

If the judgment is of acquittal, the decision shall state:

1. whether the evidence of the prosecution absolutely failed to prove the guilt of the accused or merely failed to prove it
beyond reasonable doubt; and
2. if the act or omission from which the civil liability might arise did not exist.

 Is it necessary for the validity of the judgment that the decision be promulgated by the same judge who heard the
case?

No. A judgment promulgated by a judge other than the one who heard the case is valid, provided that the judge who rendered the
judgment relied on the records taken during the trial as a basis for his decision.

 Why should the decision be in writing, setting fort the facts and the law on which it is based?

1. To inform the parties of the reason for the decision so if any of them appeals, he can point out to the appellate court the
findings of facts or the rulings on point of law with which he disagrees. Also, so that the appellate court will have something
to pass judgment upon.
2. To assure the parties that in reaching the judgment, the judge did so through the process of legal reasoning.

 Is a verbal judgment valid?

No. A verbal judgment is incomplete because it does not contain findings of fact, and it is not signed by the judge. It may, however,
be corrected by putting it in writing and following the prescribed form. When it is put in writing, it becomes a full blown judgment.

 Is an erroneous judgment valid?

Yes. Error in judgment will not invalidate a decision, so long as it conforms with the requirements of the law.

 Is a judgment which imposes a penalty that does not exist or one that is impossible valid?

The judgment is void. The error goes into the very essence of the penalty and does not merely arise from the misapplication thereof.

 Does the judge need to designate the particular provision of law violated?

If possible, he should. But if he fails to do so, the judgment is not void, as long as his conclusions are based on some provision of
law.

 Can the judge impose a penalty of reclusion perpetua or a fine of P10,000?

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No. The judge cannot impose alternative penalties (using OR). The penalty imposed must be definite. When the judge imposes
alternative penalties, giving the defendant the right to choose which one to serve, he gives discretion belonging to the court to the
accused.

 Can the judge impose a penalty of reclusion perpetua and a fine of P10,000?

Yes, because in this case, the penalty is definite (it uses AND instead of OR).

 What is the importance of using the proper terminology in the imposition of imprisonment penalties?

The judge should use the proper legal terminology of the penalties since each penalty has its distinct accessory penalties and effects.

 What is the remedy of the offended party if the judgment fails to award civil liability?

The offended party can appeal, go on certiorari, or file for mandamus.

 What constitutes civil liability arising from crime?

Civil liability arising from crime includes actual damages, moral damages, exemplary damages, and loss of earning capacity.

 When may attorney’s fees be awarded?

Attorney’s fees may be awarded only when a separate civil action to recover civil liability has been filed or when exemplary damages
are awarded. The reason for this is that there is no attorney in a criminal case, only a public prosecutor, who is compensated by the
government.

 What is the difference between “damage” and “damages”?

Damage refers to the actionable loss resulting from another person’s act or omission.

On the other hand, damages refer to the sum of money which can be awarded for the damage done.

 When are exemplary damages awarded?

1. In criminal actions, when the crime was committed with one or more aggravating circumstances.
2. In quasi-delicts, if the defendant acted with gross negligence.
3. In contracts and quasi-contracts, if the defendant acted in a wanton, fraudulent, reckless, oppressive, or malevolent manner.

 What are the mandatory awards in case of rape cases?

In rape cases, a civil indemnity of P50,000 is mandatory. An award of moral damages is also mandatory without need or pleading or
proof.

If it is qualified rape, the mandatory civil indemnity is P75,000.

 What should the offended party prove do if he wants to claim actual damages or loss of earning capacity?

The offended party must show proof of the amount of the pecuniary loss, such as receipts. However, if death results from the crime
or the quasi-delict, the heirs need only to prove the fact of death in order to claim actual or compensatory damages.

 Is there need for proof of pecuniary loss in order that moral, nominal, temperate, liquidated, or exemplary damages
may be adjudicated?

No. Art. 2216 of the Civil Code provides that no proof is needed. The assessment of the damage depends on the discretion of the
court.

 May damages be increased on appeal?

Yes. An appeal opens the whole case for review by the appellate court, and this includes the award of damages.

 What are nominal damages?

Nominal damages are awarded in recognition of a violation of a right of the plaintiff when no actual damage was done to him.

 What is the civil liability of one who is guilty of illegal possession of firearms?

None.

 What is the effect of the failure of the accused to object to a complaint or information that charges more than one
offense before he is arraigned?
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The court may convict him of as many offenses as are charged and proved and impose on him the penalty for each offense. The
court must set out separately the findings of fact and law in each offense.

 When does an offense charged necessarily include the offense proved?

An offense charged necessarily includes an offense proved when some of the essential elements or ingredients of the offense charged
constitute the offense proved.

Example: Offense charged is homicide. Offense proved is physical injuries.  Some of the essential elements of homicide constitute
physical injuries. Therefore, the offense charged (homicide) necessarily includes the offense proved (physical injuries).

 When is an offense charged necessarily included in the offense proved?

An offense charged is necessarily included in the offense proved when the essential ingredients of the offense charged constitute or
form part of the elements constituting the offense proved.

Example: Offense charged is acts of lasciviousness. Offense proved is rape.  The essential ingredients of acts of lasciviousness
form part of the elements of rape. Therefore, the offense charged (acts of lasciviousness) is necessarily included in the offense
proved (rape).

 What is the rule in case the offense charged is different from the offense proved?

The accused can only be convicted of the lesser offense, which is included in the graver offense either proved or charged. The
reason for this is that the accused can only be convicted of the offense which is both charged and proved.

Example: If the offense charged is rape and the offense proved is acts of lasciviousness, he can only be convicted of acts of
lasciviousness. If the offense charged is less serious physical injuries and the offense proved is serious physical injuries, he can only
be convicted of less serious physical injuries.

 X was charged with willful homicide. What was proved was homicide through reckless imprudence. Under which
offense should X be convicted?

X should be convicted of homicide through reckless imprudence. The offense done through negligence is lesser than the one done
willfully.

 X was charged with rape by force and intimidation. At the trial, it was proved that X raped a mental retardate. Can X
be convicted or rape of a mental retardate?

There are conflicting decisions:

People v. Abiera says that the accused charged with rape through one mode of commission may still be convicted of the crime if the
evidence shows another mode of commission, provided that the accused did not object to such evidence.

People v. Padilla says that the accused cannot be convicted of rape of a mental retardate if it is not alleged in the information.

I think People v. Padilla is a better ruling because to convict the accused would violate his right to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation against him.

 X was charged with rape. What was proved at the trial was qualified seduction. Can X be convicted of qualified
seduction?

No. Although qualified seduction is a lesser offense than rape, the elements of the two are different. Qualified seduction is not
included in the crime of rape. Therefore, if the court convicts him of qualified seduction, it will violate his right to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation against him, since some elements of qualified seduction were not charged.

 How is the judgment promulgated?

The judgment is promulgated by reading it in its entirety in the presence of the accused by any judge of the court in which it was
rendered. When the judge is absent or outside the province or city, the judgment may be promulgated by the clerk of court.

 Can there be promulgation of judgment in the absence of the accused?

Judgment must be promulgated in the presence of the accused. But if the conviction is for a light offense, judgment may be
promulgated in the presence of his counsel or representative. Also, if the accused fails to attend the promulgation, even if he was
notified thereof, or if he jumped bail or escaped from prison, judgment may be validly promulgated in absentia.

 What happens if only the dispositive portion of the judgment is read to the accused?

The first jeopardy will not validly terminate. The judgment must be promulgated in its entirety, not just the dispositive portion.

 Where should judgment be promulgated if the accused is confined in a province outside of the territorial jurisdiction
of the court?
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If the accused is confined or detained in another province or city, the judgment may be promulgated by the executive judge of the
RTC with jurisdiction over the place of confinement upon request of the court that rendered the decision. The court promulgating the
judgment can also accept notices of appeal and applications for bail, unless the court that rendered the decision changed the nature
of the offense from non-bailable to bailable, in which case, the application for bail can only be filed with the appellate court.

 What happens if the accused fails to appear on the date of promulgation of judgment despite notice?

The promulgation shall be made by recording the judgment in the criminal docket and serving the accused a copy thereof at his last
known address or through his counsel.

If the judgment is of conviction, the accused who fails to appear at the promulgation shall lose the remedies available to him against
the judgment, and the court shall order his arrest.

Within 15 days from promulgation, the accused can surrender and file a motion for leave of court to avail of these remedies. He
shall state the reason for his failure to attend the promulgation, and if he is able to justify his absence, he shall be allowed to avail of
these remedies within 15 days from notice.

 When may a judgment of conviction be modified or set aside by the court that rendered it?

A judgment of conviction may be modified or set aside by the court that rendered it:

1. upon motion of the accused, and

2. before judgment has become final or appeal has been perfected.

 When does a judgment become final?

Except where death penalty is imposed, judgment becomes final:

1. after the lapse of time for perfecting an appeal;

2. when the sentence has been partially or totally satisfied;
3. when the accused has expressly waived in writing his right to appeal; or
4. when the accused has applied for probation.

 X, a 16 year-old, was charged with theft. After hearing, the court found that he committed the acts charged. What
should the court do?

The court should determine the imposable penalty, including the civil liability. However, instead of pronouncing a judgment of
conviction, the court should automatically suspend the sentence and commit the minor to the DSWD or other institution until he
reaches the age of majority. (And on his 18th birthday, Happy Birthday, he will go straight to jail. This is so strange.)

The exceptions to suspension of sentence in case of youthful offenders are:

1. if the offender has enjoyed a previous suspension of sentence;

2. if the offender is convicted of an offense punishable by death or life imprisonment;
3. if the offender is convicted by a military tribunal.

This does not apply if, at the time of sentencing, the offender is already of age, even if he was a minor at the time of the commission
of the offense.

 When should an adult offender apply for probation?

The offender should apply for probation after conviction within the period for perfecting an appeal.

 Can the defendant still file for probation if he has already perfected an appeal?

An application for probation may not be filed if the defendant has already perfected an appeal from the judgment of conviction.
Once the appeal is perfected, it may no longer be withdrawn to apply for probation.

 Can the defendant still appeal if he has filed for probation?

No. The filing of an application for probation is deemed a waiver of the right to appeal.

 Is the grant of probation a matter of right upon application by the defendant?

No. It is a mere privilege, and the grant is discretionary upon the court.

 Can there be probation if the penalty is merely a fine?

Yes. In those cases where the penalty is a fine, and the defendant cannot pay, he has to serve subsidiary imprisonment. This is
where probation or suspension of sentence becomes relevant.
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 Can the defendant appeal from an order denying the application for probation?

No.

 What is the court mandated to do before placing an accused on probation?

The court should order a post sentence investigation to determine whether the ends of justice and the best interest of the public will
be served by the grant of probation.

 When should the court deny the application for probation?

The application should be denied if the court finds that:

1. the offender is in need of correctional treatment that can be provided most effectively by his commitment to an institution;
2. there is an undue risk that during the period or probation, the offender will commit another crime; or
3. probation will depreciate the seriousness of the offense committed.

 When does the probation order take effect?

A probation order shall take effect upon its issuance, at which time the court shall inform the offender of the consequences thereof
and explain that upon his failure to comply with any of the conditions, he shall serve the penalty imposed for the offense.

 What is the effect of probation on the civil liability of the accused?

Probation does not release civil liability. However, in its discretion, the court may provide for the manner of payment by the accused
of the civil liability during the period of probation.

 What is the duration of the period of probation?

1. If the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year, probation shall not exceed 2 years.
2. If the term of imprisonment is more than one year, probation shall not exceed 6 years.
3. If the penalty is only a fine and the offender is made to serve subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, the period of
probation shall not be less than nor be more than twice the total number of days of subsidiary imprisonment.

 Ex: Subsidiary imprisonment is 10 days. The period of probation should not be less than 10 days but not more than 20
days.

 Can the grant of probation be revoked?

Yes. Probation is revocable before the final discharge of the probationer by the court for violation of any of its conditions. Once it is
revoked, the court should order the arrest of the probationer so that he can serve the sentence originally imposed. The period of
probation is not deducted from the penalty imposed.

 Upon the lapse of the period of probation, is the case against the probationer automatically terminated?

No. After the period of probation, the court still has to order the final discharge of the probationer upon finding that he has fulfilled
the terms and conditions of his probation. Only upon the issuance of this order is the case terminated.

 What is the effect of the final discharge?

It shall operate to restore the probationer to all civil rights lost or suspended as a result of his conviction. His is also fully discharged
of his liability for any fine imposed as to the offense for which probation was granted.

RULE 121 NEW TRIAL OR RECONSIDERATION

 What is the purpose of a new trial?

It is to temper the severity of a judgment or prevent the failure of justice.

 Distinguish between new trial and reconsideration.

In a new trial, the case is opened again, after judgment, for the reception of new evidence and further proceedings. It is only proper
after rendition or promulgation of judgment.

In a reconsideration, the case is not reopened for further proceeding. The court is merely asked to reconsider its findings of law in
order to make them conformable to the law applicable to the case.

 What are the grounds for a new trial?

1. That errors of law or irregularities prejudicial to the substantial rights of the accused have been committed during the trial
(errors of law or irregularities);
 22
2. That new and material evidence has been discovered which the accused could not with reasonable diligence have discovered
and produced at the trial and which if introduced and admitted would probably change the judgment (newly discovered
evidence).

3. If the case is being heard by the CA or SC, it may determine other grounds in the exercise of its discretion.

 What are the grounds for reconsideration?

Errors of law or fact in the judgment.

 Are the mistakes of counsel in conducting the case valid grounds for a motion for a new trial?

No. The mistakes of counsel generally bind the client, unless he misrepresented himself as a lawyer when he was in fact a plumber
(or some other occupation). A new trial may also be granted where the incompetency of the counsel is so great that the defendant
is prejudiced and prevented from fairly presenting his defense and where the error of counsel is serious.

 What are the requisites for granting a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence?

1. The evidence must have been discovered after trial;

2. Such evidence could not have been discovered and produced at the trial even with the exercise of reasonable
diligence;
3. The evidence is material, not merely cumulative, corroborative, or impeaching;
4. The evidence must go to the merits, such that it would produce a different result if admitted.

 What is a recantation? Is it a ground for a new trial?

It is when a prior statement is withdrawn formally and publicly by a witness.

It is not a ground for granting a new trial because it makes a mockery of the court and would place the investigation of truth at the
mercy of unscrupulous witnesses. Moreover, retractions are easy to extort out of witnesses. In contrast, their previous statements
are made under oath, in the presence of the judge, and with the opportunity to cross-examine. Therefore, the original testimony
should be given more credence.

However, the exception to this rule is when aside from the testimony of the retracting witness, there is not other evidence to support
the conviction of the accused. In this case, the retraction by the sole witness creates a doubt in the mind of the judge as to the guilt
of the accused. A new trial may be granted.

But if there is other evidence independent of the retracted testimony, there can be no new trial.

 Distinguish between a recantation and an affidavit or desistance.

In a recantation, a witness who previously gave a testimony subsequently declares that his statements were not true.

In an affidavit of desistance, the complainant states that he did not really intend to institute the case and that he is no longer
interested in testifying or prosecuting. It is a ground for dismissing the case only if the prosecution can no longer prove the guilt of
the accused beyond reasonable doubt without the testimony of the offended party.

 Can the accused move for a new trial if he has found evidence that would impeach the testimony given by a
prosecution witness?

No. Evidence which merely seeks to impeach the evidence upon which the conviction was based will not constitute grounds for new
trial. It has to be material evidence.

 When is evidence considered to be material?

It is material if there is reasonable likelihood that the testimony or evidence could have produced a different result (the accused
would have been acquitted).

 What is the form required for a motion for new trial or motion for reconsideration?

The motion for new trial or reconsideration should:

1. be in writing;
2. state the grounds on which it is based;
3. if based on newly discovered evidence (for new trial), be supported by affidavits of witnesses by whom such evidence is
expected to be given or authenticated copies of documents to be introduced in evidence.

Notice of the motion for new trial or reconsideration should be given to the prosecutor.

 What is the effect of the grant of the motion for new trial?
 23
1. If it is based on errors of law or irregularities committed during the trial, all the proceedings and evidence affected by the
error or irregularity will be set aside. The court may, in the interest of justice, allow the introduction of additional evidence.
This is called trial de novo.

2. If it is based on newly discovered evidence, the evidence already adduced will stand. The newly discovered evidence and
whatever other evidence the court will allow to be introduced shall be taken and considered together with the evidence
already on record.

3. In all cases – whether the court grants new trial or reconsideration – the original judgment shall be set aside or vacated and
a new judgment rendered.

 Why is the accused not subjected to double jeopardy when a new trial or reconsideration is granted?

First, because it is only granted upon motion of the accused. Also, the first jeopardy is never terminated, since the original judgment
is set aside and replaced with a new one.

RULE 122 APPEAL

 Is appeal a part of due process:

Appeal is not a part of due process except when provided by law. If the right to appeal is granted by law, it is statutory and must be
exercised in accordance with the procedure laid down by law. It is compellable by mandamus.

 Where should the appeal be filed?

1. If the case was decided by the MTCs, the appeal should be filed with the RTC.
2. If the case was decided by the RTC, the appeal should be filed with the CA or the SC in proper cases provided by law.
3. If the case was decided by the CA, the appeal should be filed with the SC.

 Can the prosecution appeal a judgment of acquittal?

No. A judgment of acquittal becomes final immediately after promulgation. It cannot even be the subject of certiorari. The reason
for this rule is that an appeal would place the accused in double jeopardy. However, the offended party may appeal the civil aspect
of the case.

 How is appeal taken?

APPEAL TO FROM THE DECISION OF HOW?

RTC MTC File a notice of appeal with the MTC
and serve a copy of the notice to the
adverse party
CA RTC in the exercise of its original File a notice of appeal with the RTC
jurisdiction and serve a copy of the notice to the
adverse party
CA RTC in the exercise of its appellate File a petition for review with the CA
jurisdiction under Rule 42
SC RTC where the penalty imposed is File a notice of appeal with the RTC
reclusion perpetua or life and serve a copy of the notice to the
imprisonment, OR where a lesser adverse party
penalty is imposed for offenses
committed on the same occasion or
which arose out of the same
occurrence that gave rise to the
offense punishable by death,
reclusion perpetua or life
imprisonment
SC RTC imposing the death penalty Automatic review by the SC
SC All other appeals, except the two Petition for review on certiorari
cases above under Rule 45
SC Sandiganbayan Petition for review on certiorari
under Rule 45

 A, B, C, D, and E were all charged with murder, punishable by death. A, B, and C were charged as principals. D was
charged as an accomplice. E was charged as an accessory. All of them were convicted. To whom should they appeal?

A, B, and C’s case will be automatically reviewed by the SC without need for notice of appeal, since the penalty imposable is death.
D and E should also appeal to the SC because although the penalty imposable is not death, the offense arose out of the same
occurrence that gave rise to the offense punishable by death. The reason for this rule is so that only one court will review on appeal
the single case involving different defendants. This would prevent a variance or conflict in the decisions of the SC and the CA.

 How is an appeal perfected?

 24
An appeal is perfected by filing a notice of appeal with the court in which the judgment or order was rendered, and by serving a copy
thereof upon the adverse party or his attorney within the period for perfecting an appeal.

 Within what period must appeal be perfected?

An appeal must be perfected within 15 days from promulgation of the judgment or from notice of the final order appealed from.

 What is the effect of the perfection of an appeal?

When an appeal has been perfected, the court a quo loses jurisdiction.

 What is the difference between the appeal of a judgment and the appeal of an order?

The appeal from a judgment must be perfected within 15 days from promulgation. The appeal from an order should be perfected
within 15 days from notice of the final order.

 A and B were convicted of murder. Only A appealed from the conviction. Should the decision of the appellate court
bind B?

It depends. If the decision of the appellate court would be beneficial to B, it should affect him. But if the decision would not benefit
him, it should not bind him.

 What is the effect of the appeal by the offended party of the civil aspect of the judgment on the criminal aspect?

Nothing.

 Can an appeal that has already been perfected by withdrawn by the appellant?

If the records have not yet been transmitted to the appellate court, the court that rendered the judgment has the discretion to allow
the appellant to withdraw the appeal. If the appeal is withdrawn, the judgment shall become final.

If the records have already been transmitted to the appellate court, only the appellate court may decide whether to grant the motion
to withdraw the appeal, and only before the judgment is rendered in the case on appeal.

 Is counsel de oficio still required to represent his client on appeal?

Yes. The duty of counsel de oficio does not terminate upon judgment of the case. It continues until appeal.

RULE 123 PROCEDURE IN THE MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURTS

Important stuff:

1. Preliminary conference: Before conducting the trial, the court shall call the parties to a preliminary conference during which:

a. a stipulation of facts may be entered into,

b. the propriety of allowing the accused to plead guilty to a lesser offense may be considered, and
c. other matters may be taken up to clarify the issues and to ensure a speedy disposition of the case.

2. Prohibited pleadings and motions:

a. motion to dismiss the complaint or to quash the complaint or information on the ground of lack of jurisdiction over
the subject matter, or failure to refer the case to the lupon.
b. Motion for a bill or particulars
c. motion for new trial, or for reconsideration of a judgment, or for reopening of trial;
d. petition for relief from judgment;
e. motion for extension of time to file pleading, affidavits, or any other paper;
f. memoranda;
g. petition for certiorari, mandamus, or prohibition against any interlocutory order issued by the court;
h. motion to declare the defendant in default;
i. dilatory motions for postponement;
j. reply;
k. third-party complaints;
l. interventions.

RULE 126 SEARCH AND SEIZURE

 What is a search warrant?

It is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to a peace officer,
commanding him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before the court.
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 Distinguish between a search warrant and a warrant of arrest.

SEARCH WARRANT WARRANT OF ARREST

The applicant must show: The applicant must show:

1. that the items sought are in fact seizable by 1. probable cause that an offense has been
virtue of being connected with criminal activity; committed; and
and
2. that the person to be arrested committed it
2. that the items will be found in the place to be
searched.
The judge must conduct a personal, searching The judge need not conduct a personal examination of
examination of the applicant and his witnesses the applicant and his witnesses. He may rely on the
affidavits of the witnesses and the recommendation of
the prosecutor.

 Why are the requirements for the issuance of a search warrant more stringent than the requirements for the
issuance of a warrant of arrest?

The violation of the right to privacy produces a humiliating effect which cannot be rectified anymore. This is why there is no other
justification for a search, except a warrant. On the other hand, in a warrant of arrest, the person to be arrested can always post bail
to prevent the deprivation of liberty.

 Where should the application for search warrant be filed?

As a general rule, it should be filed with the court within whose territorial jurisdiction the crime was committed.

But for compelling reasons, it can be filed with the court within whose judicial region the offense was committed or where the
warrant is to be served.

Example of this: The drug syndicate stores its drugs in Pasay. It has connections in Pasay and can easily get a tip when
the police officers will file for a search warrant. To avoid the drug syndicate from getting a tip of the impending search, the
police officer may apply for a search warrant in Makati (within the RTC region), stating the compelling reason.

But, if the criminal action has already been filed, the application for a search warrant can only be made in the court where the
criminal action is pending.

 What may be the subject of a search warrant?

Personal property, which is:

1. subject of the offense,

2. stolen or embezzled and other proceeds or fruits of the offense, or
3. used or intended to be used as the means of committing an offense.

 What are the requisites for issuing a search warrant?

1. There must be probable cause

2. Which must be determined personally by the judge
3. upon personal examination in writing and under oath of the complainant and his witnesses in the form of searching
questions and answers on facts personally known to them
4. the probable cause must be in connection with one specific offense
5. particularly describing the place to be searched and the items to be seized
6. the sworn statements together with the affidavits of the witnesses must be attached to the record.

 When is the affidavit or testimony of the witness said to be based on personal knowledge?

The test is whether perjury could be charged against the witness.

 Is it necessary that the person named in the search warrant be the owner of the things to be seized?

No. Ownership is of no consequence. What is relevant is that the property is connected to an offense.

 What are the requisites of the personal examination that the judge must conduct before issuing the search warrant?

The judge must:

1. examine the witnesses personally;

2. under oath;
3. and reduced to writing in the form of searching questions and answers.
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 What is a “scatter shot warrant”?

It is a warrant of arrest that is issued for more than one offense. It is void, since the law requires that a warrant of arrest should
only be issued in connection with one specific offense.

 A warrant was issued for the seizure of drugs connected with “violation of the Dangerous Drugs Law.” Is the
warrant valid?

The warrant is valid. Although there are many ways of violating the Dangerous Drugs Law, it is not a scatter shot warrant since it is
in connection with only one penal law.

 Police officers applied for a warrant to search Door #1 of an apartment complex. The court issued the warrant.
When the went to the apartment complex, they realized that what they thought was Door #1 was actually Door #7.
Can they search Door #7?

No. What is controlling is what is stated in the warrant, not what the peace officers had in mind, even if they were the ones who
gave the description to the court. This is to prevent abuses in the service of search warrants.

 Can the police officer seize anything that is not included in the warrant?

No. Anything not included in the warrant cannot be seized EXCEPT if it is mala prohibita, in which case, the seizure can be justified
under the plain view doctrine.

Even if the object was related to the crime, but it is not mentioned in the warrant nor is it mala prohibita, it still cannot be seized.

 Police officers went to a house to execute a search warrant. They found a pistol on the table, but the pistol was not
included in the search warrant. Can they seize the pistol?

No. It is not mala prohibita, and they have no proof that it is unlicensed.

 What should the police officer or court do to things seized illegally?

Anything seized illegally must be returned to the owner unless it is mala prohibita. In this case, it should be kept in custodia legis.

 When should the search warrant be executed?

If possible, it should be executed during the daytime. But in certain cases, such as when the things to be seized are mobile or are in
the person of the accused, it can be served during nighttime.

 For how long is the search warrant valid?

It is valid for 10 days, after which the peace officer should make a return to the judge who issued it. If the peace officer does not
make a return, the judge should summon him and require him to explain why no return was made. If the return was made, the
judge should determine if the peace officer issued a receipt to the occupant of the premises from which the things were taken. The
judge shall also order the delivery to the court of the things seized.

 If the warrant was executed even before the expiration of the ten-day period, can the peace officer use the warrant
again before it expires?

No. If the purpose for which it was issued has already been carried out, the warrant cannot be used anymore. The exception is if
the search was not finished within one day, the warrant can still be used the next day, provided that it is still within the 10-day
period.

SUMMARY

1. The Constitution does not prohibit all kinds of searches and seizures. It only prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
2. A search and seizure is unreasonable if it is made without a warrant, or the warrant was invalidly issued.
3. A search and seizure without a warrant is still reasonable if conducted under the following circumstances:

a. Incident to a lawful arrest

 It must be made AFTER the arrest. The objective is to make sure that the life of the peace officer will not be
endangered.

 It must be contemporaneous with the arrest in both time and place.

b. Search of moving vehicles

c. Consent searches

 Only the person whose right may be violated can give the consent; it is a personal right.

 The requisites are:

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(1) The person has knowledge of his right against the search;
(2) He freely gives his consent in spite of such knowledge.

d. Objects in plain view

 Requisites:

(1) There must have been a prior valid intrusion, and the officer must have had a right to be at the place
searched at the time of the search;
(2) The evidence was inadvertently discovered;
(3) The evidence must be immediately apparent;
(4) There was no need for further search.

e. Customs searches
f. Stop and Frisk/ Exigent circumstances
g. Emergency