PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
Mr. Jann lourenz A. Mesoga
DECEMBER 2025
THE UNIVERSE
It refers to the
summation of all
existing matter and
space and its contents.
THE BIG BANG THEORY
It is the scientific theory proposed by Edwin
Hubble that explains that the universe began from
a specific point (Ylem) where everything we are all
familiar with came to existence. The universe was
filled with hydrogen and a modest amount of
helium. As the universe expanded, galaxies and
stars within it were formed in areas with high
concentration of hydrogen and helium.
STELLAR EVOLUTION
The nebula, which is the gas cloud, gradually, contracts
under the mutual gravity of all of the atoms in the cloud.
Contraction causes the clouds to heat up due to the
increase in pressure. The protostar, which is the core of
the nebula protostar, starts to glow and heat up. When
the pressure and temperature are on peak, the nuclei of
hydrogen atoms, begin to fuse, forming helium. This
nuclear reaction releases huge amounts of energy where
a star is born
GALAXY
It is the basic unit of universe, which consists of stars,
planets, gases, and dusts that are bound together by
gravity. The largest galaxies have thousands of billion of
stars, while the smallest galaxies contain only a few
hundred thousand stars. It is believed that there are
200 million, or more galaxies in the universeme nesiled
sonen Edwin Hubble organized and id classified the
different types of galaxies that were being observed by
astronomers. This is called the Hubble Classification
System.
These consist of of disks made of
dust, gas, and stars with halo arm
structures that spiral out from it. In
this particular galaxy, the stars,
gases, and dusts are bound together
in the galaxy's spiral arms that spread
outward from the center of the
galaxy. Spiral Galaxies are frequently
among the brightest galaxies in the
universe. We live in a spiral galaxy
called the Milky Way Galaxy.
These are flat, oval shaped galaxies.
Elliptical galaxies are the most
abundant galaxies in the universe.
They have a broader range in
dimension than other types of
galaxies. They have less gas and
dust, which means a small number of
stars are born. The existing stars
within the elliptical galaxy tend to be
older giving off more red light than
younger stars.
These galaxies have no particular shape
or symmetrical structure. They are among
the smallest galaxies in the universe and
are full of gases and dusts. Having a lot of
gas and dust means that these irregular
galaxies have a lot of star formation going
on. This can make them very bright.
Examples of irregular galaxies are Large
and Small Magellanic Clouds that obit
around our own Milky Way Galaxy.
The Solar System is a vast and fascinating place, comprising eight planets (Mercury to Neptune), dwarf planets,
asteroids, comets, and other objects that orbit around our star, the Sun. Here's a brief overview:
# The Planets
1. Mercury: Closest to the Sun, smallest planet.
2. Venus: Hottest planet, thick atmosphere.
3. Earth: Our home planet, diverse life forms.
4. Mars: Rocky planet, potential for life.
5. Jupiter: Largest planet, gas giant.
6. Saturn: Ringed planet, gas giant.
7. Uranus: Ice giant, tilted axis.
8. Neptune: Farthest from the Sun, icy giant.
# Other Objects
- Dwarf Planets: Pluto, Eris, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake.
- Asteroids: Small rocky objects, mostly in the Asteroid Belt.
- Comets: Icy bodies, release gas and dust as they approach the Sun.
- Kuiper Belt: Region of icy bodies and small celestial objects beyond Neptune.
- Oort Cloud: Distant, spherical shell of icy bodies surrounding the Solar System.
