VINCE CRUZ, VINZ YRANON EXPERIMENT #1
BSCRIM 1A
INTOXIMTER
An intoximeter, commonly referred to as a breathalyzer, is a device
used to measure the concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath.
There are different types of intoximeters, but they primarily operate on
two main principles: electrochemical fuel cell sensors and infrared
spectroscopy. Here’s a detailed discussion of the mechanism of each
type:
1. Electrochemical Fuel Cell Intoximeter
• Fuel Cell Sensor: The core component that reacts with alcohol.
• Breath Sampling System: Ensures an adequate breath sample.
• Microprocessor: Analyzes data and provides BAC reading.
• Display Unit: Shows the BAC result.
2. Infrared Spectroscopy Intoximeter
• Infrared (IR) Light Source: Emits infrared light through the breath
sample.
• Sample Chamber: Where the breath sample is held for analysis.
• IR Detector: Measures the absorption of IR light.
• Microprocessor: Calculates BAC based on IR absorption.
• Display Unit: Shows the BAC reading.
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC
1.Infrared (IR) spectroscopic intoximeters are advanced devices used to
measure the concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath by analyzing the
absorption of infrared light.
KEY COMPONENTS OF INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC
1. Infrared Light Source: Emits infrared radiation.
2. Sample Chamber: Holds the breath sample for analysis.
3. IR Detector: Detects the intensity of infrared light after it has
passed through . the sample.
4. Microprocessor: Analyzes the absorption data to calculate blood
alcohol content (BAC).
5. Display Unit: Shows the BAC result.
FUEL CELL DEVICES
1. Fuel cell breathalyzer devices are widely used to measure the
concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath, which is then used to
estimate blood alcohol content (BAC).
KEY COMPONENTS OF FUEL CELL DEVICES
1. Mouthpiece: Where the user blows to provide a breath sample.
2. Breath Sampling System: Ensures an adequate and proper
sample reaches the sensor.
3. Fuel Cell Sensor: The core component that reacts with alcohol.
4. Microprocessor: Analyzes data and calculates the BAC.
5. Display Unit: Shows the BAC result.
6. Power Source: Typically batteries that power the device.
SPECTROMETER
Spectrometers are analytical instruments that measure the interaction of
light with matter to determine various properties of samples, such as their
composition, structure, and concentration. The mechanism of function of a
spectrometer involves several key components, each contributing to the
overall process.
Key Components and Their Functions
1. Light Source
Function: The light source provides the radiation that interacts with the
sample.
2. Monochromator
Function: The monochromator disperses the light into its component
wavelengths and isolates a specific wavelength or range of wavelengths.
3. Sample Holder
Function: The sample holder positions the sample for optimal interaction with
the incoming light.
4. Detector
Function: The detector measures the intensity of light or radiation that has
interacted with the sample and converts it into an electrical signal.
5. Readout Device/Computer Function: The readout device or computer
processes the detected signal and displays the results as a spectrum.
INFRARED SPECTROGRAM
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to identify and
study chemicals based on their interaction with infrared light. It provides
information about the molecular structure, functional groups, and chemical
bonding within a sample.
Components of an Infrared Spectrometer
1. IR Source
Function: Provides a continuous spectrum of infrared radiation.
2. Sample Holder
Function: Holds the sample in place for IR radiation to interact with it.
3. Monochromator or Interferometer
Function: Disperses and selects specific wavelengths of IR radiation.
4. Detector
function: Measures the intensity of IR radiation that has passed through or
reflected from the sample and converts it into an electrical signal.
5. Data Processor and Display
Function: Converts the detector signal into a readable format, usually a
spectrum.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate,
identify, and quantify compounds in a mixture. It is widely employed in
chemistry, biology, environmental science, and many other fields. The
primary function of gas chromatography is to separate complex mixtures into
individual components based on their volatility and interaction with the
stationary phase inside a column.
Key Components of Gas Chromatography
1. Carrier Gas
Function: The carrier gas serves as the mobile phase, transporting the
vaporized sample through the column.
2. Injector
Function: Introduces the sample into the gas chromatograph.
3. Column
Function: The column is where the separation of sample components occurs.
4. Oven
Function: Maintains a controlled temperature to facilitate the separation
process.
5. Detector
Function: Detects and quantifies the components as they elute from the
column.
6. Data System
Function: Collects, processes, and displays data from the detector.
GC/MS SYSTEM
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) combines the separation
capabilities of gas chromatography (GC) with the detection and identification
power of mass spectrometry (MS). This powerful analytical technique is used
for identifying and quantifying compounds in complex mixtures with high
sensitivity and specificity.
Key Components of GC/MS System
1. Carrier Gas
Function: The carrier gas serves as the mobile phase, transporting the
vaporized sample through the GC column.
2. Injector
Function: Introduces the sample into the gas chromatograph.
3. GC Column
Function: Separates the sample components based on their volatility and
interaction with the stationary phase.
4. GC Oven
Function: Maintains a controlled temperature to facilitate the separation
process.
5. Interface
Function: Transfers the eluted compounds from the GC column to the MS ion
source without losing their integrity.
6. Ion Source
Function: Ionizes the separated compounds to prepare them for mass
analysis.
7. Mass Analyzer
Function: Separates the ions based on their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios.
8. Detector
Function: Detects the separated ions and converts their presence into an
electrical signal.
9. Data System
Function: Collects, processes, and displays data from the detector.
EXPERIMENT #2
1.)
BIOHAZARD SIGN
The term “biohazard” for the purpose of this symbol is defined as “those
infectious agents presenting a risk or potential risk to the well-being of man,
either directly through his infection or indirectly through disruption of his
environment.”
SAFETY SIGNAGE
Safety signs are a type of sign designed to warn of hazards, indicate
mandatory actions or required use of Personal protective equipment, prohibit
actions or objects, identify the location of firefighting or safety equipment, or
marking of exit routes.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as “PPE”, is equipment
worn to minimize exposure to hazards that cause serious workplace injuries
and illnesses.
NFPA RATING SYSTEM
NFPA rating is to advise emergency response personnel via the hazard
diamond sticker of hazards they may encounter when entering the room in
response to fire or other situations.
2.) First-aid treatment for poisoning cases involves immediate actions to
mitigate the effects of the poison, stabilize the patient, and prevent further
harm until professional medical help arrives. The specific first-aid steps
depend on the type of poisoning—whether it’s inhaled, ingested, absorbed
through the skin, or injected.
3.) Decontamination in cases of ingested poisoning aims to remove or
neutralize the poison from the gastrointestinal tract to minimize absorption
and systemic toxicity. The methods vary depending on the nature of the
poison, the amount ingested, and the time elapsed since ingestion.
